Benson v. Casa De Capri Enterprises LLC

 Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 1 of 41 1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Jacob Benson, et al., No. CV-18-00006-PHX-DWL 10 Plaintiffs, ORDER 11 v. 12 Casa De Capri Enterprises LLC, et al., 13 Defendants. 14 15 INTRODUCTION 16 Jacob Benson is a disabled vulnerable adult who received skilled nursing care at a 17 now-defunct facility called Casa de Capri Enterprises LLC (“Capri”). In December 2012, 18 Benson and other family members (together, “Plaintiffs”) brought a negligence action 19 against Capri in Arizona state court. 20 At the time, Capri had a “claims paid” insurance policy issued by Defendant 21 Continuing Care Risk Retention Group, Inc. (“CCRRG”). Under this unusual type of 22 policy, the insurer is only responsible for indemnifying the insured against claims that 23 become payable while the policy remains in effect. In contrast, under an “occurrence” 24 policy or a “claims made” policy (which are more common), the insurer becomes 25 responsible for indemnification so long as the liability-generating event occurred (or was 26 disclosed to the insurer) during the policy term. 27 CCRRG initially assumed the defense of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit against Capri pursuant 28 to Capri’s insurance policy. However, after Capri became insolvent, stopped paying its Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 2 of 41 1 premiums, declared bankruptcy, and cancelled the policy, CCRRG withdrew the defense. 2 Years later, after the bankruptcy stay was lifted, Plaintiffs obtained a $1.5 million judgment 3 against Capri and then initiated this garnishment action against CCRRG. 4 Plaintiffs’ theory is that because Capri’s policy with CCRRG provided $1 million 5 in coverage for the underlying claim, and thus CCRRG is effectively holding $1 million 6 that belongs to Capri, Plaintiffs may rely on the law of garnishment to obtain that money 7 from CCRRG. CCRRG’s defense, meanwhile, is that the underlying judgment against 8 Capri is not covered because it was not issued until years after the policy was cancelled 9 and Capri ceased being a CCRRG member (which, under this “claims paid” policy, means 10 there is no coverage). Plaintiffs challenge this defense on a number of grounds, including 11 that (1) the policy included a so-called “Bankruptcy Clause” that should be construed as 12 requiring coverage when the insured’s reason for cancelling the policy is bankruptcy or 13 financial insolvency; and (2) regardless of the Bankruptcy Clause’s applicability, 14 disallowing coverage under these circumstances—where the liability-generating incident 15 occurred while the policy remained in effect and the insured cancelled the policy only 16 because it could not afford the premiums—would be inequitable and violate Arizona’s 17 statutory law and public policy. And one of CCRRG’s rejoinders to those arguments is 18 that because it is a unique form of insurance company known as a risk retention group 19 (“RRG”), the preemption provisions of a federal statute—the Liability Risk Retention Act 20 of 1986 (“LRRA”)—preclude Plaintiffs from relying on Arizona law in an attempt to 21 invalidate any of the policy’s limitations on coverage. 22 As this summary makes clear (and is discussed in more detail below), this case 23 presents unusually complicated insurance coverage issues. The resolution of those issues 24 is further complicated by the dearth of judicial decisions, from any jurisdiction, analyzing 25 “claims paid” insurance policies. The parties have now presented their positions via cross- 26 motions for summary judgment. (Docs. 55, 125.) For the following reasons, Plaintiffs’ 27 motion is denied and CCRRG’s motion is granted. 28 … -2- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 3 of 41 1 BACKGROUND 2 I. Facts 3 The facts summarized below, and detailed throughout this order, are taken from the 4 parties’ summary judgment submissions and other documents in the record. The facts are 5 uncontroverted unless otherwise noted. 6 On December 10, 2012, Plaintiffs filed suit in Maricopa County Superior Court 7 against Capri, alleging abuse and neglect of a vulnerable adult and negligence. (Doc. 65 8 ¶ 1.) At the time the lawsuit was served, Capri was insured under a “professional liability 9 insurance policy” issued by CCRRG. (Doc. 65 ¶ 3.) The policy (the “2012 Policy”) 10 provided coverage from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2013 and had a policy limit of $1 11 million. (Doc. 56-1 at 36.) Capri renewed its policy with CCRRG the following year (the 12 “2013 Policy”). (Doc. 65 ¶ 4.) The 2013 Policy provided coverage from January 1, 2013 13 to January 1, 2014. (Doc. 13-1 at 5.) Both policies incorporate by reference a 2009 14 subscription agreement (Doc. 13-1 at 53-73) and CCRRG’s member bylaws (Doc. 65-4). 15 (Doc. 13-1 at 6 [2013 Policy]; Doc. 56-1 at 37 [2012 Policy].) 16 The 2012 and 2013 Policies are “claims paid” policies. (Doc. 132 ¶ 1.) In the 17 “Coverages” section of each policy, under the subheading “Insuring Agreement,” CCRRG 18 agreed to pay “amounts within the policy limits for ‘Damages’ . . . on behalf of a ‘Member’ 19 who becomes legally obligated to ‘Pay’ ‘Damages’ during the time they are a CCRRG 20 ‘Member.’” (Doc. 13-1 at 13, emphasis added.) In the subscription agreement, CCRRG 21 elaborated that “[t]he terms and conditions of this type of coverage differ significantly from 22 a typical occurrence or claims made indemnification insurance policy. In essence, . . . 23 CCRRG has no responsibility for any portion of a claim not actually paid during the 24 contract period. Under the Claims Paid policy losses are only covered by the Company if 25 the insured is a Member of CCRRG when the payment is made . . . .” (Id. at 58.) 26 On its website and in a brochure, CCRRG further clarified that “[t]he average carrier 27 collects higher premiums to protect itself in advance from the possibility you will change 28 carriers, because their obligation to pay claims persist even after you leave. With -3- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 4 of 41 1 [CCRRG], your claims are paid for by the group as long as you are a member. If you have 2 an open claim and decide to leave [CCRRG], the group stops supporting the claim so your 3 claim moves with you.” (Doc. 132 ¶ 16.) Similarly, in a checklist concerning the renewal 4 of coverage, CCRRG explained: “The result of [a ‘claims paid’ policy] is that Members 5 pay less on average from year to year. In return for typically lower premium costs, the 6 Member agrees either to remain with CCRRG until any pending claim is resolved or has 7 the option to purchase an extended reporting period (ERP) coverage when they leave 8 CCRRG. If a Member leaves CCRRG with an open claim and does not purchase ERP then 9 the departing member is thus making the election to take the claim with them and handle 10 defense and payment of indemnity out of their ‘own pocket.’” (Doc. 65-2.) 11 Before the 2013 renewal, CCRRG offered Capri two renewal options: (1) to 12 continue with the existing “claims paid” policy for $256,169.32; or (2) to switch to a 13 “claims made” policy for $292,345.45. (Doc. 132 ¶ 17.) Capri chose the less expensive 14 “claims paid” option. (Id.) 15 At the time the policies were issued, CCRRG was domiciled in South Carolina. 16 (Doc. 132 ¶ 7.) The South Carolina Department of Insurance approved the CCRRG 17 “claims paid” policy form. (Id. ¶ 8.) Gregory Anderson served as Capri’s President and 18 CEO from 2008 through September 2013, when it ceased ongoing operations. (Doc. 56-9 19 ¶¶ 5, 15.) Before 2008, William Fay was Capri’s “managing member.” (Doc. 132-2 ¶¶ 1- 20 5.) Other relevant entities and individuals include Magnolia LTC Management Services 21 (“Magnolia”), which served as the program manager for CCRRG, and Robert “Bob” Bates, 22 who was Magnolia’s president and CCRRG’s corporate secretary. (Doc. 65 ¶ 13.) 23 On December 28, 2012, Capri was served in the Arizona state court lawsuit. (Doc. 24 65 ¶ 2.) Capri timely reported the lawsuit to CCRRG, as it was required to do under the 25 2012 Policy. (Id. ¶ 20.) CCRRG accepted Capri’s tender under the 2012 Policy and 26 appointed defense counsel to defend the lawsuit without a written reservation of rights. 27 (Id. ¶¶ 21, 23.) 28 On an unspecified date after CCRRG began providing a defense of the lawsuit, -4- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 5 of 41 1 Capri defaulted on its obligation to pay certain deductibles. (Id. ¶ 24.) As a result, 2 Magnolia, through Bates, sent Capri a letter on July 15, 2013 informing Capri of its 3 “seriously delinquent” status “in meeting its insurance deductible payment obligations.” 4 (Doc. 56-6 at 1-2.) The letter stated that CCRRG’s board of directors could terminate 5 Capri’s membership for the outstanding delinquencies and, if they did, “Capri’s right to 6 continued coverage of existing open claims . . . may be at risk if the outstanding default in 7 payment is not cured to the satisfaction of the [board].” (Id. at 1.) 8 On July 19, 2013, CCRRG and Capri agreed to a payment plan concerning the 9 outstanding deductible obligation. (Doc. 65 ¶ 25.) However, less than one month into that 10 plan, Capri again defaulted. (Id.) As a result, CCRRG again threatened action against 11 Capri. (Id.) 12 On August 13, 2013, CCRRG issued a notice of intent to cancel the 2013 Policy, 13 which stated that the Policy would be cancelled if Capri did not pay $22,270.03 by August 14 27, 2013. (Doc. 56-8 at 1; Doc. 65 ¶ 26.) 15 On August 19, 2013, Capri filed for bankruptcy. (Doc. 65 ¶ 27.) Afterward, 16 Plaintiffs’ lawsuit against Capri was stayed. (Doc. 1-1 at 54-55, 58-59, 62.) 17 By August 22, 2013, CCRRG received notice of the bankruptcy. (Doc. 65 ¶ 33.) 18 That same day, the bankruptcy court authorized a debtor in possession loan for Capri “to 19 immediately pay the . . . monthly premium for liability insurance of approximately 20 $30,000.” (Doc. 65-13 at 3 ¶ 7.) 21 On September 6, 2013, CCRRG rescinded its previously issued notice of intent to 22 cancel. (Doc. 64 ¶ 35; Doc. 56-13.) 23 On September 20, 2013, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of Capri’s assets to 24 an unrelated party. (Doc. 65 ¶ 36.) 25 On September 25, 2013, Capri stopped payment on a pair of premium checks it had 26 previously sent to CCRRG, which CCRRG had not yet deposited in light of the bankruptcy 27 proceeding. (Doc. 65 ¶ 37.) The parties dispute why Capri made this stop-payment 28 decision—CCRRG contends that Capri “made a business decision to stop paying its -5- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 6 of 41 1 insurance premiums” while Plaintiffs contend that “[t]here was no ‘business judgment’ 2 exercised regarding CCRRG and the stop payment . . . was a sham instigated by CCRRG 3 to make it appear that the Policy had been cancelled before Capri’s bankruptcy.” (Doc. 4 132 ¶¶ 4, 21.) 5 On October 18, 2013, Capri’s agent sent an email to CCRRG requesting the 6 cancellation of the 2013 Policy “effective 8/1/13.” (Doc. 56-14 at 1-2.) The parties dispute 7 why Capri made this request—CCRRG characterizes it as another business decision made 8 by Capri while Plaintiffs characterize it as a “manipulation[]” intended to “make it appear 9 that Capri had voluntarily canceled the 2013 Policy retroactively to August 1, 2013,” when 10 in fact “Capri’s cancellation of the 2013 Policy was solely due to its financial insolvency 11 and bankruptcy.” (Doc. 132 ¶¶ 1, 4, 22.)1 12 Capri had the option to purchase an “Extended Reporting Period” upon cancellation 13 of the 2013 Policy, which would have had the effect of maintaining indemnity coverage 14 for existing claims that had not yet been paid. (Doc. 132 ¶ 24.) The premium for the 15 Extended Reporting Period would have been “300% of the premium charged for the 16 annualized 2013 Policy, or approximately $599,328.90.” (Id. ¶ 26.) Capri declined to 17 purchase the Extended Reporting Period, and the parties dispute Capri’s reasons for doing 18 so—CCRRG contends that “Capri did not seek approval from the bankruptcy court to 19 purchase the Extended Reporting Endorsement, presumably because to have done so would 20 have been to use the limited assets of the bankruptcy estate to improperly transform 21 [Plaintiffs’] Claim against Capri from an unsecured claim to a priority claim in Capri’s 22 bankruptcy, to the detriment of other creditors” (Doc. 125 at 9 n.9), while Plaintiffs contend 23 that “any such ‘option’ to purchase an Extended Reporting period was theoretical only. By 24 1 CCRRG did not accept the initial cancellation request because one of the reasons 25 for the request (“Facility Sold”) that Capri provided in an accompanying form was inaccurate. (Doc. 56-14 at 1 [“Unfortunately, I cannot accept the Loss Policy Release as it 26 stands. The signature dates reference 08/01/2013 and the reason for cancellation references both Requested by the Insured and Facility Sold. To the best of our knowledge the facility 27 did not sell until sometime in October.”].) In response, Capri’s agent initially wrote: “What do you . . . want as the reason?” (Id.) On October 22, 2013, Capri’s agent submitted a 28 revised cancellation request, again to be “effective 8/1/13,” which identified the sole reason for the cancellation request as “requested by insured.” (Doc. 56-15.) -6- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 7 of 41 1 the time CCRRG manipulated Capri into the sham backdated cancellation request, Capri 2 was heavily in debt to CCRRG, had been insolvent for quite some time, had ceased 3 operations, had filed bankruptcy, [and] had sold and liquidated its assets. Under those 4 circumstances, Capri was incapable of purchasing an Extended Reporting Period or 5 otherwise continuing coverage.” (Doc. 132 ¶ 24.) 6 On November 19, 2013, CCRRG (via Magnolia) sent a letter to Capri confirming 7 that the 2013 Policy had been terminated as of August 1, 2013. (Doc. 65-19.) This letter 8 further provided as follows: 9 Because Capri elected to stop payment on the August and September of 2013 premium payments and retroactively cancel its CCRRG membership 10 effective August 1, 2013, its rights as a “member” under the policy and subscription agreement ceased as of that date. At that time of cancellation, 11 there was no legal obligation to pay any indemnity with respect to [Plaintiffs’] claim, so CCRRG has no further obligation to pay any 12 indemnity, whether in the form of a settlement, a judgment against Capri, or otherwise. 13 14 (Id. at 2.) 15 On August 14, 2014, defense counsel withdrew from representing Capri in 16 Plaintiffs’ lawsuit. (Doc. 65 ¶ 47.) 17 On October 1, 2014, CCRRG (via Magnolia) informed Plaintiffs’ counsel that 18 CCRRG’s insurance coverage for the claims in Plaintiffs’ lawsuit “ceased” when Capri 19 was no longer a member and the “policy was no longer in force.” (Doc. 65 ¶ 46 [undisputed 20 that the email was sent].) 21 In March 2015, Plaintiffs tendered a policy limits settlement demand to CCRRG, 22 which was rejected. (Doc. 65 ¶¶ 48-49.) Plaintiffs then sought and obtained relief from 23 the bankruptcy stay “in order to proceed to judgment against Capri,” and the resulting order 24 “stated that Plaintiffs could not seek to enforce any judgment against the bankruptcy 25 estate.” (Doc. 65 ¶ 49.) 26 Plaintiffs ultimately prevailed in their lawsuit against Capri. (Doc. 65 ¶ 50.) On 27 November 29, 2017, the superior court entered a final judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor in the 28 amount of $1,501,069.90. (Id.) -7- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 8 of 41 1 On December 18, 2017, Plaintiffs sought a writ of garnishment against CCRRG. 2 (Doc. 1-2 at 233-35.) In their application for the writ, Plaintiffs asserted that “[CCRRG] 3 owes [Capri] money which was not earned by [Capri] for personal services” and 4 “[CCRRG] is holding money for [Capri] which is not exempt from collection.” (Id. at 234- 5 35.) CCRRG answered that “[it] was not holding personal property or money belonging 6 to [Capri].” (Doc. 29 at 3.) 7 II. Relevant Procedural History 8 On January 2, 2018, CCRRG removed the garnishment action to federal court. 9 (Doc. 1.) 10 On January 9, 2018, CCRRG moved to dismiss, or, alternatively, to stay litigation 11 and compel arbitration. (Doc. 13.) On August 17, 2018, Judge Logan issued an order 12 denying CCRRG’s motion.2 (Doc. 27.) 13 On March 2, 2019, Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment. (Doc. 55.) That 14 motion is fully briefed. (Docs. 56, 64, 65, 68.) 15 On April 18, 2019, CCRRG filed a renewed motion to compel arbitration. (Doc. 16 63.) 17 On July 30, 2019, the Court granted CCRRG’s renewed motion to compel 18 arbitration, denied Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment as moot, and dismissed the 19 case without prejudice. (Doc. 88.) 20 Plaintiffs appealed the order compelling arbitration. (Doc. 93.) In November 2020, 21 after full briefing and oral argument, the Ninth Circuit certified a question of law to the 22 Arizona Supreme Court. Benson v. Casa de Capri Enters., LLC, 980 F.3d 1328 (9th Cir. 23 2020). 24 In January 2022, the Arizona Supreme Court resolved that question in Plaintiffs’ 25 favor, holding that “the doctrine of direct benefits estoppel can[not] be applied in an 26 Arizona garnishment proceeding.” Benson v. Casa de Capri Enters., LLC, 502 P.3d 461, 27 2 28 This case was originally assigned to Judge Logan and was transferred to the undersigned on October 31, 2018. (Doc. 35.) -8- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 9 of 41 1 465 (Ariz. 2022). Based on this ruling, the Ninth Circuit issued an amended memorandum 2 decision in March 2022 concluding that “the district court erred in granting CCRRG’s 3 motion to compel arbitration under the doctrine of direct benefits estoppel.” Benson v. 4 Casa de Capri Enters., LLC, 2022 WL 822126, *1 (9th Cir. 2022). In a footnote, the Ninth 5 Circuit added: “CCRRG alternatively argues that the [LRRA] preempts state law governing 6 the operation of risk retention groups, and apparently by extension precludes Arizona from 7 limiting arbitration provisions in insurance policies provided by a risk retention group. The 8 district court did not address this argument and [Plaintiffs] argue that CCRRG did not 9 adequately raise it below. We leave these matters to the district court in the first instance.” 10 Id. at *2 n.1. 11 On June 7, 2022, after reviewing post-remand briefing from the parties (Docs. 112, 12 113), the Court permitted CCRRG to file its own motion for summary judgment. (Doc. 13 115.) The parties also filed a joint request to further brief the LRRA preemption issue on 14 an accelerated basis (Doc. 117), which the Court granted (Doc. 118). The parties then filed 15 additional briefs on LRRA preemption. (Docs. 119, 120, 123.) 16 On July 21, 2022, CCRRG filed its motion for summary judgment (Doc. 125), 17 which is fully briefed. (Docs. 126, 131-37.) 18 On November 4, 2022, the Court denied CCRRG’s renewed motion to compel 19 arbitration based on LRRA preemption. (Doc. 138.) 20 On November 22, 2022, CCRRG appealed the Court’s denial of the renewed motion 21 to compel arbitration. (Doc. 139.) 22 On December 15, 2022, CCRRG filed a motion to stay proceedings pending its 23 appeal of the November 4, 2022 order denying arbitration. (Doc. 141.) 24 On January 9, 2023, after the motion to stay became fully briefed (Docs. 142, 143), 25 the Court issued an order denying the stay request. (Doc. 144.) 26 On January 12, 2023, the Court issued a tentative ruling addressing the cross- 27 motions for summary judgment. (Doc. 146.) 28 On January 24, 2023, the Court heard oral argument. (Doc. 147.) -9- Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 10 of 41 1 LEGAL STANDARD 2 “The court shall grant summary judgment if [a] movant shows that there is no 3 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter 4 of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A fact is ‘material’ only if it might affect the outcome of 5 the case, and a dispute is ‘genuine’ only if a reasonable trier of fact could resolve the issue 6 in the non-movant’s favor.” Fresno Motors, LLC v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 7 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2014). The court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable 8 to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inference[s] in the nonmoving party’s 9 favor.” Rookaird v. BNSF Ry. Co., 908 F.3d 451, 459 (9th Cir. 2018). “Summary judgment 10 is improper where divergent ultimate inferences may reasonably be drawn from the 11 undisputed facts.” Fresno Motors, 771 F.3d at 1125. 12 A party moving for summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing 13 the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, 14 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, 15 if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” 16 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “In order to carry its burden of 17 production, the moving party must either produce evidence negating an essential element 18 of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that the nonmoving party does not have 19 enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” 20 Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). “If . . . 21 [the] moving party carries its burden of production, the nonmoving party must produce 22 evidence to support its claim or defense.” Id. at 1103. 23 “If the nonmoving party fails to produce enough evidence to create a genuine issue 24 of material fact, the moving party wins the motion for summary judgment.” Id. There is 25 no issue for trial unless enough evidence favors the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty 26 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). “If the evidence is merely colorable or is not 27 significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Id. at 249-50. At the same 28 time, the evidence of the non-movant is “to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are - 10 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 11 of 41 1 to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255. “[I]n ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the 2 judge must view the evidence presented through the prism of the substantive evidentiary 3 burden.” Id. at 254. Thus, “the trial judge’s summary judgment inquiry as to whether a 4 genuine issue exists will be whether the evidence presented is such that a jury applying that 5 evidentiary standard could reasonably find for either the plaintiff or the defendant.” Id. at 6 255. 7 “[W]hen parties submit cross-motions for summary judgment, [e]ach motion must 8 be considered on its own merits,” but the Court must consider all evidence submitted in 9 support of both cross-motions when separately reviewing the merits of each motion. Fair 10 Hous. Council of Riverside Cty., Inc. v. Riverside Two, 249 F.3d 1132, 1136 (9th Cir. 2001) 11 (quotation marks omitted). For “the party with the burden of persuasion at trial”—usually 12 the plaintiff—to succeed in obtaining summary judgment in its favor, it “must establish 13 beyond controversy every essential element” of each claim on which summary judgment 14 is sought. S. California Gas Co. v. City of Santa Ana, 336 F.3d 885, 888 (9th Cir. 2003). 15 The party without the burden of persuasion at trial—usually the defendant—is entitled to 16 summary judgment where it establishes that the party with the burden of persuasion will 17 be unable to prove at least one element of its claim in light of the undisputed facts. Celotex 18 Corp., 477 U.S. at 322-23. This distinction reflects that the burden is ultimately on the 19 proponent of each claim to prove it. Id. (“Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary 20 judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to 21 make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s 22 case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, 23 there can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof 24 concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other 25 facts immaterial.”). 26 … 27 … 28 … - 11 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 12 of 41 1 DISCUSSION 2 I. Garnishment Overview 3 “In attempting to collect a judgment against the insured, Arizona law permits a non- 4 signatory judgment creditor to use garnishment to litigate an insurer’s obligations to the 5 judgment debtor under an insurance policy.” Benson, 980 F.3d at 1331 (citing Sandoval v. 6 Chenoweth, 428 P.2d 98 (Ariz. 1967)). Accordingly, the question in this action is whether 7 CCRRG owes any money to Capri (the judgment debtor) pursuant to the Capri/CCRRG 8 insurance policy—if so, Plaintiffs (the judgment creditors) may rely on the law of 9 garnishment to recover those funds. See also A.R.S. § 12-1584(B). 10 II. Applicable Law 11 Plaintiffs rely on Arizona law in support of their summary judgment arguments. 12 (Docs. 55, 131.) Meanwhile, although “CCRRG does not concede that Arizona law applies 13 to this case” (Doc. 124 at 4 n.4) and argues that, due to LRRA preemption, “Arizona law 14 cannot be used to regulate the substantive terms of the CCRRG Claims Paid Policy” (Doc. 15 64 at 7), “CCRRG [also] finds no conflict between Arizona and South Carolina law on 16 contract interpretation” and thus “cites to Arizona law.” (Doc. 124 at 4 & n.4.) Thus, at 17 least with respect to the law generally governing contract interpretation, the parties appear 18 to agree that the Court should apply Arizona law. 19 Under Arizona law, “[t]he interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of 20 law.” Sparks v. Republic Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 647 P.2d 1127, 1132 (Ariz. 1982). “[W]here 21 the provisions of the contract are plain and unambiguous upon their face, they must be 22 applied as written, and the court will not pervert or do violence to the language used, or 23 expand it [beyond] its plain and ordinary meaning or add something to the contract which 24 the parties have not put there.” D.M.A.F.B. Fed. Credit Union v. Emps. Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. 25 of Wis., 396 P.2d 20, 23 (Ariz. 1964). “To determine the plain meaning of a term,” Arizona 26 courts “refer to established and widely used dictionaries.” W. Corr. Grp., Inc. v. Tierney, 27 96 P.3d 1070, 1074 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2004) (citation omitted). 28 An insurance policy “must be read as a whole, so as to give a reasonable and - 12 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 13 of 41 1 harmonious effect to all of its provisions.” Charbonneau v. Blue Cross, 634 P.2d 972, 975 2 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007). Further, “[i]n the insurer/insured context . . . Arizona’s public policy 3 protects insureds. Hence Arizona law requires that undefined terms be given the meaning 4 used by laypeople in everyday usage and that terms and provisions that remain ambiguous 5 after all relevant considerations be interpreted in favor of coverage and against the insurer.” 6 Equity Income Partners, LP v. Chi. Title Ins. Co., 387 P.3d 1263, 1268 (Ariz. 2017). 7 “If a policy is subject to ‘conflicting reasonable interpretations,’ it is ambiguous.” 8 Teufel v. Am. Fam. Mut. Ins. Co., 419 P.3d 546, 548 (Ariz. 2018) (citation omitted). 9 However, “[a] contract is not ambiguous just because the parties to it or, as here, a party to 10 it and the other party’s successor, disagree about its meaning. Language in a contract is 11 ambiguous only when it can reasonably be construed to have more than one meaning.” In 12 re Estate of Lamparella, 109 P.3d 959, 963 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2005). “In determining whether 13 an ambiguity exists in a[n insurance] policy, the language should be examined from the 14 viewpoint of one not trained in law or in the insurance business.” Sparks, 647 P.2d at 1132. 15 If the policy term is still ambiguous after considering the term’s plain and ordinary 16 meaning, Arizona courts consider “legislative goals, social policy, and the transaction as a 17 whole.” First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Action Acquisitions, LLC, 187 P.3d 1107, 1110 (Ariz. 18 2008). If these interpretive guides fail to “elucidate a clause’s meaning,” a court should 19 construe the clause against the insurer. Id. 20 “Generally, the insured bears the burden to establish coverage under an insuring 21 clause, and the insurer bears the burden to establish the applicability of any exclusion.” 22 Keggi v. Northbrook Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 13 P.3d 785, 788 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000). 23 III. Merits 24 The parties’ cross-motion briefing raises an array of complicated arguments that 25 sometimes overlap. Accordingly, the Court will begin by providing a brief overview of 26 the parties’ positions. 27 CCRRG’s overarching argument is that the type of insurance policy at issue in this 28 case, a “claims paid” policy, is very different from other types of more common insurance - 13 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 14 of 41 1 policies (such as an “occurrence” policy or a “claims made” policy) in that it only “covers 2 the insured’s legal obligations to pay . . . damages or defense costs during membership,” 3 such that “[i]f a member ceases to maintain membership for any reason, the 4 member/insured takes pending claims with it, unless, per the insurance contract’s terms, it 5 chooses to purchase an Extended Reporting Period.” (Doc. 64 at 8-9.) (See also Doc. 125 6 at 7 [“The Plain, Unambiguous Language Of the Claims Paid Policy Only Provides 7 Coverage During Membership . . . .”].) According to CCRRG, because Capri cancelled its 8 policy in mid-2013 and Plaintiffs did not obtain their judgment against Capri until 2017, it 9 follows there is no coverage. (Doc. 64 at 9-10.) CCRRG also contends that, to the extent 10 Plaintiffs seek to argue this outcome is unlawful under Arizona law, such arguments are 11 preempted by the LRRA. (See, e.g., Doc. 125 at 12-14.) 12 Plaintiffs disagree and argue that their claim against Capri should be deemed 13 covered by the 2012 Policy.3 First, Plaintiffs point to the Bankruptcy Clause in the Policy, 14 which provides that the “[b]ankruptcy or insolvency of the ‘Member’ . . . will neither 15 expand our [CCRRG’s] obligation nor relieve us [CCRRG] of our obligations under this 16 ‘Claims Paid’ policy.” (Doc. 56-1 at 20.) Plaintiffs urge the Court to interpret this clause 17 as “preclud[ing] a forfeiture of coverage for existing claims” when “the insured is incapable 18 of continuing its membership due to insolvency or bankruptcy” and thus to “find that a 19 termination of membership in the risk retention group may preclude coverage for an 20 existing claim only where the membership termination was not caused by the insured’s 21 insolvency or bankruptcy.” (Doc. 55 at 4-11.) Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that various 22 provisions of Arizona law would preclude CCRRG from denying coverage under these 23 3 In the tentative ruling issued before oral argument, the Court stated that it perceived 24 Plaintiffs’ coverage claim as based on both the 2012 and 2013 Policies. (Doc. 146 at 15.) During oral argument, Plaintiffs’ counsel clarified that the claim is only based on the 2012 25 Policy: “[T]he policy that was triggered here was the 2012 Policy. The claim was made during the 2012 Policy, was reported within the grace period of the 2012 Policy, and that’s 26 the only Policy that was triggered. There is a 2013 renewal policy, of course, and the Court is aware that the terms of it are the same. But for purposes of claims made coverage, the 27 policy that responds is the policy that’s [in] effect at the time . . . the claim is first made. That’s the 2012 Policy.” Later, Plaintiffs’ counsel stated “Correct” when asked to confirm 28 that “the only Policy that’s relevant here is the 2012 Policy, at least for purposes of coverage.” - 14 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 15 of 41 1 circumstances. Those provisions are (1) Arizona’s anti-annulment statute, A.R.S. § 20- 2 1123 (Doc. 55 at 11-13), which Plaintiffs contend was incorporated into the policies via a 3 “Conformity To Statute” clause; (2) Arizona’s rule that an insurer may only deny coverage 4 based on the breach of a policy condition if the breach was substantially prejudicial to the 5 insurer (id. at 13-14); and (3) Arizona’s public policy favoring freedom of contract, which 6 is implicated because CCRRG’s “claims paid” policies have the practical effect of 7 “compel[ling] an insured to renew and continue coverage with CCRRG for as long as any 8 claim remains unresolved” (id. at 14-16).4 9 … 10 4 Plaintiffs have repeatedly suggested that their sole theory of recovery in this action 11 is that CCRRG violated its duty to indemnify Capri for covered losses. (See, e.g., Doc. 31 at 2 [Plaintiffs’ explanation, in the Rule 26(f) report, that “the primary issues presented in 12 this case are whether there is coverage under the professional liability policy CCRRG issued to Capri and in effect at the time plaintiffs’ underlying claim was first made and, if 13 so, whether CCRRG is liable for the full amount of the judgment”]; Doc. 40 at 2 [“Plaintiffs’ garnishment remains a proper action for the determination of CCRRG’s 14 insurance coverage for the underlying state court judgment.”]; id. at 4-5 [“Arizona courts have long considered garnishment to be a proper civil action for a judgment creditor to 15 determine insurance coverage under an insurance policy issued to the judgment debtor. Further, under well-established Ninth Circuit law, a garnishee’s removal of a state court 16 issued writ of garnishment does not negate the judgment creditor’s right to determine coverage in such proceeding.” (internal citations omitted)]; id. at 10 [“Plaintiffs . . . allege[] 17 in its garnishment action that CCRRG owes a debt (e.g. insurance coverage) to Capri.”]; Doc. 55 at 2 [Plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion: “This Motion addresses only the 18 purely legal issues of whether under Arizona’s rules of insurance policy construction and applicable public policy considerations, the CCRRG policy provides coverage for the 19 judgment up to the $1,000,000 policy limit.”].) However, during oral argument, Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that Plaintiffs also seek to recover under the theory that CCRRG breached 20 its duty to defend Capri in the underlying lawsuit: “I admit the focus has been on the indemnification . . . [but] we’ve always maintained that they violated both the duty to 21 defend and the duty to indemnify.” It is not clear to the Court that Plaintiffs have, in fact, properly pleaded and disclosed an intention to pursue recovery under a breach-of-the-duty- 22 to-defend theory (as opposed to simply making references to the duty to defend as part of their breach-of-the-duty-to-indemnify theory). Indeed, during the early stages of the case, 23 Plaintiffs voiced an intention to amend their operative pleading, which they characterized as only seeking a “determination of CCRRG’s insurance coverage for the underlying state 24 court judgment,” to add a claim related to CCRRG’s alleged breach of its duty to defend Capri. (Doc. 40 at 1-2, 10; Doc. 40-1 at 9-10 [proposed new Count Three, alleging that 25 CCRRG engaged in insurance bad faith by, inter alia, withdrawing its defense of Capri].) However, Plaintiffs later withdrew that request and agreed to stand on their original 26 pleading. (Doc. 80.) This suggests that no such claim was ever added. Nevertheless, because the issue has not been fully briefed, the Court reserves judgment as to whether 27 Plaintiffs may separately pursue relief under a breach-of-the-duty-to-defend theory. As discussed at the conclusion of this order, the parties may file supplemental briefing on that 28 topic. This order is limited to resolving the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ claim for garnishment under a breach-of-the-duty-to-indemnify theory. - 15 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 16 of 41 1 A. The Bankruptcy Clause 2 It is undisputed that Capri did not become legally obligated to pay damages to 3 Plaintiffs until December 2017. (Doc. 65 ¶ 50; Doc. 132 ¶ 31 [not disputing this fact in 4 relevant part].) CCRRG argues that because Capri was no longer a member at that time, 5 having cancelled the 2013 Policy in mid-2013, it follows that coverage is unavailable. 6 (Doc. 64 at 5, 8-11; Doc. 125 at 7-9.) In support of this contention, CCRRG points to the 7 insuring agreement in each policy, which provides that CCRRG will only pay “amounts 8 within policy limits for ‘Damages’ . . . on behalf of a member who becomes legally 9 obligated to ‘Pay’ ‘Damages’ . . . during the time they are a CCRRG ‘Member.” (Doc. 13- 10 1 at 13.) CCRRG also points to the subscription agreement, which elaborates that “[t]he 11 terms and conditions of this type of coverage differ significantly from a typical occurrence 12 or claims made indemnification insurance policy. In essence, . . . CCRRG has no 13 responsibility for any portion of a claim not actually paid during the contract period. Under 14 the Claims Paid policy losses are only covered by the Company if the insured is a Member 15 of CCRRG when the payment is made . . . .” (Id. at 58.) 16 Plaintiffs contend this analysis is too facile because it overlooks why Capri 17 cancelled the 2013 Policy and ceased being a member—specifically, Capri’s insolvency 18 and bankruptcy, which interfered with Capri’s ability to continue paying the premiums 19 necessary to maintain the policy and membership. According to Plaintiffs, this possibility 20 was anticipated by the Bankruptcy Clause, which provides that “[b]ankruptcy or 21 insolvency of the ‘Member’ . . . will neither expand our obligation nor relieve us of our 22 obligations under this ‘Claims Paid’ Policy.” (Doc. 13-1 at 32; Doc. 56-1 at 20.) Plaintiffs 23 argue that because “it is undisputed that the cancellation of the 2013 Policy was due solely 24 to Capri’s insolvency and bankruptcy,” “under the plain meaning of the Bankruptcy Clause 25 Capri’s post-bankruptcy induced cancellation of the 2013 Policy cannot serve to ‘relieve’ 26 CCRRG of its ‘obligations,’ including its obligation to defend and indemnify its insolvent 27 and bankrupt insured.” (Doc. 55 at 4-7.) At a minimum, Plaintiffs argue the policy is 28 ambiguous because there is a conflict between the Bankruptcy Clause and the continuing - 16 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 17 of 41 1 membership conditions (and such conflicts must be construed against the insurer and in 2 favor of coverage). (Id. at 7-9.) In response and in its cross-motion, CCRRG argues that 3 Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause is flawed because it would “expand” 4 CCRRG’s obligations in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency, something the Clause 5 expressly prohibits. (Doc. 64 at 15-16; Doc. 125 at 14-17.) 6 CCRRG has the better of these arguments. As an initial matter, Plaintiffs’ 7 clarification during oral argument that their coverage arguments are only based on the 2012 8 Policy is difficult to reconcile with Plaintiffs’ reliance on the Bankruptcy Clause. When it 9 came time to renew the 2012 Policy, Capri was not bankrupt or insolvent. To the contrary, 10 Capri chose to use its money to purchase the 2013 Policy and maintain its membership. 11 Although Plaintiffs argue in their summary judgment papers that Capri’s bankruptcy was 12 the reason why the 2013 Policy was later cancelled and Capri later ceased being a member, 13 it is unclear why this matters if Plaintiffs’ coverage theory (as clarified during oral 14 argument) is tied to the 2012 Policy. 15 At any rate, Plaintiffs’ position fails on the merits. When interpreting the language 16 in an insurance contract, courts must decide whether the language has a plain, ordinary, 17 and unambiguous meaning. D.M.A.F.B. Fed. Credit Union, 396 P.2d at 23. When, as here, 18 each side proffers a conflicting interpretation, the ambiguity analysis turns on whether each 19 side’s proffered interpretation is reasonable. Teufel, 419 P.3d at 548; In re Estate of 20 Lamparella, 109 P.3d at 963. 21 Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause is unreasonable while CCRRG’s 22 interpretation is reasonable. As noted, the Bankruptcy Clause provides that the insolvency 23 or bankruptcy of a member will neither “expand” CCRRG’s coverage obligations nor 24 “relieve” CCRRG of its coverage obligations. In their briefing, Plaintiffs focus almost 25 exclusively on the word “relieve.” Not only are Plaintiffs wrong about the meaning of 26 “relieve” in this context, for the reasons discussed in the paragraphs below, but Plaintiffs 27 fail to explain how a ruling in their favor could be construed as something other than 28 “expand[ing]” CCRRG’s coverage obligations. The 2012 and 2013 Policies, both of which - 17 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 18 of 41 1 are expressly denominated as “Claims Paid” policies (Doc. 13-1 at 12), contain several 2 provisions describing how “claims paid” coverage works, explaining how such coverage 3 is different from typical “claims made” or “occurrence” coverage, and clarifying that losses 4 are only covered if the insured remains a member of CCRRG at the time the payment 5 obligation comes into effect. (Id. at 13, 58.) Those Policies also incorporate the 6 Subscription Agreement, which explains in plain, non-legalese text that “CCRRG has no 7 responsibility for any portion of a claim not actually paid during the contract period.” (Id. 8 at 58.) It is critical to take these provisions into account when construing the meaning of 9 the terms “relieve” and “expand” in the Bankruptcy Clause—after all, “the policy must be 10 read as a whole, so as to give a reasonable and harmonious effect to all of its provisions.” 11 Charbonneau, 634 P.2d at 975. When all of these provisions are read as a whole, it 12 becomes obvious that requiring CCRRG to provide coverage for a December 2017 13 judgment against an entity that cancelled its policy and ceased being a CCRRG member 14 more than four years earlier would “expand” CCRRG’s coverage obligations, which is an 15 outcome the Bankruptcy Clause prohibits.5 16 In contrast, declining to find coverage in this circumstance would not “relieve” 17 CCRRG of any coverage obligations. On this point, both sides identify non-precedential 18 cases in which courts attempted to discern the meaning of the word “relieve” in other 19 insurance policies’ bankruptcy clauses. With the benefit of oral argument, the Court 20 concludes that the parties’ cited cases are of limited utility because they do not involve 21 5 22 During oral argument, Plaintiffs appeared to concede that their interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause would, in fact, result in an expansion of CCRRG’s coverage 23 obligations. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs argued that because CCRRG’s competing interpretation would result in relieving CCRRG of its coverage obligations, the existence 24 of this unavoidable “clash” created an ambiguity: “I understand completely the Court’s position on the other part of the Bankruptcy Clause that says we’re not going to expand the 25 obligations. But the fact of the matter is in the context of this case, those two separate . . . concepts directly clash in the context of this case.” Later, when the Court stated “I cannot 26 in mind conjure a way that your position is correct without that being an expansion of coverage obligations,” Plaintiffs’ counsel did not deny this point and simply added “Which 27 makes it ambiguous.” Accordingly, the Court takes it as undisputed that Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause would “expand” CCRRG’s coverage obligations. 28 But even if the point weren’t conceded, the Court would reach the same conclusion for the reasons set forth in the text above. - 18 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 19 of 41 1 “claims paid” policies. As noted, Capri’s policies contained language expressly noting that 2 “CCRRG has no responsibility for any portion of a claim not actually paid during the 3 contract period” (Doc. 13-1 at 58), and this language must be read in conjunction with the 4 Bankruptcy Clause when deciding what it means to “relieve” CCRRG of a coverage 5 obligation. Charbonneau, 634 P.2d at 975. Because the parties’ cited cases do not purport 6 to decide what it means to “relieve” an insurer from such an obligation, they are only 7 marginally helpful. 8 With those caveats in mind, the parties’ cited cases (to the extent they provide any 9 assistance here) tend to support CCRRG’s position. In Rosciti v. Insurance Company of 10 Pennsylvania, 659 F.3d 92 (1st Cir. 2011), the plaintiffs—who had purchased a defective 11 motor home from a manufacturer (Monaco) that subsequently went bankrupt—sued an 12 insurance company (ICSOP) that had issued an excess coverage policy to Monaco. Id. at 13 93-94. There is no suggestion that the policy was a “claims paid” policy. Although the 14 policy contained a retained-limit provision that “ISCOP’s duty to pay arose only after 15 Monaco had paid the initial $500,000, which Monaco had not done,” the policy also 16 contained a bankruptcy clause providing that Monaco’s “bankruptcy, insolvency or 17 inability to pay . . . shall not relieve [ICSOP] from the payment of any claim covered by 18 this Policy.” Id. Like Plaintiffs here, the plaintiffs argued that because Monaco’s 19 insolvency was the reason why Monaco had been unable to make the initial $500,000 20 payment, it followed that there was “a clash between the Retained Limit Provision and the 21 Bankruptcy Provision” that had to be resolved in their favor. Id. at 96. The First Circuit 22 disagreed, holding that “[w]e see no inherent conflict between the Retained Limit Provision 23 and the Bankruptcy Provision; rather, we agree with ICSOP that the latter is plainly subject 24 to the limitations in the former. . . . [W]e will give the Excess Policies their plain meaning: 25 ICSCOP is still liable above the retained limit if Monaco is bankrupt, but only after Monaco 26 exhausts the retained limit.” Id. at 97. 27 Here, too, declining to find coverage would not “relieve” CCRRG of any obligations 28 because the 2012 and 2013 Policies do not create any obligation, in the first instance, to - 19 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 20 of 41 1 provide coverage for a judgment entered against a former member following the expiration 2 of the member’s policy.6 This outcome may be harsh from an equitable and public policy 3 perspective—a consideration addressed in other portions of Rosciti and discussed in further 4 detail in later sections of this order—but it is compelled by the plain, unambiguous 5 language of the policy itself and is a foreseeable outcome under a “claims paid” policy. 6 Pinnacle Pines Community Association v. Everest National Insurance, 2014 WL 7 1875166 (D. Ariz. 2014), which both sides cite in their motion papers, does not compel a 8 different conclusion. There, the plaintiffs—who obtained a $1.37 million judgment against 9 a homebuilder (Empire) that subsequently went bankrupt—sued an insurance company 10 (Everest) that had issued an excess coverage policy to Empire. Id. at *1. The policy 11 appears to have been an “occurrence” policy, not a “claims paid” policy. Id. (“The terms 12 of the LWP state that it ‘applies to ‘bodily injury’ and ‘property damage’ which is not 13 included in the ‘products-completed operations hazard’ only if: (1) the ‘bodily injury’ or 14 ‘property damage’ is caused by an ‘occurrence’ that takes place in the ‘coverage territory’; 15 and (2) the ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ occurs during the policy period.”). The 16 policy contained a $250,000 self-insured retention, which was described as one of the 17 “Conditions Precedent To Coverage,” and also contained a “bankruptcy provision” 18 providing that “[t]he bankruptcy or insolvency of you or your estate will not relieve us of 19 6 20 The Court also notes that this interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause would not transform the term “relieve” into surplusage. Cf. Awa v. Guam Mem’l Hosp. Auth., 726 21 F.2d 594, 597 (9th Cir. 1984) (“[S]tatutes should not be construed to make mere surplusage of any statutory provision.”); Planned Parenthood of Idaho, Inc. v. Wasden, 376 F.3d 908, 22 928 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[I]t is a cardinal principle of statutory construction that a statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, 23 or word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Had the underlying judgment in Plaintiffs’ lawsuit against Capri been 24 issued before the 2013 Policy was cancelled and Capri ceased being a member, and Capri went bankrupt or become insolvent afterward, the Bankruptcy Clause would ensure that 25 CCRRG was not relieved of its obligation to provide coverage for the judgment. Rosciti, 659 F.3d at 97 (“ISCOP is still liable above the retained limit if Monaco is bankrupt, but 26 only after Monaco exhausts the retained limit.”). This possibility also undermines Plaintiffs’ contention that the “only way” to “reconcile the Continuing Membership 27 Conditions with the Bankruptcy Clause is to find that a termination of membership in the risk retention group may preclude coverage for an existing claim only where the 28 membership termination was not caused by the insured’s insolvency or bankruptcy.” (Doc. 55 at 8, emphasis omitted.) - 20 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 21 of 41 1 our obligations under this policy.” Id. at *3-5. Unlike here, the bankruptcy clause further 2 provided that “[i]n the event there is insurance, whether or not applicable to [a claim] within 3 the Retained Amount, you [Empire] will continue to be responsible for the full amount of 4 the Retained Amount before the Limits of Insurance under the policy apply.” Id. at *5. 5 Pinnacle Pines is not helpful in resolving the dispute here because it involved a differently 6 worded bankruptcy clause as well as a different type of insurance policy that did not (unlike 7 the one here) contain other provisions expressly cautioning that the insurer had no 8 responsibility for any portion of a claim not actually paid during the contract period.7 9 Finally, the Court is unpersuaded by Plaintiffs’ contention, emphasized during oral 10 argument, that it was incumbent upon CCRRG to provide a detailed explanation of the 11 interplay between the Bankruptcy Clause and CCRRG’s coverage obligations. 8 Because 12 the policy was not ambiguous for the reasons discussed above, no further explanation was 13 necessary. The mere fact that Plaintiffs have now advanced an interpretation that differs 14 from CCRRG’s does not mean there is an ambiguity. Estate of Lamparella, 109 P.3d at 15 963 (“A contract is not ambiguous just because the parties to it or, as here, a party to it and 16 the other party’s successor, disagree about its meaning. Language in a contract is 17 7 The other cases cited by Plaintiffs, including Matter of Fed. Press Co., Inc., 104 B.R. 56 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1989), and Sturgill v. Beach at Mason Ltd. P’ship, 2015 WL 18 6163787 (S.D. Ohio 2015), are distinguishable for similar reasons. It is also notable that, in Sturgill (which, like Pinnacle Pines, involved the interplay between a bankruptcy clause 19 and a self-insured retention in an occurrence policy), the court rejected the insurer’s reliance on In re Kismet Prod., Inc., 2007 WL 6877250 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2007), on the 20 ground that “Kismet is distinguishable in several important respects. First, the policy in question [in Kismet] was a reimbursement policy, not a liability policy, whose whole 21 purpose and structure was to provide a vehicle for reimbursing the employer for plan benefits it paid to participants in excess of their deductibles. Where the employer had not 22 actually paid the benefits, there was nothing to ‘reimburse.’ Second, the bankruptcy clause in the policy specifically stated that any payments to the trustee or receiver would be made 23 only if the employer had, in fact, paid the benefits to plan participants. Finally, the policy also specifically defined the term ‘paid’ as it related to the plan benefits as payment by 24 check or similar conveyance, which makes sense given the nature of the policy as a vehicle for reimbursement.” Id. at *5. CCRRG’s “claims paid” policies more closely resemble 25 the policy at issue in Kismet than the policies at issue in Sturgill and Plaintiffs’ other cited cases. 26 8 More specifically, counsel argued: “CCRRG had the opportunity to make it not 27 ambiguous. They could have clearly expressed in their policy in any number of different ways . . . that if the insured’s bankruptcy prevents it from continuing membership, you still 28 don’t have coverage. They didn’t do that. But they surely knew that this was a possibility . . . . They could have cured any ambiguity very easily . . . .” - 21 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 22 of 41 1 ambiguous only when it can reasonably be construed to have more than one meaning.”). 2 Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments fare no better. Plaintiffs argue that the phrase “and 3 become due and owing during membership” is ambiguous and must be construed against 4 CCRRG. (Doc. 55 at 9-10.) But the plain and ordinary meaning of “due” and “owing” are 5 clear. Due generally means “owed at present.” Due, Dictionary.com, 6 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/due. Owe means “under obligation to pay or repay.” 7 Owe, Dictionary.com, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/owe. The 2012 and 2013 8 Policies state on the first page, in bold and capitalized text, that CCRRG has an obligation 9 to cover “Damages” that arise from claims that are both (1) made by a member within a 10 policy period and (2) “become[] due and owing during membership.” (Doc. 13-1 at 12; 11 Doc. 56-1 at 1.) The 2017 judgment were not “due and owing” while the 2012 or 2013 12 Policies remained in effect and Capri remained a member. 13 Nor is there any merit to Plaintiffs’ argument that the “nearly indistinguishable” 14 definitions of “Claims Made” and “Claims Paid” are a reason to require coverage. (Doc. 15 55 at 10 n.3.) The terms are defined as follows: 16 5) “Claims-Made” means a “Claim” arising out of “Occurrence” “Medical Incident” or “Offense” after the “Retroactive Date” shown 17 in the “Policy” declaration and reported during “Policy Period” or within thirty (30) days after the expiration of the “Policy Period” in 18 effect when the “Claim” is first made. 6) “Claims-Paid”™ means a “Claim” arising out of an “Occurrence,” 19 “Medical Incident,” or “Offense” after the “Retroactive Date” shown in the “Policy” declaration and reported during “Policy Period” 20 including an purchased extended reporting periods for which the company will “Pay” such amount within policy limits for: 21 a) Fees charged by an attorney designated by us; and 22 b) Other fees, costs and expenses incurred by us in the investigation, adjustment, defense and appeal of a 23 claim. . . . 24 *** 25 24) “Pay” means amounts within policy limits for “Damages” because of 26 “Bodily Injury” or “Property Damage” to which this insurance applies, on behalf of a “Member” who incurs a legally binding 27 obligation to “Pay”, that has been determined by a court, arbitrator or other administrative tribunal during the time they were a CCRRG 28 “Member”. - 22 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 23 of 41 1 (Doc. 56-1 at 23-24, emphasis added.) There is a critical distinction between these two 2 definitions—“Claims-Paid” includes the defined term “Pay” while “Claims-Made” does 3 not. In other words, the definition of “Claims-Made” refers only to the reporting of a 4 Claim, Occurrence, Medical Incident, or Offense, whereas “Claims-Paid” refers to Claim, 5 Occurrence, Medical Incident, or Offense for which CCRRG has attached an obligation to 6 “Pay,” meaning that it will transfer money to satisfy those claims. Under the policy, “Pay” 7 requires that (1) the insured has a legally binding obligation and (2) the legally binding 8 obligation “has been determined by a court . . . during the time they were a CCRRG 9 ‘Member.’” These terms are not ambiguous. Cf. Bank of La. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, 10 Inc., 571 F. Supp. 2d 728, 734 (E.D. La. 2008) (construing “claims paid” policy, where 11 “the contract language states that Aetna Casualty will indemnify the Bank for ‘Contractual 12 Losses’ paid during a policy year . . . [which] are defined as ‘Benefits paid’ by the Bank,” 13 and concluding that “the contract terms are clear, explicit, and lead to no absurd 14 consequences; therefore, the contract is not ambiguous”). 15 CCRRG essentially agrees that Capri had a “Claim[] Made.” (Doc. 65 ¶¶ 2, 20.) 16 But it is undisputed that any legal obligation (consistent with the meaning of the term 17 “Pay”) for Capri did not arise until December 2017, which was long after the Policies 18 expired and Capri ceased being a member. It is therefore irrelevant whether the 19 cancellation was due to bankruptcy, insolvency, manipulation, or a “business decision.”9 20 In any case, at the time the Policy terminated and Capri cancelled its membership, there 21 was no legally binding obligation that CCRRG was required to pay within the policy 22 period. 23 9 Plaintiffs place heavy emphasis on the circumstances surrounding Capri’s 24 cancellation requests in October 2013, which Plaintiffs characterize as an effort by CCRRG to “manipulate[] Capri into [a] sham backdated cancellation request.” (Doc. 132 ¶ 24.) 25 Plaintiffs may be correct that a reasonable juror could view the evidence in this fashion. Nevertheless, as discussed throughout this order, the Court does not see how the existence 26 of this factual dispute could be deemed material for summary judgment purposes. Regardless of whether the cancellation request was retroactive (i.e., effective as of August 27 1, 2013) or only prospective (i.e., effective as of October 2013), Capri’s obligation to Plaintiffs did not become payable until years later. The analysis of the Bankruptcy Clause 28 set forth above (as well as the analysis of A.R.S. § 20-1123 set forth infra) does not turn on whether the cancellation was effective in August 2013 or October 2013. - 23 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 24 of 41 1 Plaintiffs’ next argument, that CCRRG’s Policy is ambiguous because it may not 2 require CCRRG to pay for a settlement (Doc. 55 at 11), is immaterial to the present dispute. 3 Plaintiffs are seeking to establish coverage for a judgment issued nearly four years after the 4 cancellation of the 2013 Policy and the cessation of Capri’s membership. Whether either 5 Policy would have hypothetically required CCRRG to pay for a settlement executed during 6 the term of membership, before expiration of the Policy, is a question for a different day 7 that need not be resolved here. Sletten, 780 P.2d at 429 (“A finding of ‘ambiguity in the 8 air’ is insufficient. The ambiguity must affect the rights of the insured.”) (internal citation 9 and quotation omitted). 10 For similar reasons, Plaintiffs’ argument that CCRRG was required to continue 11 defending Capri in the underlying lawsuit (Doc. 55 at 11; Doc. 68 at 4) is irrelevant to 12 whether CCRRG is obligated to provide indemnification for the 2017 judgment. It is “well 13 settled that a liability insurer’s duty to defend is separate from, and broader than, the duty 14 to indemnify.” Quihuis v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 334 P.3d 719, 727 (Ariz. 2014). 15 B. Invalidation Of Policy Terms 16 Plaintiffs next identify various reasons why, “[r]egardless of whether the 17 Bankruptcy Clause applies in this context,” the asserted limitations on coverage identified 18 by CCRRG are invalid or unenforceable. (Doc. 55 at 11-16.) 19 1. After-Loss Nullification 20 a. The Parties’ Arguments 21 Plaintiffs’ after-loss nullification theory rests in part on A.R.S. § 20-1123, which 22 provides: 23 No insurance contract insuring against loss or damage through legal liability for the bodily injury or death by accident of any individual, or for damage to 24 the property of any person, shall be retroactively annulled by any agreement between the insurer and the insured after the occurrence of any injury, death 25 or damage for which the insured may be liable, and any attempted annulment shall be void. 26 27 Id. Plaintiffs’ theory also rests in part on the “Conformity to Statute” provision within the 28 Policies, which provides: - 24 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 25 of 41 1 Any terms of this policy that are in conflict with any statute or statutes of the state in which this policy is issued are hereby amended to conform to such 2 statute or statutes as required under the Risk Retention Act for a Risk Retention Group. 3 4 (Doc. 13-1 at 32; Doc. 56-1 at 21.) 5 In light of these provisions, Plaintiffs argue that “the Continuing Membership 6 Conditions purporting to effectuate an after-loss coverage nullification are against public 7 policy, void and unenforceable.” (Doc. 55 at 12.) Plaintiffs further argue that, even without 8 § 20-1123 or the Conformity To Statute provision, after-loss nullification of an insurance 9 policy would be “against public policy” when it would “nullify coverage for third party 10 tort victims.” (Id.) Plaintiffs also argue that the LRRA does not have any preemptive effect 11 here because, under 15 U.S.C. § 3901(b), “the LRRA clearly does not affect state law 12 governing the interpretations of insurance contracts.” (Id. at 16-17.) 13 In response, CCRRG argues that Plaintiffs’ reliance on A.R.S. § 20-1123 is 14 misplaced for two independent reasons: (1) “even if the Arizona statute did apply, there 15 was no retroactive annulment because the Policy only provides coverage on a Claims Paid 16 basis, not an occurrence or a claims-made basis”; and alternatively (2) “[t]he statute does 17 not apply to CCRRG because it is pre-empted by LRRA.” (Doc. 64 at 14.) As for the 18 Conformity to Statute clause, CCRRG argues that “[n]otably absent from [Plaintiffs’] 19 analysis is any discussion of the fact that the [clause] specifically states that the terms of 20 the Policy will conform to statute ‘as required under the Risk Retention Act for a Risk 21 Retention Group.’ The [LRRA] preempts Arizona law; it is absurd to contend that this 22 provision supports a contrary conclusion.” (Id. at 16.) On the topic of preemption, CCRRG 23 notes that the Ninth Circuit has held that “[t]he only substantive policy term a non- 24 chartering state may require is notice to the insured that RRGs are not subject to all of the 25 insurance laws of the non-chartering state.” (Doc. 125 at 13, emphasis.) Therefore, 26 CCRRG argues that “Arizona law cannot be used to regulate the substantive terms of the 27 CCRRG Claims Paid Policy and invalidate the claims paid provisions.” (Doc. 125 at 14; 28 see also Doc. 64 at 7 [“Arizona law cannot be used to regulate the substantive terms of the - 25 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 26 of 41 1 CCRRG Claims Paid Policy.”].) 2 In reply, Plaintiffs do not meaningfully address CCRRG’s argument that § 20-1123 3 is inapplicable because there was not, in fact, any retroactive annulment—instead, they 4 simply repeat their earlier argument that “after loss annulment[] of coverage . . . is exactly 5 what CCRRG has done here.” (Doc. 68 at 11.) As for CCRRG’s argument that the 6 Conformity to Statute clause is irrelevant because it only requires conformance to state law 7 “as required under” the LRRA, Plaintiffs respond that “a lay person, untrained in law or 8 insurance, would understand that to mean simply that the LRRA requires the policy to 9 conform to state statutes. Moreover, even if that language was supposed to convey a 10 limitation on the scope of the clause, how is a lay person supposed to know what is or is 11 not required by the LRRA? The policy does not disclose any such information and it is 12 unreasonable to expect insureds to dig into the LRRA and understand what it does or does 13 not require.” (Id.) Finally, as for CCRRG’s arguments regarding preemption, Plaintiffs 14 characterize them as a “red herring” because “whatever the scope of the LRRA’s pre- 15 emption of state law might otherwise be, [§ 3901(b) of] the LRRA expressly says that state 16 law governing the interpretation of insurance contracts is not preempted.” (Id. at 1-2.) 17 b. Analysis 18 Plaintiffs are not entitled to relief based on their after-loss nullification theory. 19 CCRRG’s first defense to this theory is that, even assuming the limitations in A.R.S 20 § 20-1123 are applicable here, those limitations would not actually entitle Plaintiffs to 21 relief. This issue presents a close call. On the one hand, as Plaintiffs correctly note in their 22 motion papers, many courts outside Arizona have applied anti-annulment statutes similar 23 to § 20-1123 to prevent insurers from cancelling “claims made” policies after becoming 24 aware of a potential-liability-inducing event but before receiving a formal claim concerning 25 that event. See, e.g., Am. Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Steen, 91 P.3d 864, 866, 870-71 (Wash. 2004) 26 (agreeing that “the early cancellation of a claims-made policy . . . [is] an attempt at a 27 prohibited retroactive ‘annulment’ . . . under [Washington’s anti-annulment statute], where 28 the cancellation does not affect claims the insurer already had notice of, but does affect - 26 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 27 of 41 1 claims the insurer does not yet have notice of involving occurrences that happened prior to 2 the cancellation date while the policy was still in force”); Chandler v. Valentine, 330 P.3d 3 1209, 1214 (Okla. 2014) (“PLICO’s conduct in cancelling the policy, when it knew that 4 the actions of its insured during the policy period would be the basis of an impending claim, 5 indicates, at best, ignorance of the [Oklahoma’s anti-annulment statute]. At worst, it 6 indicates collusion with its insured to deprive the decedent’s estate of the benefits of 7 coverage.”). 8 On the other hand, Plaintiffs have not cited any case—and the Court has not 9 identified any case through its own research—suggesting that such anti-annulment statutes 10 should also be construed as prohibiting the cancellation of a “claims paid” policy following 11 the occurrence of a potential liability-inducing event. And if anti-annulment statutes did 12 apply to “claims paid” policies in the manner envisioned by Plaintiffs, it is unclear whether 13 such policies would even be lawful (or viable). As courts have recognized, a “claims paid” 14 policy covers a different set of risks than a “claims made” or “occurrence” policy. Certain 15 Interested Underwriters at Lloyds v. Gulf Nat. Ins. Co., 898 F. Supp. 381, 385-86 (N.D. 16 Miss. 1995), aff’d, 95 F.3d 48 (5th Cir. 1996) (unpub.) (“[T]he policy obligated Gulf to 17 pay for medical expenses incurred by Tupelo’s employees for a one year period prior to 18 the effective date of the policy. Tupelo thereby gained the benefit of coverage for claims 19 that were merely paid but not incurred during the policy period. Such a provision is 20 consistent with the nature of a ‘claims paid’ policy, and lends further credence to a finding 21 that the policy was neither ambiguous nor unconscionable.”). Nevertheless, under 22 Plaintiffs’ interpretation of § 20-1123, there would no longer be any tradeoff from the 23 insured’s perspective—the policy would not only cover claims paid while the policy was 24 in effect but any potential liability-inducing events that occurred (but had not yet resulted 25 in a binding judgment) during the policy term. As CCRRG notes in its brief, this would 26 effectively result in “a gratis extension of coverage . . . for which CCRRG received no 27 premium.” (Doc. 64 at 10.) It is difficult to understand how such a result could be 28 reconciled with the Arizona courts’ recognition, in the context of “claims made” policies, - 27 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 28 of 41 1 that “[i]f a court were to allow an extension of reporting time after the end of the policy 2 period, such is tantamount to an extension of coverage to the insured gratis, something for 3 which the insurer has not bargained. This extension of coverage . . . in effect rewrites the 4 contract between the two parties. This we cannot and will not do.” Sletten, 780 P.2d at 5 430 (citation omitted). 6 In a related vein, it is not clear—in light of the unique features of a “claims paid” 7 policy and how the Arizona courts have construed § 20-1123—that the cancellation of the 8 2013 Policy in this case would qualify as a “retroactive” annulment of coverage, which is 9 what § 20-1123 prohibits. In Strojnik v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., 36 P.3d 1200 (Ariz. Ct. App. 10 2001), the court noted that “[t]he legislature has not . . . defined ‘retroactively annulled’” 11 under § 20-1123 and thus “refer[red] to an established and widely used dictionary to glean 12 that term’s meaning.” Id. at 1205. Based on that analysis, the court “conclude[d] that § 20- 13 1123 prohibits an insurer and its insured, after the occurrence of any ‘injury, death or 14 damage’ for which the insured may be liable, from invalidating their insurance policy as 15 of a date prior to the covered event.” Id. But here, Capri and CCRRG did not invalidate 16 the 2013 Policy “as of a date prior to the covered event.” The complaint alleges that Jacob 17 Benson stayed at Capri from “April 21, 2012-May 2012” (Doc. 1-1 at 6), which presumably 18 means the covered event occurred during this time period. Meanwhile, in October 2013, 19 Capri’s agent sent an email to CCRRG requesting the cancellation of the 2013 Policy 20 effective August 1, 2013. (Doc. 56-14 at 1-2.) It follows that the invalidation date (October 21 or August 2013) was not “prior to the covered event” (April or May 2012). 22 Alternatively, even assuming Plaintiffs are correct that § 20-1123 would otherwise 23 invalidate the 2013 cancellation attempt, the Court agrees with CCRRG that the LRRA 24 would preempt any such application of § 20-1123. “When considering whether the LRRA 25 preempts a state law, we first determine whether the challenged aspect of the state law 26 offends the LRRA’s broad preemption language. If so, we consider whether one of the 27 LRRA’s exceptions, which are contained in §§ 3902(a)(1) and 3905, applies to save the 28 state law. If no exception applies, the law is preempted.” Att’ys Liab. Prot. Soc’y, Inc. v. - 28 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 29 of 41 1 Ingaldson Fitzgerald, P.C. (“ALPS”), 838 F.3d 976, 980 (9th Cir. 2016). 2 In ALPS, an Alaska statute prohibited a Montana RRG from recouping funds it spent 3 on independent counsel to defend a non-covered claim pursuant to a reservation of rights. 4 Id. The Ninth Circuit held that the Alaska statute “places a restriction on Alaska contracts” 5 that is “not contemplated by the LRRA, and that is not [precluded] by all other states,’” 6 and was therefore covered by the broad preemption provision of 15 U.S.C. § 3902(a)(1). 7 Id. at 980-81 (quoting Wadsworth v. Allied Prof’ls Ins. Co., 748 F.3d 100, 108 (2d Cir. 8 2014)). Next, the court considered whether any of the exceptions under the LRRA applied. 9 Id. at 981-82. The court concluded that 15 U.S.C. § 3905(c) (which restricts the types of 10 insurance coverage a non-chartering state would allow) could not be used to “regulate 11 general policy terms” because then “non-chartering states could fashion their insurance 12 laws in a way to ensure they fall into this exception, thereby always avoiding preemption.” 13 Id. The court further explained that “[t]he exceptions announced in § 3902(a)(1) . . . [do 14 not] permit[] the regulation of the substantive terms of policies issued by an RRG. The 15 only substantive policy term a non-chartering state may require is a notice to the insured 16 that RRGs are not subject to all of the insurance laws of the non-chartering state.” Id. at 17 981. 18 As an initial matter, ALPS forecloses Plaintiffs’ suggestion that CCRRG’s cannot 19 raise a preemption claim here in light of the “preemption carve-out” under § 3901(b) of the 20 LRRA. Section 3901(b) simply provides that the LRRA should not be construed as 21 affecting state law “governing the interpretation of insurance contracts.” But as noted in 22 Part II above, CCRRG generally agrees to be bound by Arizona’s rules of contract 23 interpretation and, as relevant here, only seeks to challenge Arizona’s substantive 24 regulation of its operations. ALPS makes clear that such regulation is generally subject to 25 preemption under the LRRA. See, e.g., 838 F.3d at 980-81 (“The LRRA leaves regulation 26 of an RRG to the state where the RRG is chartered, and broadly preempts ‘any [non- 27 chartering] State law, rule, regulation, or order to the extent that such law, rule, regulation, 28 or order would . . . make unlawful, or regulate, directly or indirectly, the operation of a - 29 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 30 of 41 1 risk retention group.’”) (citation omitted and emphasis added); id. at 981 (“The only 2 substantive policy term a non-chartering state may require is a notice to the insured that 3 RRGs are not subject to all of the insurance laws of the non-chartering state.”); id. 4 (rejecting the notion that “non-chartering states could simply ‘prohibit’ coverage that did 5 not comply with every aspect of state insurance law”).10 6 On the merits, it is beyond reasonable dispute that A.R.S. § 20-1123 directly or 7 indirectly “regulates” the “operation” of an RRG. Allied Pros. Ins. Co. v. Anglesey, 952 8 F.3d 1131, 1135 (9th Cir. 2020) (“The LRRA’s preemption provision is broadly worded, 9 and [the Ninth Circuit] has repeatedly held that the LRRA has a broad preemptive effect 10 . . . . This broad effect requires that the term ‘operation’ be read generously.”). Section 20- 11 1123 voids the retroactive annulment of an insurance policy after a loss regardless of the 12 policy’s language. The existence of such a restriction would hamper an RRG’s ability to 13 operate effectively in all 50 states because an otherwise-justified denial of coverage could 14 be voided based on varying individual states’ public policies. Allied Pros. Ins. Co., 952 15 F.3d at 1135-36 (“[The] LRRA was not enacted simply to keep states from discriminating 16 against risk retention groups. Instead, . . . the LRRA was passed by Congress in an effort 17 to support a struggling insurance market. In order to do so, the Act ‘eliminated the need 18 for compliance with numerous non-chartering state statutes that, in the aggregate, would 19 10 To the extent Plaintiffs (Doc. 55 at 16-17) cite authorities from outside the Ninth 20 Circuit, including Sturgeon v. Allied Professionals Ins. Co., 344 S.W.3d 205 (Mo. App. 2011), in support of their interpretation of § 3901(b), that reliance is misplaced. In ALPS, 21 the Ninth Circuit cited with approval the Second Circuit’s decision in Wadsworth, which in turn rejected the reasoning of Sturgeon. Wadsworth, 748 F.3d at 108-09. Meanwhile, 22 another out-of-state decision cited by Plaintiffs, Cobert v. Home Owners Warranty Corp., 391 S.E.2d 263 (Va. 1990), arguably undermines rather than supports their position 23 concerning § 3901(b). In Cobert, the Virginia Supreme Court held that its contract law on third-party beneficiaries remained intact because of § 3901(b)’s exception for contract 24 interpretation. Id. at 265-66. In so finding, it reasoned that “[o]nly state laws which prohibit, or state laws of a non-chartering state which attempt to regulate, directly or 25 indirectly, the formation and operation of approved risk retention groups are preempted.” Id. (cleaned up ) (quoting Home Warranty Corp. v. Caldwell, 777 F.2d 1455, 1473 (11th 26 Cir. 1985)). Setting aside that the Ninth Circuit has generally rejected the Eleventh Circuit’s interpretations of the LRRA, Nat’l Warranty Ins. Co. RRG v. Greenfield, 214 27 F.3d 1073, 1082 (9th Cir. 2000), the underlying reasoning in Cobert confirms that general state-law principles of contract interpretation remain intact while state laws that 28 substantively regulate the operation of RRGs—such as A.R.S. § 20-1123—are preempted. 391 S.E.2d at 265-66. - 30 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 31 of 41 1 thwart the interstate operation of risk retention groups.”) (cleaned up).11 2 The final step in the preemption analysis is whether any of the LRRA’s exceptions 3 apply. Plaintiffs do not suggest that any exceptions apply—their defense to the preemption 4 claim (Doc. 68 at 1-3; Doc. 131 at 4-5) rises and falls on their mistaken belief that the 5 “preemption carve-out” of § 3901(b) applies here—and the Court independently concludes 6 that the exceptions are inapplicable. The LRRA limits the permissible areas of regulation 7 of a foreign RRG in the foreign state to those listed in 15 U.S.C. § 3902(a)(1)(A)-(I). Those 8 exceptions make it permissible to require RRGs to, for example, “comply with the unfair 9 claim settlement practices law,” “pay, on a nondiscriminatory basis, applicable premium 10 and other taxes which are levied on admitted insurers,” and “submit to an examination by 11 the State insurance commissioners in any State in which the group is doing business to 12 determine the group’s financial condition” under certain circumstances. Id. 13 § 3902(a)(1)(A), (B), (E). See also Allied Pros. Ins. Co., 952 F.3d at 1136 (“These 14 exceptions generally authorize nonchartering states to require risk retention groups to 15 comply only with certain basic registration, capitalization, and taxing requirements, as well 16 as various claim settlement and fraudulent practice laws.”) (cleaned up). Those exceptions 17 do not, in contrast, permit the application of a state anti-annulment statute to alter the 18 substantive terms of an insurance policy issued by an RRG.12 19 Finally, there is no merit to Plaintiffs’ contention that CCRRG agreed, via the 20 Conformity to Statute clause, to be bound by § 20-1123 (or to Plaintiffs’ related contention 21 that the Conformity To Statute clause is too confusing for a layperson to understand). In 22 11 Plaintiffs cite several out-of-state decisions that would void the purported “retroactive annulment” based on common law public policy. (Doc. 55 at 12-13 [collecting 23 cases].) The persuasive value of these cases is undermined by Arizona’s codification of the same principle that is preempted here. 24 12 This conclusion is consistent with the Court’s determination, in the November 4, 25 2022 order, that CCRRG may not rely on LRRA preemption principles for purposes of compelling arbitration. (Doc. 138.) In the November 4, 2022 order, the Court concluded 26 that the LRRA’s exceptions were applicable because “the state-law provisions giving rise to the arbitrability dispute [i.e., Arizona’s garnishment scheme and Arizona’s doctrine of 27 direct-benefits estoppel] are laws of general applicability that do not purport to specifically regulate the business of insurance.” (Id. at 19 & n.6.) In contrast, A.R.S. § 20-1123 is 28 expressly aimed at insurers and expressly regulates their operation. Thus, the exception in 15 U.S.C. § 3902(a)(4) for generally applicable laws is not implicated. - 31 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 32 of 41 1 ALPS, the Ninth Circuit considered and rejected a similar argument, characterizing as 2 “circular” the plaintiff’s contention that a conformity to statute clause could incorporate an 3 otherwise preempted statute into an RRG’s insurance agreement. 838 F.3d at 982 n.4 (“We 4 reject Ingaldson’s circular argument that its policy with ALPS has a clause expressly 5 conforming it to Alaska law, thereby incorporating [the challenged state statute] even if it 6 is otherwise preempted. Alaska law applies only insofar as it is not preempted by federal 7 law. So even if the policy conforms to Alaska law, Alaska law must conform to the 8 LRRA.”).13 And as CCRRG noted during oral argument, Plaintiffs’ argument is even less 9 persuasive here because the wording of the Conformity to Statute clause in Capri’s policies 10 was narrower than the wording of the clause in ALPS14—here, CCRRG made clear that it 11 was only agreeing to be bound by state law “as required under the [LRRA] for a Risk 12 Retention Group.” This clause unambiguously clarifies that the only state-law 13 requirements being incorporated are those the LRRA requires RRGs to follow (which does 14 not include state anti-annulment statutes). 15 2. Policy Conditions/Prejudice 16 a. The Parties’ Arguments 17 Plaintiffs’ next nullification argument rests on the premise that CCRRG’s 18 continuing membership conditions “have nothing whatsoever to do with CCRRG’s 19 actuarial assessment of future risks of loss under the policy.” (Doc. 55 at 13-14.) 20 According to Plaintiffs, the absence of an actuarial basis for these requirements is 21 significant because, under Arizona law, “an insurer bears the burden of providing that a 22 violation of policy conditions has substantially prejudiced the insurer before it can rely on 23 13 Plaintiffs also argue that CCRRG “never explained in its policy or elsewhere its position that the LRRA does not require its policy to conform to state law.” (Doc. 68 at 24 3.) But the first page of each Policy states, in bold font: “This policy is issued by your risk retention group. Your risk retention group may not be subject to all of the insurance laws 25 and regulations of your state.” (Doc. 13-1 at 12; Doc. 56-1 at 1.) 14 26 The wording of the conformity to statute clause at issue in ALPS does not appear in the Ninth Circuit’s decision but can be found in the parties’ briefs. Brief of Defendant- 27 Appellee/Cross-Appellant, 2015 WL 1885067, *3 n.1 (“In addition, the ALPS policy has a conformity clause which reads: ‘Any and all provisions of this policy that are in conflict 28 with applicable laws of the jurisdiction wherein this policy is issued are hereby amended to conform to such laws.’”). - 32 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 33 of 41 1 a breach of those conditions to deny coverage.” (Id.) Plaintiffs acknowledge that the case 2 on which they rely, Lindus v. Northern Insurance Company, 438 P.2d 311 (Ariz. 1968), 3 does not apply to “claims made” policies because “applying the prejudice rule to such 4 policies would result in a gratis extension of coverage to the insured” and may “increase 5 the insurer’s exposure including inflation beyond the policy period” but ask the Court to 6 reject that reasoning here because the continuing membership conditions “seek to assure a 7 post claim income stream to fund covered losses and to operate as a forfeiture of coverage 8 where the continuation conditions are not met.” (Id.) 9 In response, CCRRG offers what the Court perceives to be three related arguments. 10 (Doc. 64 at 8-11.) First, CCRRG argues that, as a factual matter, its continuing membership 11 conditions are supported by an actuarial assessment of future risk of loss, and indeed “the 12 limitation of coverage to damages and defense costs incurred during an insured’s 13 continuing membership with CCRRG is precisely what differentiates the Claims Paid 14 Policy from a ‘claims made’ policy.” (Id. at 8-9.) CCRRG argues that its “Claims Paid 15 Policy is offered at a substantially lower premium than a claims made policy” specifically 16 because the premium “is determined based upon projected damages and projected defense 17 costs to be paid during each respective policy period.” (Id.) CCRRG also notes that 18 “claims for those members who discontinue their membership are not included in the 19 calculation of premiums required for the subsequent year,” meaning that “no premiums 20 were collected from Capri for defense costs, settlements, and/or judgments beyond the last 21 date of Capri’s membership in the risk retention group.” (Id. at 9.) CCRRG thus argues 22 that a reinterpretation of the policy to nullify the requirement that Capri be part of CCRRG 23 to maintain coverage would be tantamount to a coverage expansion, which is impermissible 24 under Arizona law. (Id. at 9-10.) Second, in a related vein, CCRRG argues that Plaintiffs’ 25 reliance on cases (like Lindus) requiring an insurer to make a showing of prejudice before 26 disallowing coverage based on a violation of a policy condition is misplaced because the 27 continuing membership provisions are not “mere ‘conditions.’” (Id. at 10.) Third, and 28 alternatively, CCRRG argues that even assuming the continuing membership provisions - 33 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 34 of 41 1 qualify as “conditions,” “it will suffer significant prejudice if coverage is extended because 2 CCRRG has not received premiums for the four years of coverage being sought by 3 [Plaintiffs]” and “Mr. Bates’ testimony and the Policy/Subscription Agreement make it 4 abundantly clear that the continuing membership requirements are ‘an essential 5 underwriting feature’ of Claims Paid policies.” (Id.) CCRRG also argues that membership 6 in the RRG is a requirement under the LRRA and that using a “claims paid” policy serves 7 one of the purposes underlying the LRRA—allowing businesses to be insured for coverage 8 that would “‘adhere closely’ to their loss experience.” (Id. at 10-11.) In closing, CCRRG 9 urges the Court not to “rewrite the policy to provide coverage for the Benson Lawsuit 10 where none exists.” (Id. at 11.) 11 Plaintiffs make no additional arguments in reply. 12 b. Analysis 13 Plaintiffs are not entitled to relief based on their policy conditions/prejudice 14 argument. In Lindus, an insured (Nelson) had a pair of “occurrence” liability policies, but 15 “notice [was] made an express condition precedent to liability under the policies.” 438 16 P.2d at 315. A coverage dispute arose after Nelson caused the plaintiff (Lindus) to sustain 17 serious injuries during a fire but failed to notify his insurance companies (Northern and 18 Travelers) until 17 months and 24 months, respectively, after the accident. Id. The trial 19 court denied coverage based on the delay in notification but the Arizona Supreme Court 20 reversed, holding that the insured’s failure to comply with the reporting condition did not 21 relieve the companies of liability for an otherwise covered claim unless they showed actual 22 prejudice, which they failed to do. Id. (adopting the rule “that an insurance company cannot 23 prevail on its defense of lack of notice unless they can show prejudice even where notice 24 is made an express condition precedent in the policy”). 25 Critically, Lindus does not represent the Arizona courts’ last word in this area. Over 26 20 years later, in Sletten, the Arizona Court of Appeals clarified that the prejudice 27 requirement in Lindus “was developed with respect to ‘occurrence’ policies which provide 28 coverage for negligent conduct occurring during the policy period regardless of when the - 34 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 35 of 41 1 claim is made.” 780 P.2d at 430. The Sletten court went on to hold that this requirement 2 does not apply in cases involving “claims made” policies, because “[c]overage depends on 3 the claim being made and reported to the insurer during the policy period.” Id. (quoting 4 Gulf Ins. Co. v. Dolan, Fertig & Curtis, 433 So.2d 512 (Fla. 1983)). To hold otherwise, 5 the court explained, “would be to convert claims-made policies into occurrence policies,” 6 and “[w]e discern no public policy that mandates that only occurrence coverage be sold in 7 Arizona.” Id. at 430-31. 8 Similarly, in Thoracic Cardiovascular Assocs, Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. 9 Co., 891 P.2d 916 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995), the court was asked to “decide whether coverage 10 exists under a claims made professional liability insurance policy when a claim is not 11 reported to the insurer within the policy period.” Id. at 917. Even though the insured “had 12 no knowledge of the [underlying] claim during the policy period” and thus could not have 13 reported it before the expiration of the policy, the Arizona Court of Appeals upheld the 14 insurer’s denial of coverage, emphasizing that “[i]n the absence of conflict with statute or 15 public policy, insurers may by unambiguous and clearly noticeable provisions limit their 16 liability and impose such reasonable conditions as they wish upon the obligations they 17 assume by their contract.” Id. at 921, 923 (quoting Livingston Parish Sch. Bd. v. Fireman’s 18 Fund Am. Ins. Co., 282 So.2d 478, 481 (La. 1973)). The court emphasized that because 19 “[a]n insurer who knows that claims will not arise under the policy after its expiration can 20 underwrite a risk and calculate premiums with greater certainty,” a “report to the insurer 21 within the policy period is an express condition precedent to coverage.” Id. at 920. 22 Accordingly, the court concluded it could not excuse the delayed reporting because 23 otherwise it would “essentially convert claims made policies into occurrence policies.” Id. 24 at 922. The court explained that excusing performance would have constituted “an 25 unbargained-for expansion of coverage, gratis, resulting in the insurance company’s 26 exposure to a risk substantially broader than that expressly insured against in the policy.” 27 Id. (quoting Zuckerman v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 495 A.2d 395, 406 (N.J. 1985)). The 28 court found it especially compelling that the insured, a doctor, both “elect[ed] to purchase - 35 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 36 of 41 1 a claims made policy and [did] not elect to purchase occurrence coverage” and therefore 2 “assume[d] the risk that claims will not be covered unless they are both discovered and 3 reported during the policy period.” Id. at 923. 4 Given this backdrop, Plaintiffs are not entitled to relief. As an initial matter, 5 although Plaintiffs attempt to frame the issue as a factual inquiry into whether CCRRG 6 would be prejudiced by providing coverage despite Capri’s non-compliance with the 7 continuing membership requirement, the Court is not convinced that such an inquiry is 8 required here. In Lindus, the claim fell within the policies’ insuring provision—the policies 9 were “occurrence” policies and the claim occurred while the policies were in effect—and 10 the question was whether the insurers could nevertheless deny coverage based on non- 11 compliance with the “condition” of providing notice. Under those circumstances, the court 12 held that “an insurance company cannot prevail on its defense of lack of notice unless [it] 13 can show prejudice.” 438 P.2d at 315. In contrast, in Sletten and Thoracic Cardiovascular 14 Associates, the claims did not fall within the policies’ insuring provisions—the policies 15 were “claims made” policies, yet neither insured provided the required notice during the 16 policy term—and under those circumstances the courts upheld the denial of coverage 17 without requiring any showing of prejudice. The Court views this case as much closer to 18 Sletten and Thoracic Cardiovascular Associates than Lindus in that the continuing 19 membership requirement is not some condition of coverage that is untethered to the scope 20 of the insuring provision—the very essence of this “claims paid” policy is that it only 21 covers claims that become payable while the policy remains in effect and the insured 22 remains a member. Plaintiffs have not identified any case, from any jurisdiction, offering 23 a contrary view concerning how “claims paid” policies should be interpreted or suggesting 24 that an insurer offering a “claims paid” policy must make a factual showing of actuarial 25 harm and prejudice before denying coverage based on the fact that the claim did not 26 become payable during the policy and membership term. 27 Alternatively, even assuming that a factual showing of prejudice is required in this 28 context, CCRRG has submitted undisputed evidence sufficient to make such a showing. - 36 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 37 of 41 1 As CCRRG’s representative explained: 2 The Claim-Paid Policy coverage offers a substantial discount over Claims- Made and Occurrence coverage and is the single most important part of 3 CCRRG’s ability to offer lower cost insurance coverage to its members. The premiums for Claims-Paid coverage are closely tied to loss history 4 experienced by each member insured. Each year at renewal, CCRRG determines the premium for the coming year based upon the projected 5 defense costs and damages to be paid during the next policy period. This calculation includes active and pending claims that have been reported and 6 includes a factor for any new claims that may be reported during the upcoming policy year. Importantly, premiums do not take into account any 7 judgments, settlements or defense costs that will be incurred beyond the policy year. This is precisely why the Claims Paid premiums are 8 substantially lower. 9 (Doc. 65-14 ¶ 5 [Bates declaration].)15 CCRRG’s representative further explained that 10 “[l]oss data is aggregated across CCRRG’s 32 member-insureds who chose the Claims 11 Paid Policy form, as the risk of losses is shared among the members, and premiums for 12 each insured for that policy year are calculated accordingly. For each subsequent year, 13 CCRRG considers the same information and forecasts the damages and defense costs likely 14 to be incurred during the next year in order to determine appropriate premiums.” (Id. ¶ 7.) 15 CCRRG’s representative concluded: “It would be extremely unfair to the remaining 16 members of the [RRG] (and potentially devastating to the continued viability of the RRG) 17 to require the group to continue to provide Claims Paid coverage to a former member that 18 has cancelled its coverage, has stopped paying premiums and has left the group.” (Id. 19 ¶ 10.) Accordingly, the undisputed evidence establishes that CCRRG would suffer 20 prejudice from having to provide indemnification for a judgment that became payable 21 nearly four years after the relevant policies expired and Capri ceased being a member— 22 23 15 Plaintiffs object to this testimony because “[t]here is no foundation for these claims made by Mr. Bates in his declaration,” “[t]here is no evidence that he is an actuary or 24 otherwise qualified to render opinions on the actuarial basis for CCRRG’s premium assessments and loss expectances,” and “there is no evidence that he has or had any 25 involvement in the determination of the amounts of premium to be charged for a so-called ‘Claims Paid’ policy or that he was in any way involved in the underwriting of any of 26 Capri’s policies issued by CCRRG.” (Doc. 132 ¶ 9.) In response, CCRRG submitted another declaration from Bates that explains his qualifications and the foundation for his 27 statements. (Doc. 135 ¶¶ 3-4 [“I am also the President of Magnolia . . . [the] third party claims administrator for CCRRG. In its role as the program manager, Magnolia performed 28 all of CCRRG’s underwriting activities for issuance of CCRRG’s policies on behalf of CCRRG.”].) Given this showing, Plaintiffs’ objections are unavailing. - 37 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 38 of 41 1 this would be akin to an “unbargained-for expansion of coverage, gratis.” Thoracic 2 Cardiovascular Assocs., 891 P.2d at 922. See also Pac. Emps. Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 3 221 Cal. App. 3d 1348, 1359 (Ct. App. 1990) (“Although the result is coverage more 4 restrictive than that provided by the basic types of professional liability insurance policies, 5 ‘[a]n insurance company has the right to limit the coverage of a policy issued by it and 6 when it has done so, the plain language of the limitation must be respected.’”) (citations 7 omitted). 8 3. Freedom Of Contract 9 a. The Parties’ Arguments 10 Plaintiffs’ final argument is that the continuing membership requirement violates 11 Capri’s freedom of contract. (Doc. 55 at 14-15.) According to Plaintiffs, this requirement 12 has the effect of forcing “an Insured to renew and continue coverage with CCRRG for as 13 long as any claim remains unresolved or the insured will forfeit coverage for continuing 14 defense costs and indemnification of any judgment or settlement.” (Id. at 15.) Plaintiffs 15 continue: “As such, where a claim exists, the insured is not free to seek coverage elsewhere, 16 possibly at more reasonable rates, and there is nothing to prevent CCRRG from imposing 17 exorbitant rate increases, assessments, dues and fees on an insured saddled with a claim. 18 Indeed, by drastically increasing its rates in the face of claims, CCRRG could effectively 19 force the insured out of continuing membership, thereby escaping liability for the existing 20 claims even where premium hikes might force an insured into bankruptcy.” (Id.) Based 21 on this reasoning, Plaintiffs conclude that “the Continuing Membership Conditions are 22 void as against public policy.” (Id.) Plaintiffs acknowledge that most courts have upheld 23 “claims paid” policies against freedom-of-contract challenges in light of “the insured’s 24 ability to secure coverage from other companies willing to provide retroactive coverage or 25 because the insured could purchase an extended reporting endorsement protecting it against 26 unknown claims,” and further acknowledge that Capri was offered an extended reporting 27 endorsement, but argue this offer was illusory because the cost was “300% of the premium 28 charged for the 2013 Policy” and “[i]t would not have granted continued coverage for the - 38 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 39 of 41 1 Benson Lawsuit.” (Id.) 2 In response, CCRRG argues that Arizona public policy is inapplicable under the 3 LRRA. (Doc. 64 at 11.) CCRRG also argues that Plaintiffs misrepresent the current 4 situation, which involved the following sequence of events: (1) “Capri did not seek to 5 change insurers”, (2) “Capri stopped payment on premium checks to CCRRG”, (3) “Capri 6 requested CCRRG cancel Capri’s insurance coverage”, (4) “Capri terminated its 7 membership in the risk retention group,” and (5) “Capri sold its business.” (Id. at 11-12.) 8 CCRRG further argues that Capri was not forced to choose a “claims paid” policy, as it 9 was offered (but declined) a “claims made” policy, and also could have elected coverage 10 with a different carrier. (Id. at 12; Doc. 22-1 ¶ 10 [declaration that other coverage was 11 available]; Doc 65-16 [coverage quotes to Capri from CCRRG].) CCRRG emphasizes that 12 Capri received a benefit by electing the less expensive “claims paid” policy after multiple 13 disclosures of the differences between it and other types of coverage. (Doc. 64 at 12; Doc. 14 64-16.) Finally, CCRRG argues whether Capri would have been able to afford the 15 Extended Reporting Period policy is “speculative and is contrary to the fact that Capri 16 requested and obtained permission from the bankruptcy court to use loan proceeds to pay 17 the premiums to CCRRG to continue its liability insurance.” (Doc. 64 at 13; Doc. 64-13 18 at 3 ¶ 7.) It continues: “While CCRRG can appreciate that it is unfortunate there is no 19 coverage for Plaintiffs’ judgment against Capri, Capri alone is responsible for the choices 20 it made. It would be contrary to federal law, contrary to the agreement between the 21 members of the risk retention group, and contrary to Capri’s contracts, to impose a 22 coverage obligation where none is due.” (Doc. 64 at 14.) 23 In reply, Plaintiffs argue “the undisputed facts prove that at the time of the 24 cancellation Capri was in default of its payment obligations to CCRRG and out of business, 25 having sold its assets in a bankruptcy sale.” (Doc. 68 at 10.) “Given that Capri had sold 26 its assets, including its lease, furniture and fixtures, there was no possible way it could 27 continue to pay premium to CCRRG for [a] business it was no longer operating. Any 28 argument to the contrary is simply absurd.” (Id.) - 39 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 40 of 41 1 b. Analysis 2 In Arizona, “[t]he freedom to contract has long been considered a ‘paramount public 3 policy’ under our common law that courts do not lightly infringe.” Zambrano v. M & RC 4 II LLC, 517 P.3d 1168, 1173 (Ariz. 2022). “Thus, courts will not refuse to enforce a 5 contract merely because one party made a bad deal, even when the terms are harsh.” Id. 6 “But courts will refuse to enforce a contract term if legislation prohibits the term or when 7 an identifiable public policy clearly outweighs enforcement.” Id. “Because the law 8 generally presumes parties are best situated to decide whether contractual terms are 9 beneficial, especially in commercial settings, courts are hesitant to declare terms 10 unenforceable on public policy grounds.” Id. 11 As explained elsewhere in this order, the Bankruptcy Clause and the obligation to 12 continue membership are reconcilable and unambiguous. The outcome may seem harsh in 13 this case but there is ample evidence that the possibility of such an outcome was an express 14 part of the bargain. (Doc. 65-16 [quote form]; Doc 65-15 [letter explaining quote form]; 15 Doc. 65-2 [checklist explaining renewal coverage: “In return for typically lower premium 16 costs, the Member agrees either to remain with CCRRG until any pending claim is resolved 17 or has the option to purchase an extended reporting period (ERP) coverage when they leave 18 CCRRG. If a Member leaves CCRRG with an open claim and does not purchase ERP then 19 the departing member is thus making the election to take the claim with them and handle 20 defense and payment of indemnity out of their ‘own pocket.’”].) 16 Had Capri opted for a 21 more expensive “claims made” policy, CCRRG would have been obligated to provide 22 23 16 Plaintiffs contend there are disputes of fact concerning whether Capri’s prior owner, Mr. Anderson, “knew or understood” the explanations of the “claims paid” language that 24 were provided in the 2013 Policy and subscription agreement. (Doc. 132 ¶¶ 13, 32-34.) This dispute of fact is not material for purposes of Plaintiffs’ freedom-of-contract 25 challenge, which only assesses whether the contractual terms violate public policy (not whether the insured subjectively understood those terms). Plaintiffs also dispute whether 26 Capri actually had the ability to purchase an extended reporting period. (Id. ¶ 24.) But Plaintiffs cite no authority (and the Court has not found any) suggesting that whether an 27 insured’s financial status precludes the purchase of alternative coverage would somehow alter the bargain made at the outset. Nor are these disputes material for purposes of 28 Plaintiffs’ other arguments. Sparks, 647 P.2d at 1132 (“The interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law.”). - 40 - Case 2:18-cv-00006-DWL Document 149 Filed 02/06/23 Page 41 of 41 1 coverage for Plaintiffs’ eventual judgment against Capri. But Capri, a commercial entity, 2 exercised its freedom of contract to enter into a cheaper “claims paid” policy with different 3 coverage options. This was a lawful choice under Arizona law, which does not require 4 skilled nursing facilities such as Capri to have liability insurance at all. (Doc. 64 at 12 5 [CCRRG’s assertion, unrebutted by Plaintiffs, that “Arizona does not require nursing home 6 facilities such as Capri carry any professional liability coverage at all, nor does Arizona 7 mandate required limits or coverage types”].) Thus, even assuming that Arizona’s public 8 policy pertaining to the freedom of contract could be used to invalidate a substantive term 9 of CCRRG’s policy with Capri—and as discussed elsewhere in this order, there is a strong 10 argument that any such application of Arizona law would be preempted by the LRRA— 11 that public policy would support, rather than undermine, upholding the terms of the 12 commercial bargain that Capri chose to strike here. Cf. Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. St. Paul Fire 13 & Marine Ins. Co., 975 P.2d 711, 713 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1999) (“When the policy language 14 is clear, we may not invent ambiguity and then resolve it to find coverage where none exists 15 under the policy.”). 16 Accordingly, 17 IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment (Doc. 55) is 18 denied and CCRRG’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. 125) is granted. 19 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that judgment is not entered at this time. Instead, 20 as discussed in footnote four, the parties shall file supplemental briefing on whether 21 Plaintiffs may separately pursue relief in this garnishment action under a breach-of-the- 22 duty-to-defend theory. Each side’s supplemental brief, which shall not exceed seven pages, 23 is due within 14 days of the issuance of this order. 24 Dated this 6th day of February, 2023. 25 26 27 28 - 41 -