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[[COURTLISTENER_SUBOPINION {"id":"10722589","type":"100trialcourt","part":"other","author":null,"source_field":"html_with_citations"}]]
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
JAMES P. BOHANAN,
Petitioner, OPINION AND ORDER
v.
13-cv-808-wmc
SCOTT ECKSTEIN, Warden,
Green Bay Correctional Institution,
Respondent.
James Bohanan, a state prisoner, has filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus
under
28 U.S.C. § 2254
, seeking relief from his 2009 conviction in Dane County Circuit
Court for first-degree intentional homicide. The petition presents two grounds for relief
that were already rejected on their merits by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals: (1) the trial
court denied petitioner his right to confrontation and to present a defense by limiting the
scope of his cross-examination of a Stateâs witness; and (2) the trial court violated the
hearsay rule by permitting the state to introduce a prior inconsistent statement from a
witness who testified at trial.1 Because petitioner has failed to show that either ruling
violated his federal constitutional rights, his application for federal habeas relief must be
denied.
1Petitioner also sought relief on the ground that his right to effective assistance of counsel had been
violated when his attorney failed to challenge the criminal complaint. In a previous order, this
court dismissed that claim after finding it facially meritless. (May 7, 2018 Order (dkt. # 34 ) 5.)
FACTS2
A. Trial Court Proceedings
In 2007, Bohanan was charged with first-degree intentional homicide for the
shooting death of Kevin Cobbins. Cobbins died after suffering a total of 11 to 13
individual gunshot wounds, including two to his head. The stateâs theory of the case was
that Bohanan acted out of revenge for Cobbins having âstolenâ his girlfriend, Sherise Blair.
Before trial, both sides filed motions in limine. Among other issues, the prosecution
sought to introduce âother actsâ evidence as to Bohananâs past behavior. The prosecution
also sought to prohibit the defense from introducing evidence that the victim was a drug
dealer or user. Ultimately, the court allowed the state to present evidence of Bohananâs
past conduct toward the victim and others, including: Bohananâs use of a gun; threats
Bohanan made against the victim; physical violence Bohanan perpetrated against the
victim; Bohananâs previous attempt to shoot the victim; Bohananâs use of a gun in
confrontations with others; Bohananâs statements about using weapons to resolve disputes;
and Bohananâs attempts to evade capture. (Pretrial Mot. Hrg. (dkt. #37-20) 64-86.)
However, the court reserved on whether the defense would be permitted to present
evidence of Cobbinsâs drug dealing or use until it could determine the relevance and
probative value of such evidence based on the actual trial testimony. (Id. 23-25.)
2 These facts are drawn from the record of the trial court proceedings, as well as the Wisconsin
Court of Appealsâ decision in State v. Bohanan,
2012 WI App 88
,
343 Wis. 2d 677
,
819 N.W.2d
562
(unpublished disposition).
At trial, five different eyewitnesses testified they saw Bohanan shoot Cobbins
multiple times, including several shots at close range after he had already fallen to the
ground. In addition to this eyewitness testimony, other individuals not present at the
scene testified to Bohananâs behavior before and after the shooting.
Sherise Blair also testified that she had been romantically involved with the victim,
Cobbins, at the time of the shooting, after having been romantically involved with
defendant Bohanan in the past. Blair further provided detailed testimony about Bohananâs
anger, as well as his specific related threats and violent acts against Cobbins, and her view
that Bohanan was Cobbinsâs only enemy.
During cross-examination of Blair, apparently to suggest an alternative explanation
for Cobbinsâs murder, defense counsel attempted to elicit testimony that Cobbins engaged
in drug trafficking. Blairâs testimony leading up to the state's objection to this inquiry was
as follows:
Q. Now, when you say that Mr. Cobbins had no enemies
except [Bohanan], that's based upon your limited knowledge
of Mr. Cobbins's affairs, right?
A. Yeah.
Q. Were you working during that time period?
A. Yeah.
Q. Was Mr. Cobbins working during that time period?
A. No.
Q. So there were many, many hours when you're at work and
Mr. Cobbins was doing whatever he wanted to do, right?
A. Yeah.
Q. On July 27th of '07 didâdid you use any drugs with Mr.
Cobbins?
A. No.
Q. And was it your practice to use drugs?
A. No.
Q. Did Mr. Cobbins generally use drugs in front of you?
A. No.
Q. And do youâHave you ever been in a position to observe
how Mr. Cobbins would obtain the drugs that he would be
using?
A. No.
(Tr. of Jury Trial, Day 4 (dkt. # 37-28) 125:2-23.)
The state then objected on relevance grounds. At sidebar, defense counsel argued
that he was trying to establish that it was possible Cobbins had enemies other than
Bohanan, noting that on direct Blair had testified that Cobbins had no other enemies.
Accordingly, counsel argued, âitâs relevant to show that if you engage in drug trafficking
you make enemies[.]â (Id. 126:16-17.) The prosecutor responded that if counsel pursued
that inquiry, then he would open the door to the state presenting evidence of Bohananâs
drug dealing. (Id. 126:21-25.)
At that point, the court sustained the stateâs objection, explaining:
Yeah. I donât see how asking whether he was a drug dealer or
not, even if she were to say yes, leads to the next question that
you would then presumably have to ask him, did he have any
enemies as a result of his drug trafficking.
I think you can ask her if she is aware of any other enemies
that heâs had, and I donât have any problems with that, but I
donât see the relevance of going into whether or not he was
dealing drugs.
And I certainly wouldnât prohibit you from asking her if she
knows about any other activities that he may have engaged in
that would have created a situation where he had other
enemies, but I donât think we need to be talking about drug
dealing.
(Id. 127:1-14.) Counsel then abandoned that line of inquiry.
The state also presented testimony by Arvetta Busch, who testified that she was
romantically involved with defendant Bohanan at the time of the shooting. Within hours
of the shooting, at Bohananâs urging, Busch testified that she, Bohanan, and her children
moved from Madison to Chicago. On direct, Busch was asked about a phone call she made
to her boss shortly after leaving Madison. The following exchange took place, with no
objection:
Q: What did you tell him?
A: I donât remember.
Q: Do you recall telling him that you were staying with your
boyfriend, Bo, and that Bo got into an altercation on
Hammersly?
A: No.
Q: Do you recall telling him that Bo did the shooting and that
you are not coming back to work?
A: No.
(Tr. of Jury Trial, Day 2 afternoon (dkt. # 37-25) 34:13-21.) Moreover, on cross-
examination, Busch stated that she told her supervisor, Michael Wortham, that she was
not returning to Madison because people were accusing Bohanan of shooting Cobbins, and
she feared retaliation. (Id. 65:2-4.) She also specifically denied telling Wortham that
Bohanan had been the shooter or had been involved in the incident. (Id. 65:19-25-66:1.)
The state then called Wortham to the stand. Wortham testified that Busch called
him a day or two after not appearing for work. Over defense counsel's hearsay objection,
the court allowed the state to question Wortham about what Busch had said to him on the
phone, ruling that it was admissible as an inconsistent prior statement to Buschâs trial
testimony. In response, Wortham testified that Busch said she was not returning to work
because Bohanan had committed a shooting. (Id. 103:4-11.) During a subsequent, three-
way conversation, Wortham further testified that Busch told him and his boss that
Bohanan had been involved in a homicide. (Id. 103:12-17.) On cross-examination,
however, Wortham appeared to walk back his testimony, explaining that Busch did not say
that Bohanan had âcommitted a shooting,â but only that he had âbeen in an altercation.â
(Id. 107:15-24).
Bohanan was convicted and sentenced to life in prison with no eligibility for release
to extended supervision.
B. Direct Appeal
On direct appeal, as mentioned at the outset of this opinion, Bohanan argued,
among other things, that two of the circuit courtâs evidentiary rulings denied his right to
confrontation and a fair trial. First, Bohanan argued that the court erred by precluding
defense counsel from asking Blair whether she was aware that the victim was involved in
drug dealing. Bohanan,
2012 WI App 88
, ¶ 8. According to Bohanan, Cobbinsâs
involvement in dealing drugs constituted relevant, âother actsâ evidence to negate the false
impression that Bohanan was necessarily his only enemy, and thus, the only one who could
have killed him.
Id. at ¶ 8
.
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals rejected this argument given the lack of any offer
of proof by defendant that Blair would have testified that Cobbins was involved in drug
dealing if asked.
Id. at ¶ 9
. The court also rejected Bohananâs argument that even a ânoâ
answer from Blair would have helped undermine her credibility, given that âBohanan
points to no evidence in the record establishing that Cobbins was a drug dealer. Indeed, if
that evidence already existed, Blair's testimony to that effect would have been
unnecessary.â Id at ¶ 10. Accordingly, the court found no basis for concluding that the
circuit courtâs evidentiary ruling âin any way denied Bohanan his constitutional rights.â
Id. at ¶ 10
.
Second, Bohanan argued that the circuit court erred by admitting hearsay testimony
from Wortham as to Busch reporting her reason for not coming into work was Bohanan
being involved in a homicide. In particular, Bohanan argued that Wortham's testimony as
to Busch's statement constituted inadmissible hearsay, not subject to any exception, and
that the circuit court erred by allowing the testimony as Busch's prior inconsistent
statement. See
Wis. Stat. § 908.01
(3) and (4)(a)1 (a statement is not hearsay if the
declarant testifies at trial, is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and
the statement is inconsistent with the declarant's testimony).
Here, Bohanan argued that Busch's statement was not a prior inconsistent statement
because there was no foundation for that statement, such as testimony that Bohanan had
actually told Busch that he was involved in the shooting, and urged the court to reverse
the conviction for plain error. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals rejected this argument,
explaining:
Bohanan's argument misses the mark. Busch testified that she
did not tell Wortham that Bohanan had committed the
shooting. Wortham's testimony that Busch had told him that
Bohanan had been involved in a homicide was a prior
statement by Busch that was inconsistent with her trial
testimony. The testimony was therefore not hearsay under
Wis. Stat. § 908.01
(4)(a)1. It was offered to impeach Busch's
credibility, not to establish the truth of Busch's statement to
Wortham. Accordingly, the foundation for Busch's statement
to Wortham was not relevant.
Id. at ¶ 12
.
Bohanan also argued that, because Wortham admitted on cross-examination that
Busch had said only that Bohanan had been involved in an âaltercation,â Busch's statement
to Wortham was not inconsistent with her trial testimony. Once again, the court of appeals
was unpersuaded:
Busch testified that she did not remember telling Wortham
that Bohanan had been in an altercation, and that she told
Wortham she was not returning to work because Bohanan had
been accused of murdering someone. Wortham's testimony on
cross-examination did not alter the fact that Wortham was
offering a prior inconsistent statement that was made by
Busch. We affirm.
Id. at ¶¶ 11-13
.
Bohananâs appellate attorney filed a no-merit petition for review in the Wisconsin
Supreme Court. After Bohanan responded, seeking to raise both of the claims raised in
the court of appeals, the Wisconsin Supreme Court denied Bohananâs petition for review.
In this federal habeas proceeding, Bohanan was permitted to pursue the same two
claims that he raised but were rejected on the merits in the Wisconsin Court of Appeals:
(1) his confrontation rights were violated when the trial court refused to permit counsel to
ask Blair whether Cobbins was involved in drug dealing; and (2) the trial court erred in
allowing Wortham to testify that Busch said Bohanan was involved in a homicide.
OPINION
I. Legal Framework
Petitionerâs eligibility for federal habeas relief is governed by
28 U.S.C. § 2254
(d),
which requires him to show that the state court's adjudication of his claim either:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in
the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254
(d)(1)-(2). The decision federal courts look to is the âlast
reasoned stateâcourt decisionâ to decide the merits of the case, Flint v. Carr,
10 F.4th 786,
796
(7th Cir. 2021), which in this case was the Wisconsin Court of Appeals.
Under this standard, federal courts may not even review state court decisions
adjudicating federal constitutional claims de novo, but rather for âreasonableness.â
Moreover, for purposes of § 2254(d)(1), âan unreasonable application of federal law is
different from an incorrect application of federal law.â Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362,
410
(2000) (OâConnor, J., concurring). To show that a state court decision was
unreasonable, âa state prisoner must show that the state courtâs ruling on the claim being
presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well
understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.â Harrington v. Richter,
562 U.S. 86, 103
(2011). Finally, the Supreme Court
has explained that âevaluating whether a rule application was unreasonable requires
considering the rule's specificity. The more general the rule, the more leeway courts have
in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.â Yarborough v. Alvarado,
541 U.S.
652, 664
(2004).
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides: âIn all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses
against him.â U.S. Const. amend. IV. âThe main and essential purpose of confrontation
is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination.â
Id.
at 315-16 (quoting
5 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 1395, p. 123 (3d ed. 1940)). Thus, the right of confrontation
âmeans more than being allowed to confront the witness physically.â Davis v. Alaska,
415
U.S. 308, 315
(1974). Moreover, â[w]hether rooted directly in the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment or in the Compulsory Process or Confrontation Clauses of the
Sixth Amendment, the Constitution guarantees criminal defendants âa meaningful
opportunity to present a complete defense.ââ Holmes v. South Carolina,
547 U.S. 319, 319
(2006) (quoting Crane v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 683, 690
(1986)).
Even so, the opportunity for cross-examination is not unlimited; a court may
âimpose reasonable limits on cross-examination based on concerns about, among other
things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witnessâ safety, or interrogation
that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.â Delaware v. Van Arsdall,
475 U.S. 673, 679
(1986); see also Delaware v. Fensterer,
474 U.S. 15, 20
(1984) (â[T]he Confrontation Clause
guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is
effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.â) (per curiam)
(emphasis in original). Similarly, the right to present a defense is not absolute: rather, it
exists alongside âwell-established rules of evidence [that] permit trial judges to exclude
evidence if its probative value is outweighed by certain other factors such as unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury.â Holmes,
547 U.S. at
326
. That said, restrictions on a criminal defendantâs right to cross-examine adverse
witnesses and present evidence in his own defense âmay not be arbitrary or
disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve.â Michigan v. Lucas,
500 U.S.
145, 151
(1991) (quoting Rock v. Arkansas,
483 U.S. 44, 56
(1987)).
II. Cross-Examination of Blair
Under this lenient framework, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals reasonably applied
âgenerally applicable constitutional principlesâ by upholding the trial courtâs refusal to
allow petitionerâs counsel to ask Blair if she had witnessed Cobbins engaged in drug dealing.
Sarfraz v. Smith,
885 F.3d 1029, 1037
(7th Cir. 2018). To begin, the court of appeals
properly identified the controlling legal standard, noting that petitioner had a due process
right to defend against the stateâs accusations and to present evidence. See Bohanan,
2012
WI App 88
, ¶ 8 (citing State v. Evans,
187 Wis. 2d 66
, 82â83,
522 N.W.2d 554
(Ct. App.
1994) (âThe due process rights of a criminal defendant are[,] âin essence, the right to a fair
opportunity to defend against the State's accusations.â The right to present evidence is
rooted in the Confrontation and Compulsory Process Clauses of the United States and
Wisconsin Constitutions.â) (citation omitted). Next, the court reasonably held that
petitioner was not denied a constitutional right to compulsory process or confrontation
absent evidence in the record or an offer of proof that Cobbins was involved in dealing
drugs, or at least that Blair would have offered such testimony. Id. at ¶ 10. Similarly, the
court explained that absent evidence of Cobbinsâs involvement in drug dealing, merely
eliciting testimony from Blair to the effect that Cobbins was not involved would ânot have
lacked credibility on its face.â Id.
Given the trial record, the Wisconsin Court of Appealsâ reasoning was reasonable.
Despite being offered the opportunity, petitioner presented no evidence establishing that
Cobbins was involved in drug dealing, either in the form of a proffer or by testimony from
any witnesses, including Blair. Thus, his suggestion that Blair would have provided such
testimony was utterly speculative. Moreover, his proposed theory of defense -- that âdrug
dealers have enemiesâ and, therefore, some unnamed, unidentified enemy of Cobbins
might have been the shooter â would have only invited rank speculation by the jury, at
least without some evidence that Cobbins was dealing drugs at the party where he was
killed, had been threatened in the past, or that drug dealing otherwise played some role in
his murder. Finally, petitioner was not precluded from cross-examining Blairâs knowledge,
if any, that Cobbins had any other enemies besides Bohanan, but counsel abandoned that
question, presumably because Blair had already testified on direct that he did not. In sum,
there is no basis in this record to find the Wisconsin Court of Appeals unreasonably applied
federal law in affirming the trial courtâs refusal to permit him to question Blair about
Cobbinsâs drug dealing under either petitionerâs right to confrontation or to present a
defense.
III. Admission of Worthamâs Testimony
With respect to Worthamâs testimony, petitioner repeats his argument that the trial
court should have precluded it as inadmissible hearsay. As noted previously, the court
agreed with the state prosecutor that Worthamâs testimony about what Busch told him
during the phone call was admissible as a prior inconsistent statement by a witness under
Wis. Stat. § 908.01
(4). Subsection (4) states in relevant part:
A statement is not hearsay if:
(a) Prior statement by witness. The declarant testifies at the
trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination
concerning the statement, and the statement is:
1. Inconsistent with the declarant's testimony, . . .
On appeal, petitioner did not deny that Buschâs prior statement, as testified to by
Wortham, was inconsistent with her direct testimony at trial -- specifically, she never told
Wortham that petitioner had been involved in a shooting or altercation. Instead, petitioner
argued that Buschâs prior inconsistent statement should not have been admitted because
the state failed to establish how Busch learned that petitioner had been involved in the
shooting. In other words, he argued, there was no basis to conclude that Buschâs purported,
prior inconsistent statement to Wortham was reliable.
Unfortunately for petitioner, this is not a colorable argument for habeas relief. First,
to the extent he continues to argue that Worthamâs statement was inadmissible hearsay
under Wisconsin law, he is simply incorrect. As quoted above, a prior inconsistent
statement made by a witness who is available for cross-examination at trial is not hearsay
under
Wis. Stat. § 908.01
(4)(a)1. As the Wisconsin Court of Appeals also observed,
Buschâs prior statement to Wortham was inconsistent with her direct testimony, having
denied telling him that Bohanan had been involved in a shooting. Moreover, petitioner
had the opportunity to cross-examine Busch about her prior statement. Therefore, her
statement was admissible under Wisconsin law.
Second, even if the Wisconsin courts misapplied their own rules of evidence, such
challenges generally do not present a cognizable claim for federal habeas relief, Perruquet v.
Briley,
390 F.3d 505, 511
(7th Cir. 2004), since it is not âthe province of a federal habeas
court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-court questions.â Estelle v. McGuire,
502 U.S. 62
, 67â68 (1991); Dellinger v. Bowen,
301 F.3d 758, 764
(7th Cir. 2002). Instead,
the federal habeas court must evaluate a question otherwise reserved for state-court review
where (1) a specific constitutional right is implicated or (2) âmechanistic application of
state evidentiary rules may deprive criminal defendants of a fair trial.â Rice v. Bowen,
264
F.3d 698, 702
(7th Cir. 2001); see also Perruquet,
390 F.3d at 511
.
Petitioner suggests that the admission of Buschâs prior statement to Wortham
violated petitionerâs Sixth Amendment right to âbe confronted with the witnesses against
him.â However, the Confrontation Clause is not implicated when an out-of-court declarant
is subject to cross-examination at trial. See Crawford v. Washington,
541 U.S. 36
, 59 n. 9
(2004) (â[W]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation
Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements.â);
California v. Green,
399 U.S. 149, 158
(1970) (â[T]he Confrontation Clause is not violated
by admitting a declarant's out-of-court statements, as long as the declarant is testifying as
a witness and subject to full and effective cross-examinationâ). Here, since Busch testified
at trial, she was available for cross-examination regarding statements she made to
Wortham. Accordingly, the admission of her prior inconsistent statements to Wortham
did not deny petitioner his right to confrontation. Similarly, given petitioner had the
opportunity to cross-examine both Busch and Wortham about their recollections as to
what was said during their phone call -- as well as the multiple eyewitnesses who established
petitioner as the person who murdered Collins -- there is no basis to conclude that the
courtâs admission of Buschâs prior inconsistent statement denied petitionerâs right to a fair
trial.
Accordingly, petitioner has failed to show that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
unreasonably applied any clearly established federal law in adjudicating his claims or that
he is in custody in violation of any federal constitutional right and his petition for a writ
of habeas corpus must be denied. Further, under Rule 11 of the Rules Governing § 2254
Cases, petitioner has not made the showing required by
28 U.S.C. § 2253
(c)(2) by making
a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right or by presenting issues adequate
to warrant further review. Therefore, the court will not issue a certificate of appealability.
ORDER
IT IS ORDERED that:
1) James Bohananâs application for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED.
2) The clerk of court is directed to enter judgment for respondent and close this
case.
3) No certificate of appealability shall issue.
Entered this 17th day of November, 2021.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
__________________________________
WILLIAM M. CONLEY
District JudgeCase Information
- Court
- W.D. Wis.
- Decision Date
- November 17, 2021
- Status
- Precedential