American Fiber & Finishing, Inc. v. United States

 Slip Op. 15 -  UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AMERICAN FIBER & FINISHING, INC., Before: Donald C. Pogue, Senior Judge Plaintiff, Court No. 12-00138 v. UNITED STATES, Defendant. OPINION and ORDER [Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment denied; Plaintiff’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment granted in part and denied in part] Dated: October 21, 2015 Arthur K. Purcell, Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A., of New York, NY, for the Plaintiff. Jason M. Kenner, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of New York, NY, for the Defendant. Also on the brief were Joyce R. Branda, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Amy M. Rubin, Assistant Director. Of counsel was Beth Brotman, Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, of New York, NY. Pogue, Senior Judge: In this action, Plaintiff, American Fiber & Finishing, Inc. (“AFF”), challenges the denial of its protests made pursuant to § 514 of the Tariff Act of Court No. 12-00138 Page 2 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1514 (2012),1 and 19 C.F.R. § 174.11 (2012), by the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (“CBP” or “Customs”). In those protests, and now before the court, Plaintiff claims that Customs incorrectly assessed the rate and amount of duties chargeable in liquidating2 sixteen of Plaintiff’s imports of cotton gauze fabric. Summons, ECF No. 1, at Form 1-3 (listing the sixteen entries); 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶ 1. Plaintiff asserts that Customs violated 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) by making an interpretive ruling or decision modifying or revoking a previously accorded treatment of AFF’s goods, reclassifying and rate-advancing them, without the statutorily required notice and comment. 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶¶ 17-32. The court has jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a).3 Defendant and Plaintiff now cross-move for partial  1 All further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition, unless otherwise noted. 2 Liquidation is “the final computation or ascertainment of duties on entries for consumption or drawback entries.” 19 C.F.R. § 159.1. 3 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) provides that this Court “shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced to contest the denial of a protest, in whole or in part, under [19 U.S.C. § 1515].” Court No. 12-00138 Page 3 summary judgment.4 Because Plaintiff has alleged an appropriate interpretive ruling or decision within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) and claim of treatment, as discussed below, Defendant’s motion is denied, while Plaintiff’s cross-motion is granted in part and denied in part. BACKGROUND Plaintiff claims that it has, for some time, imported cotton gauze fabric under subheading 5803.00.10, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”), a duty free provision.5 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶¶ 9-13. Among these importations was an entry made on July 11, 2009. Following laboratory testing,6 on January 14, 2010, Customs issued a CF-29 notice of action7 to Plaintiff indicating that this entry and all  4 Def.’s Partial Mot. for Summ. J. or, in the Alt., for a Determination of the Date of Pl.’s Claim of Treatment, ECF No. 36 (“Def.’s Mot.”); Pl.’s Partial Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 39 (“Pl.’s Mot.”). 5 5803.00.10, HTSUS, covers “Gauze, other than narrow fabrics of heading 5806: Of cotton.” 6 See Laboratory Report, reproduced in Pl.’s Br. in Supp. of Partial Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. & in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 39-1 (“Pl.’s Br.”) at Ex. B. 7 A CF-29 notice of action is issued pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 152.2 (providing that “[i]f the port director believes that the entered rate or value of any merchandise is too low, or if he finds that the quantity imported exceeds the entered quantity, and the estimated aggregate of the increase in duties on that entry exceeds $15, he shall promptly notify the importer (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 4 such entries “scheduled to liquidate” should be reclassified under subheading 5208.21.4090, HTSUS,8 at a duty rate of 10.2 percent ad valorem. Notice of Action (Jan. 14, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. A (“Jan. 2010 Notice of Action”); 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶ 14.9 Subsequently, in September through November 2010, Customs issued a series of similar notices of action reclassifying and rate advancing a number of Plaintiff’s entries that had been made between September 2009 and April 2010.10  on Customs Form 29, specifying the nature of the difference on the notice”). 8 5208.21.4090, HTSUS, covers “Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 85 percent or more by weight of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/m2: Bleached: Plain weave, weighing not more than 100 g/m2: Of Numbers 43 to 68: Cheesecloth.” 9 Customs instructed Plaintiff to “provide to CBP a list of entries scheduled to liquidate under the 314 day liquidation cycle that were not entered as referenced above. Submit voluntary tenders where applicable.” Jan. 2010 Notice of Action, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. A. 10See Notice of Action (Sept. 29, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. C, at 5 (following laboratory testing, reclassifying and rate advancing eight of Plaintiff’s entries of “100 [percent] cotton leno weave gauze” from 5803.00.1000, HTSUS, duty-free to 5208.21.6090, HTSUS, 11.5 percent ad valorem); Notice of Action (Sept. 29, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. C, at 6 (following lab report, rate advancing three of Plaintiff’s entries of “100 [percent] cotton leno weave gauze roll” from 5803.00.1000, HTSUS, duty-free to 5208.21.6090, HTSUS, 11.5 percent ad valorem); Notice of Action (Oct. 1, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. C, at 2 (reclassifying and rate advancing Plaintiff’s entry of “leno weave gauze,” “as well as any previous/subsequent entries invoiced with this commodity,” as listed, to 5208.21.6090, (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 5 As instructed by these notices of action, from October 2010 through January 2011, Plaintiff made sixteen entries of cotton gauze fabric under one of two HTSUS provisions — either subheading 5208.11.40, HTSUS,11 at a duty rate of 9 percent ad valorem, or subheading 5208.21.40, HTSUS,12 at a duty rate of 10.2 percent ad valorem – rather than the duty-free 5803, HTSUS provision Plaintiff had previously used. Summons, ECF No. 1, at Form 1-3; 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶¶ 8-9. Customs then liquidated the merchandise as entered through “bypass” procedures.13 Decl. of Stephanie Allen, Senior Import Specialist,  HTSUS, at a duty rate of 11.5 percent ad valorem); Notice of Action (Oct. 4, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. C, at 1 (rate advancing Plaintiff’s entry, made on Sept. 4, 2009, of “gauze in roll”); Notice of Action (Nov. 18, 2010), reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. C, at 7 (rate advancing one of Plaintiff’s entries of “gauze roll” to 5208.21.6090, HTSUS, 11.5 percent ad valorem). Plaintiff protested the liquidation of some of these entries, had the protests denied, and then challenged those denials pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1515. These denials are currently the subject of a related case on this Court’s Reserve Calendar. See Summons, Ct. No. 12-00139, ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 3 n.2. 115208.11.40, HTSUS, covers “Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 85 percent or more by weight of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/m2: Unbleached: Plain weave, weighing not more than 100 g/m2: of Numbers 43 to 68.” 125208.21.40, HTSUS, covers “Woven fabrics of cotton, containing 85 percent or more by weight of cotton, weighing not more than 200 g/m2: Bleached: Plain weave, weighing not more than 100 g/m2: Of Numbers 43 to 68.” 13Under the bypass procedures “importers declare a value and tariff classification for their goods when they import them; Customs port directors may liquidate the goods as declared, (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 6 CBP, reproduced in Attach. to Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of its Partial Mot. for Summ. J. (“Attach. to Def.’s Br.”), ECF No. 36- 1 at Ex. 1 (“Allen Decl.”), at ¶ 3. On March 8 and 12, 2012, Plaintiff timely filed protests of these liquidations. 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶ 15. Customs denied the protests. Id. Plaintiff now contests Customs’ denials, id., at ¶ 5, claiming, as it did in its protests, that Customs violated 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) when it liquidated the sixteen entries, because Customs made an “interpretive ruling or decision” that modified or revoked a “treatment previously accorded” Plaintiff’s “substantially identical transactions” without the statutorily prescribed notice and comment. 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2); 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶¶ 17-32.14  without inspecting the goods or otherwise independently determining the proper duty to be paid.” Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see Customs Service: 19 C.F.R. Part 177, 67 Fed. Reg. 53,483, 53,491 (Dep’t Treasury Aug. 16, 2002) (“Customs must deal with a very large number of import transactions each year and must at the same time facilitate international trade. It is simply impossible for Customs to facilitate trade and at the same time review all import transactions. Accordingly, Customs has adopted procedures, such as selectivity and bypass, which are intended to strike a workable balance between these two competing goals. As a result, the vast majority of import transactions do not receive Customs review.”). 14See Attach. to Protest 1512-12-100039 (Mar. 8, 2012) reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D, at 1 (“Attach. to Protest”) (claiming that “the imported merchandise . . . is correctly classified in subheading 5803.00.1000, [HTSUS], for which the duty rate is Free, rather than in subheading (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 7 Currently before the court is Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment, Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 36, and Plaintiff’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 39. In their motions, Defendant and Plaintiff raise two issues: First, they argue whether Plaintiff’s claim fails as a matter of law because it cannot identify an “interpretive ruling or decision” through which Customs revoked or modified the alleged treatment, for the purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c).15 Second, if Plaintiff’s claim does not fail as a matter of law, the parties seek a ruling on an issue of regulatory interpretation. Specifically, in order to establish the existence of a “treatment previously accorded” by Customs under 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c), Plaintiff must provide, inter alia, evidence of that treatment “[o]ver a 2-year period immediately preceding the claim of treatment.” 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C). The parties dispute the meaning of “claim  5208.21.4090, HTSUS, the tariff provision under which the fabrics were liquidated,” and that “the fabrics are classifiable in Heading 5803 due to an established treatment of classification of [AFF’s] merchandise . . . under 19 U.S.C. § 1625”). 15Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of its Partial Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 36 (“Def.’s Br.”), at 4-6; Mem. in Opp’n to [Pl.’s Mot.], ECF No. 47 (“Def.’s Resp.”), at 4-12; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 6- 12; Pl.’s Reply to [Def.’s Resp.], ECF No. 50 (“Pl.’s Reply”), at 2-9. Court No. 12-00138 Page 8 of treatment” to determine the relevant 2-year evidentiary period.16 STANDARD OF REVIEW Because the court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a), questions of both fact and law presented here are reviewed de novo. 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1).17 The court will grant summary judgment when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT Rule 56(a). A dispute is genuine if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party”; a fact is material when it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “[T]he plain language of [the rule] mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing  16 Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 7-9; Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 12-17; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 12-21; Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 50, ECF No. 50, at 9-14. 17Under 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1), the court “make[s] its determination[] upon the basis of the record made before the court,” in “[c]ivil actions contesting the denial of a protest under [19 U.S.C. § 1515]. See also Park B. Smith, Ltd. v. United States, 347 F.3d 922, 924 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“The Court of International Trade is required to decide, on a de novo basis, civil actions that contest the denial of a protest to a Customs classification ruling.”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 9 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Where, as here, parties cross-move for summary judgment, “each party carries the burden on its own motion to show entitlement to judgment as a matter of law after demonstrating the absence of any genuine disputes over material facts.” Massey v. Del Labs., Inc., 118 F.3d 1568, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1997). DISCUSSION I. Whether Plaintiff can identify an “interpretive ruling or decision” for the purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) Under 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2), Customs must follow notice and comment procedures before it issues an “interpretive ruling or decision which would . . . have the effect of modifying [a] treatment previously accorded by [Customs] to substantially identical transactions.”18 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claim fails as a matter of law because Plaintiff has  18 See Sea-Land Serv., Inc. v. United States, 239 F.3d 1366, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“Section 1625(c) mandates that Customs provide notice and comment under specific circumstances. First, 1625(c) only applies to a proposed interpretive ruling or decision by Customs. Second, the proposed interpretive ruling or decision must either modify or revoke a prior ruling or decision or have the effect of modifying Customs[’] previous treatment of substantially identical transactions.”) (citations omitted). Court No. 12-00138 Page 10 not identified “a proposed interpretive ruling or decision” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 4-6; Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 4-12. Plaintiff counters, arguing that Customs’ January 2010 Notice of Action, see Jan. 2010 Notice of Action, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. A, may constitute an “interpretive ruling or decision” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 6-12; Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 50, at 2-9; see also 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶ 14. Plaintiff also cross-moves for an affirmative finding that the January 2010 notice of action is an interpretive ruling or decision within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 39; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 7-9; Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 50, at 5. While 19 U.S.C. § 1625 does not define an “interpretive ruling or decision”, it does provide examples.19 An interpretive ruling “include[s] any ruling letter, or internal advice memorandum,” 19 U.S.C. § 1625(a), and a “decision” may be, but is not limited to, a protest review decision.20 Whether a determination falls within the ambit of  19 See Int'l Custom Prods., Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1182, 1188 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (describing the statutory language as “exemplary, not exhaustive”). 20California Indus. Prods., Inc. v. United States, 436 F.3d 1341, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“In short, ‘decision’ in the phrase ‘ruling or decision’ in 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c), includes a ‘protest (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 11 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) depends on its substance, not its form. Int’l Custom Products, 748 F.3d at 1187-88. If a determination is the result of considered deliberations,21 if it “interprets and applies the provisions of the Customs and related laws to a specific set of facts,”22 if it has the effect of “unilaterally chang[ing] the rules” upon which importers have come to rely,23 if it is otherwise “the functional equivalent of interpretive rulings or decisions,”24 then it may be an interpretive ruling or decision and thereby may trigger 19 U.S.C. § 1625 notice and  review decision.’”); Kahrs Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 33 CIT 1316, 1353, 645 F. Supp. 2d 1251, 1285 (2009) (“Thus, based on Congress’ use of the word ‘includes’ in the statutory language of § 1625(c), a ‘protest review decision’ is to be included among the larger category of otherwise generic Customs’ ‘decision[s].’”) (alteration in original). 21 See Int’l Custom Prods., 748 F.3d at 1188. 2219 C.F.R. § 177.1(d)(1)(Customs’ regulation providing the definition of a “ruling,” promulgated pursuant to Commerce’s authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1624). 23S. Rep. No. 103–189, at 64 (1993) (discussing the purpose of 19 U.S.C. § 1625); see also H.R. Rep. No. 103–361(I), at 124 (1993), reprinted in 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2552, 2674 (indicating that 19 U.S.C. § 1625 was meant to “provide assurances of transparency concerning Customs rulings and policy directives”). 24Kahrs Int’l, 33 CIT at 1353, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 1285 (“Accordingly, this Court finds for purposes of deciding this case, the text of [19 U.S.C.] § 1625 covers interpretive rulings, ruling letters, internal advice memoranda, protest review decisions, or decisions that are the functional equivalent of interpretive rulings or decisions.”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 12 comment requirements.25 Therefore, as the Federal Circuit has recently held, a notice of action may be an interpretive ruling or decision within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c), depending on the substance of the determination contained therein. Int’l Custom Products, 748 F.3d at 1188 (“The [Court of International Trade] did not err in holding that the Notice of Action in this case amounts to an interpretive ruling or decision subject to § 1625(c)’s notice and comment procedures.”). Accordingly, because a notice of action may be an interpretive ruling or decision, by offering the January 2010 notice of action as a possible interpretive ruling or decision, Plaintiff has “establish[ed] a genuine issue of material fact” through evidence, a document, in the record, sufficient to survive summary judgment on this issue. See USCIT Rule 56(c)(1)(A) (“A party asserting that a fact . . . is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by . . . citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including . . . documents[.]”).26 However, Plaintiff has not offered evidence  25 See Int’l Custom Prods., 748 F.3d at 1185-89 (considering the contents and effect of a notice of action, as well as its deliberative nature and plaintiff’s reliance on the previous ruling, to determine whether it was an interpretive ruling within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)). 26See also Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United States, 503 F.3d 1234, 1244 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248); Netscape Commc’ns Corp. v. Konrad, 295 (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 13 sufficient to establish that this notice of action is, substantively, an interpretive ruling or decision, as Plaintiff has yet to prove that the notice of action was the result of considered deliberation and effectively revoked a treatment.27 Accordingly, there still remains a genuine dispute of material fact, such that both motions, on this issue, must be denied. See Marriott Int’l Resorts, 586 F.3d at 969 (“To the extent there is a genuine issue of material fact, both motions must be denied.”) (citation omitted).28  F.3d 1315, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, all of the nonmovant’s evidence is to be credited, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in the nonmovant’s favor.”) (citation omitted). 27Plaintiff argues that “the 2010 Notice of Action meets all the core requirements . . . necessary to constitute a communication subject to notice and comment under [19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)],” because “[i]t identifies the product, expresses disagreement with the importer’s classification, and directs under pain of penalty that future imports be classified differently than had been the case prior.” Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 50, at 5; see also Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 7-9. However, this only suggests that the notice of action “interprets and applies the provisions of the Customs and related laws to a specific set of facts,” 19 C.F.R. § 177.1(d)(1). It does not establish that the notice of action was the result of considered deliberation and effectively revoked a treatment. Cf. Int’l Custom Prods., 748 F.3d. at 1188-89 (finding that a notice of action was the result of “considered deliberations” after Plaintiff provided evidence of a “months-long deliberative process” by Custom’s Office of Regulations and Rulings (which is responsible for reviewing and issuing ruling letters) and “effectively revoked” a previous ruling letter made by that same office). 28Plaintiff also argues that Customs’ liquidation of the entries at issue here may be considered an interpretive ruling or decision because, while the merchandise was liquidated as (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 14 II. Plaintiff’s “claim of treatment” While 19 U.S.C. § 1625 leaves the term “treatment” ambiguous,29 Customs has provided30 a reasonable and permissible construction in 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c), where it defines what is necessary to prove a “treatment [was] previously accorded [by Customs] to substantially identical transactions.” Motorola, 436 F.3d at 1365-66. In order to establish a previously accorded treatment, a party must show, inter alia, that “there was an actual determination by a Customs officer regarding the facts  entered, the liquidation “subsumed and put into effect the agency’s prior tariff change decision, namely the January 2010 Notice of Action.” Pl.’s Br., ECF No 39-1, at 11-12. However, the entries at issue here were liquidated as entered, through bypass procedures, “meaning that they were designated as entries that could be liquidated without scrutiny by Customs officials.” Ellen Decl., ECF No. 36-1 at Ex. 1, at ¶ 3. They “were processed without any review or examination by the commodity team charged with classifying the merchandise.” Id. “[T]he mere liquidation of merchandise at the declared bypass rate” is not an “interpretive ruling or decision” under 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Kahrs Int’l, 33 CIT at 1353, 645 F. Supp. 2d at 1285-86 (quoting California Indus. Prods., 436 F.3d at 1351 (“Section 1625(c) only applies when Customs issues an ‘interpretive ruling or decision.’”)). 29Motorola, 436 F.3d at 1365 (holding that the term “treatment” is ambiguous in 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) because “[t]he question of what degree of [agency] action (as opposed to acquiescence) is sufficient to [create a treatment]” is left open). 30See 19 U.S.C. § 1624 (Customs is “authorized to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of [Chapter 19].”); Customs Service: 19 CFR Part 177, 67 Fed. Reg. at 53,484 (providing that 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 was promulgated, pursuant to notice and comment rulemaking, to implement “the terms of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) through appropriate regulatory standards”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 15 and issues involved in the claimed treatment,” and that “[o]ver a 2-year period immediately preceding the claim of treatment, Customs consistently applied that determination [. . .].” 19 C.F.R. §§ 177.12(c)(1)(i)(A), (C). Plaintiff and Defendant seek a ruling31 on the meaning of “claim of treatment,” in order to establish when the “2-year period immediately preceding claim of treatment” occurred, to provide a framework for the “remaining discovery in this case.” See Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 7-8. Defendant argues that, based on the dictionary definition of the word “claim,” the phrase “claim of treatment” means a written application or mechanism through which Plaintiff “first asked or called for a finding that [a] treatment existed,” and dated to the time of filing. Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 8. According to the Defendant, Plaintiff’s claim of treatment was its March 8, 2012 protest, making the relevant “two year [evidentiary] ‘look back’ period . . . approximately March 8, 2010 — March 8, 2012.” Id. at 8. Plaintiff argues that “claim of treatment” is not defined in regulation or statute,  31 Because this presents solely an issue of regulatory interpretation – the facts on this narrow issue are undisputed, Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 7; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 13-14 – pursuant to USCIT Rule 56(a), it is a question ripe for summary judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 247–48; see also Puerto Rico Towing & Barge Co. v. United States, 33 CIT 1131, 1133, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1266, 1267 (2009). Court No. 12-00138 Page 16 Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 50, at 12, such that a “claim of treatment” should be considered the statement, made in whatever filing procedurally was available, and dated according to the facts contained therein, Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 15-16. According to the Plaintiff, its claim of treatment was properly made in its March 8, 2012 protest, but the effective date of its claim is “the date of the earliest entry [at issue],” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 39, at 1, making the two-year “look-back” period approximately October 2008 through October 2010. Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1, at 15-16; see Summons, ECF No. 1 (dating earliest entry at issue here to October 24, 2010). A. Defining a “claim of treatment” “When construing a regulation,” the “same interpretative rules” apply as when “analyzing the language of a statute.” Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 782 F.3d 1354, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). This means that, under the de novo standard of review applicable here, our analysis begins with “the regulatory language itself,” Roberto v. Dep’t of Navy, 440 F.3d 1341, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citation omitted), to ascertain its “plain meaning,” Lengerich v. Dep’t of Interior, 454 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citations Court No. 12-00138 Page 17 omitted).32 Because meaning is a function of context, “[i]n interpreting a regulatory provision, we examine the text of the  32 While, under Auer v. Robbins, the court will defer to an agency’s interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation, such deference is unwarranted where the interpretation is “plainly erroneous,” “inconsistent with the regulation” itself, or “does not reflect the agency’s fair and considered judgment on the matter in question.” 519 U.S. 452, 461-462 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Although Defendant advances an interpretation of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C), see Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 7-9; Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 12-17, deference is unwarranted here because the interpretation appears to be “nothing more than a convenient litigating position, or a post hoc rationalization advanced” by counsel in order “to defend past agency action against attack.” See Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 132 S. Ct. 2156, 2166-67 (2012) (internal citations, quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted). “To merit deference” an agency’s interpretation “must have been actually applied in the present agency action.” Lengerich, 454 F.3d at 1372. It was not so applied here. Rather, the interpretation appears in Defendant’s briefings alone, without any reference to any decision or interpretation made by Customs at the administrative level, whether in this case or otherwise. See Def.’s Br., ECF No. 36, at 7-9; Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 12-17. This is likely because there was no agency interpretation or application of the regulation at the administrative level. See Protest 1512- 12-100039 (Mar. 8, 2012) reproduced in Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D (denying protest in accordance with the disposition Protest, 1512-10-100149, without discussion of Plaintiff’s 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) claim); see HQ H158256 (Nov. 16, 2011), available at 2011 WL 8200988 (deciding Protest 1512-10-100149 without discussion of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) or 19 C.F.R. § 177.12). Moreover, outside of this action, Customs’ understanding of the “2–year period immediately preceding the claim of treatment,” 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C), has been inconsistent, being variously defined as “the two year period immediately preceding the [entry of the] merchandise subject to the claim of treatment,” HQ H076723 (Nov. 24, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5810910 at *11, the “two years prior to the date of the last liquidated entry subject to the claim,” HQ 966756 (Aug. 19, 2004), available at 2004 WL 2904423, at *4 (also asserting that this requirement is “codified at 19 C.F.R. § 177.12”), and (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 18 regulation as a whole, reconciling the section in question with sections related to it,” id., including “its object and policy,” Warner–Lambert Co. v. Apotex Corp., 316 F.3d 1348, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting U.S. Nat’l Bank of Or. v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 455 (1993)). “The plain meaning that we seek to discern is the plain meaning of the whole [regulation], not of isolated sentences.” Beecham v. United States, 511 U.S. 368, 372 (1994) (citations omitted).33  the two years prior to the filing date of the document the claim comes in, see, e.g., HQ H025849 (Nov. 17, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5810900 (in context of a protest determination, finding that the claim of treatment was made in protestant’s initial request for internal advice pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 177.11 and the two years prior to that request were the relevant evidentiary period). It follows that, because there is no indication that Defendant’s interpretation represents “the agency’s considered position and not merely the views of litigating counsel,” it is afforded no deference under Auer. See Mass. Mut. Life Ins., 782 F.3d at 1370 (quoting Abbott Labs. v. United States, 573 F.3d 1327, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). Further, this lack of deference is in better keeping with the plain language of the applicable, statutorily prescribed standard of review, as “civil actions [that] contest[] the denial of a protest” are reviewed “upon the basis of the record made before the court,” 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1), that is “de novo,” Park B. Smith, 347 F.3d at 924. Cf. Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Ass’n, 135 S. Ct. 1199, 1211-13 (2015) (Scalia, J., concurring) (arguing that Auer deference is in direct conflict with the standards of review provided in the Administrative Procedure Act at 5 U.S.C. § 706). 33See King v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991) (“[T]he cardinal rule that a [regulation] is to be read as a whole, since the meaning of [regulatory] language, plain or not, depends on context.”) (citation omitted). Court No. 12-00138 Page 19 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 does not provide a definition for the phrase “claim of treatment,” or even of the term “claim.” Where a term or phrase is not expressly defined in a regulation, it is presumed to have its ordinary meaning.34 For the ordinary meaning, we look to the dictionary.35 At the time the 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 was adopted, “claim” was variously defined as: “[t]he aggregate of operative facts giving rise to a right enforceable by a court”; “[t]he assertion of an existing right; any right to payment or an equitable remedy, even if contingent or provisional”; “[a] demand for money or property to which one asserts a right”; and “[a]n interest or remedy recognized at law; the means by which a person can obtain a privilege,  34 See Mass. Mut. Life Ins., 782 F.3d at 1365 (considering the “plain language of the regulation and . . . the terms in accordance with their common meaning”) (internal citations, quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted); Warner-Lambert, 316 F.3d at 1355 (“When a [regulation] does not define a given word or phrase, we presume that [the agency] intended the word or phrase to have its ordinary meaning.”) (citing Asgrow Seed Co. v. Winterboer, 513 U.S. 179, 187 (1995)). 35Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins., 782 F.3d at 1367 (“When terms are undefined, the court may consider the definitions of those terms in order to determine their meaning.”) (citations omitted); Am. Express Co. v. United States, 262 F.3d 1376, 1381 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“It is appropriate to consult dictionaries to discern the ordinary meaning of a term not explicitly defined by statute or regulation.”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 20 possession, or enjoyment of a right or thing; [cause of action].” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 240 (7th ed. 1999).36 A “claim,” then, may be either the assertion that a right exists or the means through which that assertion is made. Under the former meaning, Plaintiff’s “claim” is the assertion made within its March 8, 2012 protest that the entries at issue here were “classifiable [under the duty-free provision, 5803, HTSUS,] due to an established treatment,” absent appropriate notice and comment, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). See Attach. to Protest, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D, at 1. Under the latter meaning, Plaintiff’s “claim” is its March 8, 2012 protest itself. See Protest 1512-12-100039, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D. Reading “claim of treatment” in the context of the regulation as a whole, “reconciling the section in question with sections related to it,” Lengerich, 454 F.3d at 1370, clarifies which definition is appropriate here.37 While the phrase “claim of treatment” appears at only one other time in the regulatory  36 “Claim” is also defined therein as a “right to payment or to an equitable remedy for breach of performance if the breach gave rise to a right of payment,” and, in patent law, a “formal statement describing the novel features of an invention and defining the scope of the patent’s protection.” Id. at 241. 37See NLRB v. Federbush Co., 121 F.2d 954, 957 (2d Cir. 1941) (L. Hand, J.) (“Words are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only a communal existence; and not only does the meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting in which they are used[. . .].”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 21 framework (and much to the same effect),38 “claim” and “treatment” appear in various iterations in relation to each other throughout. Specifically, 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 provides detailed guidance on what evidence is relevant and necessary to assert a treatment claim.39 In contrast, the regulation does not provide or require a specific mechanism through which that assertion, a treatment claim, must be made.40 Indeed, in  38 Stating that there is no treatment if the importer fails to establish the treatment “over the 2–year period immediately preceding the claim of treatment.” 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(iii)(A). 39In making a claim of treatment, the “evidentiary burden as regards the existence of the previous treatment is on the person claiming that treatment.” 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(iv). That person must provide, inter alia, evidence to establish that “[t]here was an actual determination by a Customs officer regarding the facts and issues involved in the claimed treatment,” id. at § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(A), and should provide, if known, “the name and location of the Customs officer who made the determination on which the claimed treatment is based,” id. at § 177.12(c)(1)(iv). “[T]he person claiming a previous treatment must be prepared to submit to Customs written or other appropriate evidence of the earlier actual determination of a Customs officer that the person relied on in preparing the entry and that is consistent with the liquidation of the entry.” Id. If it is found that this person “made a material false statement or material omission in connection with a Customs transaction or in connection with the review of a Customs transaction and that statement or omission affected the determination on which the treatment claim is based,” then Customs will find no treatment. Id. at § 177.12(c)(1)(iii)(C). 4019 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(2)(ii) provides that a person may make a “written application” to Customs “claiming that the interpretive ruling has the effect of modifying or revoking the treatment previously accorded by Customs to his substantially identical transactions,” such that Customs will “consider delaying the effective date of the interpretive ruling with respect to that (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 22 practice, Customs accepts treatment claims in a variety of forms, including, as here, protests pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1514.41 It follows then, from the text of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12, that a “claim of treatment” is the assertion that a right to a treatment exists, not the administrative mechanism or filing through which such a claim is made. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim of treatment was the assertion in its March 8, 2012 protest that its entries were “classifiable [under the duty-free provision, 5803, HTSUS,] due  person,and continue the treatment previously accorded the substantially identical transactions,” pending notice and comment. This may be the non-protest mechanism that Defendant alludes to, without citation. Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 14. However, the regulation does not equate “written application” with “claim of treatment,” nor does it define “written application” in such a way that precludes use of existing administrative mechanisms that require written application, e.g., protests, see 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(1) (“A protest . . . shall be filed in writing, or transmitted electronically pursuant to an electronic data interchange system [. . .].”). 41See HQ H209836 (Apr. 23, 2015), 2015 WL 4385860 at *7 (“The claim of treatment [was] made in conjunction with the protested entries”); HQ H241622 (Apr. 24, 2015), available at 2015 WL 4385863 (claim of treatment made in a protest); HQ H076723 (Nov. 24, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5810910 (same); HQ H074375 (Nov. 22, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5819067 (same); HQ H022287 (Dec. 30, 2010), available at 2010 WL 6524009 (same); HQ 967289 (Jan. 4, 2005), available at 2005 WL 934029 at *3 (noting that “[t]he claim of treatment [was] made in [the] protest”); HQ 966794 (Sept. 7, 2004), available at 2004 WL 3049068 (claim of treatment made in a protest); see also HQ H025849 (Nov. 17, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5810900 (claim of treatment made in request for internal advice pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 177.11); HQ W968251 (Oct. 3, 2007), available at 2007 WL 4792308 (claim of treatment made in letter to Customs); HQ 965956 (Jan. 22, 2003), available at 2003 WL 1386611 (same). Court No. 12-00138 Page 23 to an established treatment,” absent appropriate notice and comment, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Attach. to Protest, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D, at 1.42 It was not the protest itself. B. Dating a “claim of treatment” Given that a “claim of treatment” is distinct from the filing in which it is made, the “2-year period immediately preceding [that] claim of treatment” is also, while not necessarily different, distinct. A claim is not the same as the filing in which it comes, and is dated by its facts not its filing. Cf. Bay Area Laundry & Dry Cleaning Pension Trust Fund v. Ferbar Corp. of Cal., 522 U.S. 192, 201 (1997) (dating a claim to when it arises, not to when the complaint is filed). Inasmuch as a “claim of treatment” is an assertion of a right, made up of its operative facts, so too is the 2-year period immediately preceding it defined by that assertion and those facts. Reading 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 in its statutory and regulatory context, “reconciling the section in question with sections related to it,” Lengerich, 454 F.3d at 1370, with an eye to its object and policy, Warner–Lambert, 316 F.3d at 1355, confirms this understanding.  42 See also id. at 2-3 (“In late 2009/ early 2010, CBP at the port of Los Angeles changed the classification for Heading 5803 to classification as a cotton fabric in Heading 5208.”). Court No. 12-00138 Page 24 Regarding context, Customs can be presumed to be “knowledgeable about existing law pertinent to [regulations it promulgates].” See VE Holding Corp. v. Johnson Gas Appliance Co., 917 F.2d 1574, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (citing Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U.S. 174, 184–85 (1988)). Treatment claims, lacking a specific administrative mechanism, are often made through protests.43 This prevalence is likely because, if an importer wishes to contest an interpretive ruling or decision that results in the liquidation of its entries, e.g., a notice of action, it must make its claim of treatment through a protest to ensure this Court’s jurisdiction over any appeal of that ruling or decision.44 However, protests may only be filed after  43 See supra, footnote 41. 44See 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(2) (providing that “decisions of the Customs Service, including the legality of all orders and findings entering into the same, as to . . . the classification and rate and amount of duties chargeable . . . shall be final and conclusive upon all persons (including the United States and any officer thereof) unless a protest is filed in accordance with this section, or unless a civil action contesting the denial of a protest, in whole or in part, is commenced in the United States Court of International Trade [. . .].”); see also Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. United States, 532 F.3d 1365, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“As this court and its predecessor have confirmed, the language of [19 U.S.C.] § 1514 establishes liquidation as a final challengeable event in Customs’ appraisal process. Findings related to liquidation—including valuation — merge with the liquidation. If an importer wishes to challenge the appraised value of merchandise, the importer must protest the liquidation.”) (citations omitted); Int’l Custom Prods., Inc. v. United States, 467 F.3d 1324, 1326-28 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that this Court did not have 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 25 liquidation of the entries at issue. 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(3)(A). Under statute, Customs has one year to liquidate an entry before it is deemed liquidated by operation of law. 19 U.S.C. § 1504(a). Typically, Customs liquidates an entry within 314 days. See 314-Day Liquidation Cycle-Trade Notice, CSMS 97-000727 (Aug. 3, 1997). Importers have up to 180 days from liquidation to file their protest. 19 U.S.C. § 1514(c)(3); 19 C.F.R. § 174.12(e). This means that the most common mechanism for making a claim of treatment, a protest, may not be filed until 494 days after a treatment has changed.45 It would be contrary to Customs’ presumed knowledge to read 19 C.F.R. § 177.12 and its two-year evidentiary requirement in such a way that would, because of procedural requirements laid out in other regulations and statutes, consistently and inevitably guide the agency or court to consider an evidentiary period that is, because it is after the liquidation, largely irrelevant (i.e., when the  jurisdiction over plaintiff’s 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) challenge to a notice of action because jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) would not have been manifestly inadequate; remanding to this Court with instructions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction because the plaintiff had not protested the liquidation of the entries subject to the challenged notice of action as required for 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a) jurisdiction). 45Cf. Xerox Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 1667, 1670 (2004) aff'd, 423 F.3d 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“[W]hen Customs replaced its 90 day liquidation cycle with a 314 day liquidation cycle” it meant “that the typical time for filing a protest would extend beyond a year from the date of entry.”) Court No. 12-00138 Page 26 alleged treatment has already been modified or revoked for more than a year). Regarding object and policy, a regulation must be interpreted “in [a] manner which effectuates rather than frustrates [its] major purpose.” Shapiro v. United States, 335 U.S. 1, 31 (1948). Customs chose the two years immediately “preceding the claim of treatment” as the requisite evidentiary period because the agency consider it the most relevant for “protecting the treatment rights of a person.” See Customs Service: 19 C.F.R. Part 177, 67 Fed. Reg. at 53,494. This purpose evinces a context-based approach meant to ensure that “the interested public has notice of a proposed change in Customs’ policy” and can “modify any current practices that were based in reliance on Customs’ earlier policy.” Sea-Land Serv., Inc. v. United States, 239 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (summarizing the purpose of enabling statute 19 U.S.C. § 1625). Here, Plaintiff’s “claim of treatment” was the assertion, made in its March 8, 2012 protest, of its right to a treatment pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Attach. to Protest, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D, at 1, 2-3. The defining, operative facts that gave rise to Plaintiff’s claim are that Plaintiff made an entry on July 11, 2009, and, on January 14, 2010, through a CF-29 notice of action, Customs reclassified this entry and all similar pending entries from a duty-free to a dutiable Court No. 12-00138 Page 27 provision. See Jan. 2010 Notice of Action, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. A; Attach. to Protest, ECF No. 39-1 at Ex. D, at 2 (“In late 2009/early 2010, CBP at the port of Los Angeles changed the classification [of Plaintiff’s entries]”); see also 2d. Am. Compl., ECF No. 11-1, at ¶ 14. This entry is the first subject to Plaintiff’s claim of treatment and, as such, the inflection point when Plaintiff’s claimed treatment changed, i.e., when the “pattern of actions taken by Customs on [Plaintiff’s] import transactions, on which [Plaintiff claims it] has reasonably relied,” putatively changed without notice or comment. See Customs Service: 19 C.F.R. Part 177, 67 Fed. Reg. at 53,489 (providing Customs’ explanation of the purpose behind enacting 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) and 19 C.F.R. § 177.12). The “relevant” 2-year evidentiary period “for purposes of protecting the treatment rights” of the Plaintiff, then, are two years prior to that point, immediately prior to when the claim arose. See id. at 53,494. Accordingly, the two years immediately preceding Plaintiff’s claim of treatment are the two years immediately preceding its earliest affected entry (i.e., the first entry that does not receive the anticipated, relied upon treatment),46 here July 11, 2007 through July 11, 2009.47  46 Cf. Customs own interpretation in previous 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) determinations, HQ H076723 (Nov. 24, 2010), available at 2010 WL 5810910 at *11 (finding the relevant (footnote continued) Court No. 12-00138 Page 28 CONCLUSION Therefore, upon consideration of Defendant’s Partial  evidentiary for a claim of treatment was “the two year period immediately preceding the claimed treatment tariff classification,” i.e., “the two year period immediately preceding the [entry of] merchandise subject to the claim of treatment”). 47This entry, and subsequent January 2010 notice of action, are within the scope of relevant, and therefore admissible evidence. See Fed. Rule Evid. 402; Int’l Custom Prods. v. United States, __ CIT __, 774 F. Supp. 2d 1338, 1342 (2011) (denying defendant’s motion to preclude evidence in a 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) action brought under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) “to the extent that the evidence is otherwise admissible and [relevant]”) (citing Fed. Rule Evid. 402). However, because this entry is not part of the underlying protest here (its liquidation does not appear to have been protested at all), because it is not listed on the summons in this action, this Court lacks jurisdiction to grant relief with regards to it. Summons, ECF No. 1; 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a); DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 442 F.3d 1313, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that this Court lacks jurisdiction over entries not listed on the summons); Int’l Custom Prods., Inc. v. United States, __ CIT __, 878 F. Supp. 2d 1329 (2012), aff'd, 748 F.3d 1182 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (finding that a CF-29 notice of action was an “interpretive ruling or decision” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. 1625(c), while maintaining jurisdiction, under 28 U.S.C. 1581(a) via another, unrelated entry, protest, and denial). While Defendant notes the peculiarity of Plaintiff’s failure to protest the liquidation of the entry subject to the January 2010 notice of action, Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 47, at 15, it does not challenge Plaintiff’s failure to do so as creating unreasonable or prejudicial delay in commencing this action. See USCIT Rule 8(d)(1) (providing laches as an available affirmative defense); Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 396 (1946) (discussing the laches defense: “There must be conscience, good faith, and reasonable diligence, to call into action the powers of the court [. . .]. [The] court may dismiss a suit where the plaintiffs’ lack of diligence is wholly unexcused; and both the nature of the claim and the situation of the parties was such as to call for diligence.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Court No. 12-00138 Page 29 Motion for Summary Judgment, and Plaintiff AFF’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant’s motion is hereby DENIED and Plaintiff’s cross-motion is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The parties shall consult and, not later than November 20, 2015 propose a schedule for further proceedings in this matter. IT IS SO ORDERED. /s/Donald C. Pogue Donald C. Pogue, Senior Judge Dated: October 21, 2015 New York, NY