Brown v. Fisher-Price

      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

AMEENA BROWN and EVAN                 )
BRAGGS, Individually and as           )
Co-Administrators of the Estate of    )
A.B., deceased,                       )
                                      )
               Plaintiffs,            )
                                      )     C.A. No.: N20C-01-067 FJJ
       v.                             )
                                      )
FISHER-PRICE, INC. and                )
MATTEL, INC.,                         )
                                      )
               Defendants.            )

                             Submitted: April 16, 2025
                              Decided: April 30, 2025

                       OPINION AND ORDER
                     On the Parties Pretrial Motions
                  GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.


Robert J. Leoni, Esquire, Shelsby & Leoni, Newark, Delaware and Michael A.
Trunk, Esquire, (Pro Hac Vice) Kline & Specter, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, Attorneys
for Plaintiffs.

Jennifer C. Wasson, Esquire, and Ryan D. Kingshill, Esquire, Potter Anderson &
Corroon, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, and Steven B. Weisburd, Esquire, and Jan
E. Dodd, Esquire, (Pro Hac Vice) Shook, Hardy, and Bacon LLP, Los Angeles,
California, and Ryan Cobbs, Esquire, (Pro Hac Vice) Shook, Hardy, and Bacon,
LLP, Miami, Florida, Attorneys for Defendants




Jones, J.
        Plaintiffs Ameena Brown and Evan Braggs (“Plaintiffs”) have filed the

instant product liability action against Defendants Fisher-Price, Inc. and Mattel,

Inc. (“Defendants”) following the death of their infant son, A.B. The Complaint

alleges that A.B.’s death was caused by Fisher-Price’s Rock ‘n Play Sleeper

(“RnP”) which was an inclined sleep product designed and marketed for day use

or overnight sleep where infants are placed in a spine position at an angle. Trial

in this matter is scheduled for June 2025. The Parties have filed numerous pretrial

motions, including Daubert motions, which this opinion addresses.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A number of the motions address the testimony of proposed experts and are

essentially Daubert challenges. The Court will consider those motions and, as

such, will first need to set forth the standard of review for Daubert motions.

        Delaware Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert

testimony. Delaware has adopted the holdings in Daubert v. Merrell Dow

Pharmaceuticals Inc.1 and Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael2 to interpret the

Delaware Rule.3 In Daubert and Kumho, the United States Supreme Court




1
  509 U.S. 579 (1993).
2
  526 U.S. 137 (1993).
3
  Bowen v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 906 A.2d 787, 794 (Del. 2006) (citing M.G. Bancorporation, Inc.
v. Le Beau, 737 A.2d 513, 522 (Del. 1999)).


                                                       2
interpreted and explained Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which is “substantially

similar” to the Delaware Rule.4 Delaware Rule 702 states:

        A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
        experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
        opinion or otherwise, if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other
        specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
        evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based
        upon sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of
        reliable principles and methods; and (d) the witness has applied the
        principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.5

        To be admissible, expert testimony must be “relevant and reliable.”6 To

make this determination, the trial judge engages in a five-step analysis.7 This

analysis provides that the trial judge finds that:

        (1) the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
            experience, training, or education;
        (2) the evidence is relevant;
        (3) the expert’s opinion is based on information reasonably relied
            upon by experts in the particular field;
        (4) the expert testimony will assist the trier of fact to understand the
            evidence or to determine a fact in issue; and
        (5) the expert testimony will not create unfair prejudice or confuse or
            mislead the jury.8

        The burden of establishing that the expert testimony is admissible lies with

its proponent by a preponderance of the evidence.9 “A strong preference exists”



4
  Smack-Dixon v. Walmart Inc., 2021 WL 3012056 (Del. Super. Ct. Jul. 16, 2021) (citing Bowen, 906 A.2d at 794).
5
  D.R.E. 702; see also Smack-Dixon, 2021 WL 3012056 (Del. Super. 2021).
6
  Daubert, 508 U.S. at 597.
7
  Smack-Dixon, 2021 WL 3012056 at *2 (citing Bowen, 906 A.2d at 795)).
8
  Id.
9
  Id.


                                                        3
for admitting expert opinions “when they will assist the trier of fact in

understanding the relevant facts or the evidence.”10

         Reliable expert testimony is premised on scientific or specialized

knowledge which requires the testimony to be grounded in scientific methods and

procedures and “supported by appropriate validation – i.e., ‘good grounds,’ based

on what is known.”11

         Many scientific, technical, or specialized fields are not subject to peer

review and publication which is why the test of reliability is “flexible.” A rigid

application of the Daubert factors to determine testimonial reliability in every field

of expertise is not practical.12 Even with all the advances of medical science, the

practice of medicine remains an art, and a diagnosis in the practice of clinical

medicine “is not an exact science.”13




10
   Smack-Dixon, 2021 WL 3012056 at * 2 (quoting Delaware ex. Rel. French v. Card Compliant, LLC, 2018 WL
4151288, *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 29, 2018) (quoting Norman v. All About Women, P.A., 193 A.2d 726, 730 (Del.
2018)).
11
   Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590.
12
   Henlopen Hotel v. United Nat’l Ins. Co., 2020 WL 233333, at *3 (Del. Super. May 11, 2022).
13
   State v. McMullen, 900 A.2d 105, 114 (Del. Super. Ct. 2006). See also Moore v. Ashland Chem., 126 F.3d 679,
688-690 (5th Cir. 1997), vacated on reh’g en banc, 151 F.3d 269 (5th Cir. 1998) (“First, the goals of the disciplines
of clinical medicine and hard Newtonian science are different. . . .Second, the subject matter and conditions of
study are different. . . .Finally, clinical medicine and hard science have marked different methodologies. . . .In sum,
hard Newtonian scientific knowledge. . .is knowledge of a particular and limited kind. . . . Although clinical
medicine utilizes parts of some hard sciences, clinical medicine and many of its subsidiary fields are not hard
sciences. . . . Consequently, the Daubert factors, which are hard scientific methods selected from the body of hard
scientific knowledge and methodology generally are not appropriate for use in assessing the relevance and
reliability of clinical medical testimony”). The Fifth Circuit’s discussion of the significant differences between
disciplines in “hard science” and clinical medicine still holds true even though the decision in that case was
ultimately vacated. Id.


                                                            4
         Again, a gatekeeping judge has “broad latitude” to determine whether an

expert’s proffered opinion is based upon the “proper factual foundation and sound

methodology.”14 This “proper factual foundation” language has been distilled

from Delaware Rule 702.15 To meet the criterion for a “proper factual foundation,”

an expert’s opinion must be based on “facts” and not “suppositions.”16 When

applied to a medical expert, a causation opinion is admissible when it’s “based on

his analysis of the circumstances . . . not mere speculation over the cause.”17 And

a proponent need only show by a preponderance of the evidence that her expert’s

opinions are reliable, not that they are correct.18 So, this Court’s Rule 702

reliability examination must focus on principles and methodology not on the

resultant conclusions.19

         Delaware courts generally recognize that challenges to the “factual basis of

an expert opinion go to the credibility of the testimony, not the admissibility, and

it is for the opposing party to challenge. . . the expert opinion on cross-

examination.”20 “The different depth with which [an expert] pursued particular


14
   Russum v. IPM Dev. P’ship LLC, 2015 WL 2438599, at *2 (Del. Super. May 21, 2015).
15
   Id.
16
   Id. at 3.
17
   Norman, 193 A.2d at 732.
18
   McMullen, 900 A.2d at 114 (citing In Re: Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 744 (3d Cir. 1994)).
19
   Henlopen Hotel, 2020 WL 233333, at *2 (“At bottom, the Court’s examination of an expert’s opinion must be
solely focused on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions they generate.”) (quoting Tumlinson v.
Advanced Micro Devices, 81 A.3d 1264, 1269 (Del. 2013)).
20
   Perry v. Berkley, 996 A.2d 1262, 1271 (Del. 2010). See also Hodel v. Ikeda, 2013 WL 226937, at *4 (Del. Super.
Ct. Jan. 18, 2013); Daubert, 509 U.S. 579, 596 (1993) (“Vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary
evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky
but admissible evidence.” (internal citations omitted)); Russum, 2015 WL 2438599, at *3.


                                                           5
lines of investigation and the different assumptions they made are readily subject

to cross-examination and to evaluation by the fact finder for credibility and

weight.”21         An expert’s testimony will only be excluded in the narrow

circumstance where he is shown to have completely neglected the core facts of the

case.22 And, under Delaware Rule 702, a medical doctor’s opinion “based on his

own knowledge” and informed by his review of a patient’s records may certainly

be sufficient to clear the Daubert/Bowen reliability threshold.23

                COMMON ARGUMENTS TO DEFENDANTS’ EXPERTS

         Defendants filed seven motions to limit the opinions of Plaintiffs’ experts.

There are two common arguments made as to each expert. First, Defendants object

to any opinion that addresses the Defendants’ state of mind. Second, Defendants

object to any expert rendering an opinion that goes to the ultimate issue for the

jury’s consideration.

         Expert opinions on state of mind are not permitted.24 However, an expert

may testify as to facts contained in the evidence from which the jury can infer a




21
   Henlopen Hotel, 2020 WL 233333, at *4; Perry v. Berkley, 996 A.2d at 1271 (noting cross-examination rather
than exclusion can be the proper method of exploring the bases of an expert’s opinion and the weight to be ascribed
thereto).
22
   Russum, 2015 WL 2438599, at *3.
23
   See e.g., Norman, 193 A.3d at 731-32.
24
   See Kaur v. Boston Sci. Corp., 2022 WL 1486178, at *4 (“[T]his Court will not permit the experts to offer their
opinions about [defendant’s] state of mind.”); Ferrari v. Helsman Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 2020 WL 3429988, at *1
(“State of mind is not appropriate for expert opinion.”); Carter v. Principle, 2019 WL 193183, at *2 (Del. Super.
Jan. 15, 2019), rev’d on other grounds, 223 A.3d 428 (Del. 2019) (“[E]xpert opinion as to a defendant’s state of
mind is not only unnecessary, but inadmissible.)


                                                          6
state of mind on the part of the Defendants.25 The parties should follow these

guideposts in their examinations.

        Judge Stokes had an opportunity in Patrick Black v. Chromascape, Inc.,

LLC, et al. to address Defendants’ argument regarding expert testimony on the

ultimate issue:

               D.R.E. 704, which was modeled after the Federal Rule, states,
        in its entirety, “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference
        otherwise admissible is not objectionable merely because it embraces
        an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” “Although D.R.E.
        704 allows opinions on ultimate issues ‘[t]he abolition of the ultimate
        issue rule does not lower the bars so as to admit all opinions.’” The
        expert's testimony must assist the trier of fact. Further, if the
        probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the
        danger of unfair prejudice, the testimony will be excluded.

               To be sure, “the line between an inadmissible legal conclusion
        and admissible assistance to the trier of fact in understanding the
        evidence or in determining a fact in issue is not always bright.”
        Facing this issue, the Sixth Circuit concluded that “[t]he best
        resolution of this type of problem is to determine whether the terms
        used by the witness have a separate, distinct and specialized meaning
        in the law different from that present in the vernacular. If they do,
        exclusion is appropriate.” In Charlette A. Karns, et al. v. Emerson
        Electric Co., the Tenth Circuit discussed the line between an
        inadmissible legal conclusion and admissible assistance in the context
        of an expert opinion that was analogous to Eckhardt's opinion in the
        present case.

              In Karns, the Plaintiff, a thirteen-year-old boy, was cleaning
        up an overgrown yard by picking up trash while his uncle was
        operating a weed-trimming and brush-cutting device. The Plaintiff
        had bent down to pick up some debris approximately eight feet behind

25
  See Carter, 2019 WL 193138, at *2 (holding the jury can draw reasonable inferences from the expert testimony
to determine if punitive damages were warranted).


                                                       7
           his uncle when the blade of the device struck something near the
           ground, which caused the device to swing violently around, cutting
           off the Plaintiff’s right arm. At trial, judgment was entered in favor
           of the Plaintiff and the Defendant appealed. On appeal, the Defendant
           argued that the trial court erred in permitting the Plaintiff's expert to
           testify that the Defendant acted recklessly.

                  To begin its analysis, the Tenth Circuit explained that although
           Rule 704 allows experts to render an opinion that embraces the
           ultimate issue, “[o]pinions embracing legal standards may, however,
           be excluded for reasons, such as the likelihood of jury confusion, the
           danger of unfair prejudice, or the inability of such evidence to assist
           the trier of fact.” Upholding the decision of the trial court, the Tenth
           Circuit noted that, given the technical, complex nature of the device
           at issue, expert testimony would be expected to assist the trier of fact.
           Also, the legal term, reckless, was not “so complex or shaded with
           subtle meaning as to be beyond the understanding of the average
           person.” Accordingly, the Tenth Circuit found that the expert's
           testimony did not invade the province of the jury.

                  The basic necessities of expert testimony are relevance and
           reliability. Eckhardt's Supplemental Report is both relevant and
           reliable. It is relevant because it will assist the trier of fact, and it is
           reliable because it discusses matters beyond common knowledge.
           Further, the phrases “conscious indifference to the safety of others”
           and “wanton disregard for safety” do not have a separate, distinct and
           specialized meaning in the law different from that in present
           vernacular. These phrases are well within the understanding of the
           average person. Accordingly, the Court concludes that since
           Eckhardt's Supplemental Report is “otherwise admissible,” striking it
           would be inappropriate.26

           I agree with Judge Stokes and will follow his guidance in this case. Whether

a particular question falls within the parameters of Judge Stokes’ opinion will have

to be addressed at trial and will depend on the question asked and its context. In


26
     2016 WL 4217756, at *3-4 (Del. Super. Aug. 9, 2016) (internal citations omitted).


                                                           8
assessing any question, the Court will be mindful of whether the question calls for

the witness to talk about Defendants’ state of mind and whether the wording of the

question is inflammatory.

                     TESTIMONY OF PETER J. MYERS

      Peter J. Myers (“Myers”) is an industrial design expert who has been

identified as an expert by the Plaintiff. Myers will opine that in developing the

RnP Defendants failed to adhere to well established industry standards and

practice around its product development. Defendants’ sole issues with Myers are

the two common arguments, state of mind and ultimate issue, which the Court has

already addressed. The parties should follow these guideposts.

                   TESTMONY OF DAVID RONDINONE

      David Rondinone (“Rondinone”) is a mechanical engineer whom Plaintiffs

will call to opine generally on the alleged design defect of the RnP.

      Rondinone offers five opinions: (1) the product’s inclined angle of

approximately 30 degrees was inconsistent with the knowledge and best practices

from the scientific community and regulatory agencies; (2) the use of the

polypropylene plastic insert was a design defect because it could deform (“creep”)

inward, creating a narrower and arguably less flat surface for an infant to safely

sleep in over time; (3) a proper risk assessment was not performed, but had one

been performed, Fisher-Price would have changed the design of the product; (4)



                                          9
the American Society for Testing and Materials (“ASTM”) F3118 standard for

inclined sleep products was created only to provide approval for the RnP and

should never have been written; and (5) the RnP was allegedly dangerous and

defective due to the product’s incline, the deformable plastic insert, and a restraint

system that Fisher-Price supposedly “knew would not be used.”27 Defendants

maintain that Rondinone’s opinions should be excluded for the following three

reasons.28

           First, Rondinone’s opinion that the approximately 30-degree-angle of the

RnP was unsafe is unsupported by any scientific literature.

           Second, Rondinone’s opinion regarding the polypropylene plastic insert

“creep” is both unreliable and unhelpful to the trier of fact. He never examined

the RnP at issue in this case, does not know the condition of the plastic insert in

that RnP at the time of the incident, and has no information about the condition of

the plastic insert in the subject RnP product.

           Third, Rondinone’s opinion regarding what might have happened had a

hypothetical risk assessment been performed has a factually incorrect predicate

and, in any event, is speculative because Rondinone never performed any such risk

assessment related to the design and development of the RnP.




27
     Docket Item (“D.I.”) 302, Exhibit (“Ex.”) A. p.18-19.
28
     Id. p.2-3.


                                                             10
                                     30-Degree Angle

           In his report Rondinone states that “design inspiration for the RnP angle was

taken from the angle of car seats,” however, the American Academy of Pediatrics

has warned that “‘sitting devices, such as car safety seats … are not recommended

for routine sleep’ and ‘in fact who are younger than 4 months are particularly at

risk.’”29 In support of this position, Rondinone cites to SIDS and Other Sleep-

Related Infant Deaths: Evidence base for 2016 Updated Recommendation for a

Safe Infant Sleeping Environment by Rachel Y. Moon of the Task Force on

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.             Additionally, Rondinone relied in part on

European Standard EN 12790.30 Each of these sources are authoritative and

properly relied upon by Rondinone as a basis for his opinion. Rondinone has relied

in part on scientific literature. Whether his reliance on these authorities was

reasonable or appropriate is a matter for cross-examination.

                                 Plastic Creep Opinions

           Rondinone opines that the material chosen by Defendants for the plastic

insert in the RnP is polypropylene. It is a material known to exhibit a behavior

known as creep which is the tendency for the material to experience permanent

deformation over time under constant stress. This deformation of the plastic




29
     D.I. 302, Ex. A. p.3.
30
     Id. p.4.


                                              11
results in the plastic bending and curving beyond what the design was intended by

Defendants and results in a dangerously narrow and less flat surface. Rondinone

bases this opinion on Defendants’ own internal findings as well as his own

scientific measurements and calculations.           With respect to Defendants’ own

internal documents, Rondinone references observations made by one of

Defendants’ engineers, Margo Moulin. As to Rondinone’s own measurements of

the RnP models he tested, Rondinone wrote:

                This behavior affects the Rock ‘n Play by creating a
                narrower and arguably even less flat surface for the baby to
                sleep in safely over time. The two side walls of the insert
                would be deformed closer together so that the U-shape
                became tighter over time, compressing the space a baby
                would occupy.31

            Defendants take issue with how Rondinone conducted his measurements

and under what conditions they were conducted. This goes to the weight of the

opinion and not its admissibility. Defendants contend that Rondinone never

examined the RnP at issue and, therefore, he should not be permitted to testify

about it. It is undisputed that the instant RnP was discarded and not available for

inspection. This fact alone, when Rondinone was able to test similar RnPs, does

not make his opinions excludable. This subject can also be cross-examined.




31
     Id. p.8.


                                               12
           Defendants’ reliance on Perry v. Berkley32 is misplaced. Perry involved the

exclusion of an expert medical doctor where the testifying doctor was completely

unaware of the Plaintiff’s prior medical history. In the instant case, Rondinone

has demonstrated that he understands the underlying facts. It is the purpose of

cross examination to determine if those facts are incorrect or if his opinions are

based on a lack of information. If that is the case, it does not make the testimony

subject to complete exclusion.

                                      Risk Assessment

           Defendants take issue with Rondinone’s opinion that Defendants did not

perform a risk assessment related to the RnP and that had they done so they would

never have sold the product. Defendants maintain that this opinion is mere

conjecture. The Court agrees. Rondinone never did a risk assessment on the

product, therefore, any conclusion he draws is conjecture.              Moreover, the

testimony is really an attempt to offer an opinion on Defendants’ state of mind

which is improper. This opinion is excluded.

                                  TESTIMONY OF IAN NOY

           Ian Noy (“Noy”) is an industrial engineer in the field of human factors, with

a focus on consumer products and warnings. He is Plaintiffs’ warning expert. He

opines that the deficiencies in the warning system rendered the RnP defective and


32
     996 A.2d 1262 (Del. 2010).


                                              13
unreasonably dangerous as Defendants did not appropriately warn of the risk of

positional asphyxiation.33 Noy further notes the use of restraints may have had

little or no benefit in preventing positional asphyxiation in children who had not

ended up out of position.34 Defendants seek to exclude certain of Noy’s opinions.

         First, Defendants seek to bar Noy from offering any medical causation

opinion.35 The Plaintiffs agree that Noy cannot offer such an opinion.36 The Court

agrees with Defendants. However, Noy may testify that an infant can asphyxiate

in an inclined sleeper since this testimony is fundamental to his opinion that the

warnings did not accurately warn of positional asphyxiation. However, as a

condition of this testimony, Plaintiffs must produce a qualified expert who can

testify that an infant can asphyxiate in an inclined sleeper before Noy can give his

opinion. What Noy cannot do is testify A.B. was injured or died from positional

asphyxiation. He may not testify that A.B.’s death is consistent with a death

caused by mechanical asphyxiation nor that “in all likelihood” that is what

happened here.

         Defendants next maintain that Noy should be precluded from rendering

biomechanical opinions as that falls outside of his expertise.37 Plaintiffs agree that



33
   D.I. 301, Ex. D, Noy Expert Report, p.5.
34
   Id. Ex. D. p35.
35
   Id. p.6-8.
36
   D.I. 356 p.6-7.
37
   D.I. 301 p.8-10.


                                              14
he cannot give biomechanical opinions.38 However, Noy can opine that positional

asphyxiation is a risk in using the product. This is a factual premise for his opinion

that the RnP was defective because it did not appropriately warn of positional

asphyxiation risk and the use of restraints may have had little or no benefit in

preventing positional asphyxiation in children who had not ended up out of

position. Again, before this testimony can be offered, Plaintiffs must produce

qualified expert testimony that positional asphyxiation is a risk in using the

product.

         Defendants seek to exclude Noy from offering an opinion that “[n]on-use

of the restraint was a known, foreseeable and evidently accepted manner of use

and that Ms. Brown used the RnP in a manner that was reasonable and

foreseeable.”39 According to Defendants, to allow this opinion would allow Noy

to draw a legal conclusion by applying the law to the facts. I agree with the

Defendants. As pointed out by the Plaintiffs, Noy’s view on this issue is informed

by the testimony of Kitty Pilarz, the Vice President of Product Safety and

Regulatory Compliance.40 Plaintiffs can simply question Pilarz on this point to

establish the predicate necessary to argue the point to the jury. To do it through

Noy, who admits that he did not employ a method in this case to determine whether



38
   D.I. 356 p.7-10.
39
   D.I. 301 p.12-14.
40
   D.I. 356 p.11.


                                          15
a consumer’s behavior with respect to the product use is foreseeable, is

impermissible.

                     TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM KITZE

      Defendants have moved in limine to limit the testimony of William Kitzes

(“Kitzes”). Kitzes is a liability expert who will offer the following 8 opinions:

      1. Failure to Warn: Fisher-Price failed to warn about the risk
         of injury and death from foreseeable use, including the
         dangers of prolonged overnight sleep and leaving children
         unattended.

      2. Inadequate Risk Assessment: Fisher-Price failed to identify
         hazard such as a suffocation and positional asphyxia and did
         not implement effective risk-reduction measures.

      3. Promotion Contrary to Best Practices: Fisher-Price
         promoted the Sleeper for overnight use despite opposition
         from regulatory bodies and lacking independent research
         supporting the safety of the inclined design.

      4. Creation of an Unreasonably Dangerous Product:
         Promoting overnight use contributed to infant deaths,
         creating an unreasonably dangerous condition.

      5. Misleading Packaging and Labeling: Packaging misled
         consumers about safety for older infants, and critical
         warnings about overnight sleep were removed.

      6. Failure to Timely Report to CPSC: Despite internal
         awareness of incidents, Fisher-Price delayed reporting
         hazards to the CPSC.

      7. Creation of a Substantial Product Hazard: The Sleeper
         constituted a substantial hazard due to defect patterns, market
         presence and the severity of risks.



                                         16
         8. Conscious Disregard for Safety: Fisher-Price disregarded
            repeated death reports and delayed recalls, demonstrating
            conscious and reckless disregard for infant safety.41

         Defendants move to preclude Kitzes from offering any medical causation

opinion.42 Plaintiffs respond that Kitzes will not offer any medical causation, no

doubt in part, because Kitzes is not qualified to offer such an opinion.43 Kitzes

may not offer a medical causation opinion.

         Defendants take issue with certain of Kitzes’ opinions maintaining that

some of them are not supported by any discernible rationale or methodology.

Defendants first challenge Kitzes’ failure to warn opinions.44 In opinion 1, Kitzes

opines that Defendants failed to warn consumers (i) about the catastrophic risk of

injury and death associated with the foreseeable use of the RnP, (ii) that the product

was not safe for the prolonged overnight period of sleep and (iii) that parents

should “never leave child unattended.”45 Opinion 5 also speaks to the products

warnings and its various revisions.46 The argument is that these opinions lack a

reliable methodology.

         Defendants are incorrect that Kitzes lacked a reliable methodology. Kitzes’

opinions are grounded in his expertise in safety management and his application



41
   D.I. 353 p.7-8 (citing Ex. B, Kitzes Expert Report).
42
   D.I. 310 p.7-9.
43
   D.I. 353 p.10.
44
   D.I. 310 p.10.
45
   Id. Ex. A, Kitzes Expert Report, p.8 ¶1.
46
   Id. Ex. A p.9 ¶5.


                                                          17
of ANSI Z535.4, which sets recognized guidelines for product safety warnings.47

Kitzes concluded that, despite the product’s labels being titled with “warning,”

they did not meet the definition of a warning under ANSI Z535.4. He also did not

find that the revised labels complied with the standard.      He systematically

compared Defendants’ warnings to ANSI standards, which require clear hazard

identification, severity statements, and instructions to avoid harm. He analyzed

the language and clarity of the warnings in light of industry standards and best

practices for risk communication. He also evaluated how Defendants’ post-sale

monitoring and revisions addressed – or failed to address – known hazards.48 That

Defendants disagree with his conclusions is not a basis to exclude them but to be

explored on cross-examining.

        Defendants’ reliance on Ruggiero v. Yamaha Motor Corp49 is misplaced and

does not support preclusion here. In Ruggiero, the Third Circuit excluded Kitzes’

opinion for merely referencing ANSI standards without explaining how the

existing warnings were deficient. The court found his conclusions in that case

speculative and unhelpful to the trier of fact.50 In the instant case, unlike in

Ruggiero, Kitzes’ opinions and testimony plainly explain how Defendants’

warnings miscommunicated or omitted risks – especially concerning prolonged


47
   See Ex. A. p.71-72; Ex. D.
48
   D.I. 353 p.15.
49
   778 F.App’x 88 (3d Cir. 2019).
50
   Id. at 93.


                                        18
overnight sleep. He detailed how the warnings violated ANSI principles by failing

to clearly identify hazards and severity levels, leaving consumers uninformed

about foreseeable risks.

        Defendants next challenge Kitzes’ opinion that Defendants did not perform

an adequate risk assessment and failed to apply adequate risk reduction

measures.51      According to Defendants, Kitzes merely makes the conclusory

statement without in any manner indicating why or how, which runs afoul of the

teaching in Kimberly Landis, et al. v Hearthmark, et al., LLC.52

        While Landis did exclude some conclusory opinions, it explicitly permitted

Kitzes’ testimony regarding general risk assessment processes, recognizing that

such    testimony       was     admissible   to    explain   standard   procedures   and

methodologies.53 That is what Kitzes intends to offer in this case. His opinion is

grounded in a five-step framework for evaluating product safety management: (1)

determining if a written safety policy existed, (2) identifying foreseeable hazards,

(3) conducting risk assessments, (4) implementing mitigation strategies, and (5)

monitoring post-sale incidents and adjusting protocols.54

        As to the first step, Kitzes concluded Fisher-Price lacked a meaningful

safety policy and offered no concrete guidance for identifying hazards or assigning


51
   D.I. 310 p14-16.
52
   2014 WL 199261 (N.D. W.Va. 2014).
53
   2014 WL 199261, at *6.
54
   D.I. 353 p.17-18.


                                              19
responsibilities.           Kitzes testified that what Fisher-Price referred to as safety

policies were merely procedures used to make changes, without documented

rationale for those changes. The “Closed Loop Quality Assurance Process”

similarly had “no teeth,” providing no guidance on implementation or application.

Fisher-Price outlined broad commitments but failed to take action based on its

written policies. Their purported safety protocols consisted of “platitudes without

substance,” offering no direction to employees on how to identify or assess risk.55

           Kitzes evaluated Fisher-Price’s conduct based on the well-established

evidence, including the product design decisions, incident reports, and Fisher-

Price’s responses to known hazards. Kitzes’ focus on actual practices, rather than

mere documentation alone, reflects a valid and experience-based approach.

                            TESTIMONY OF ROBERT BARDWELL

           Robert Bardwell (“Bardwell”) has worked in the field of statistical analysis

and consulting since completing his PHD in mathematics in 1989. He is being

offered as an expert witness by Plaintiffs. Bardwell is offering statistical opinions

about the rates of death associated with the RnP as compared to other established

safe sleep products. Based on the statistical rate of death associated with the RnP

Bardwell has concluded that the fatality risk while supine in a RnP with no risk

factors was 913 times that of supine death in a crib; the fatality risk while prone in


55
     Id. p.18 (citing Ex. D. 82:12-83:4; 85:10-19).


                                                      20
a RnP with no risk factors was 24 times greater than the risk of prone death in a

crib; and the overall fatality risk of a RnP was 24 times greater than the risk of

death in a crib. Bardwell concluded that these rates were of such statistical

significance that it was virtually statistically impossible that they were the result

of chance.56 Bardwell performed this analysis using fatality data from the CDC as

well as reports directly from Fisher Price.57

         Bardwell is not offering a specific causation opinion in this case, and he

may not offer a specific medical causation opinion because he is not qualified to

do so. Defendants’ request that Bardwell be prevented from offering an opinion

on the specific causation is granted. The question is whether Bardwell can offer

testimony on general causation based on a statistical approach.

         To establish general causation, a plaintiff frequently utilizes testimony by

experts discussing epidemiological studies that examine incidence rates in exposed

populations compared to unexposed control groups.58 As a general matter under

Daubert, “[e]pidemiologic studies have been well received by courts trying mass

tort suits. Well-conducted studies are uniformly admitted. The widespread




56
   D.I. 362 p.2-3, Ex. C, Bardwell Expert Report; p. 5-6.
57
   Id., Ex. C. p.17-21.
58
   See, e.g., In re Asbestos Litig., 911 A.2d 1176, 1206 (Del. Super. 2006); In re Viagra Prods Liab. Litig., 572
F.Supp 2d 1071, 1078 (D. Minn. 2008); Merrell Dow Pharm’s., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 714-18 (Tex.
1997).


                                                          21
acceptance of epidemiology is based in large part on the belief that the general

techniques are valid.”59

        One approach for assessing an association in epidemiologic research is the

rate of “relative risk” (“RR”), which is determined by comparing the incidence

rate of persons exposed to a product or chemical agent with the incidence rate of

those not exposed.60 The relative risk approach calculates a risk of injury in a

population exposed to the product or chemical agent, as compared to a control

group, and calculates whether the difference is statistically significant and/or

attributable to chance. Relative risk is a well-established method of measuring the

strength of a causal relationship between an allegedly dangerous agent and a

particular harm.61 “The higher the relative risk, the greater chance that a

relationship is causal.”62 Furthermore, methodological approaches for assessing

risk that have been published in peer reviewed journals will be treated as more

reliable under Daubert.

        Dr. Bardwell utilized a reliable epidemiological analysis by examining the

relative risk of RnP compared to a control population to establish general

causation, a method that is deemed reliable and admissible in complex products


59
   In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prods. Liab. Litig., 289 F.Supp.2d 1230, 1239 (W.D. Wash. 2003) (citing
David L. Faigman, et al. eds., 2 Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Sci. of Expert Testimony §28-1.1, at
302-03 (1997)).
60
   In re Viagra Prods. Liab. Litig., 572 F.Supp.2d at 1078.
61
   Pritchard v. Dow Agro Si’s, 705 F.Supp.2d 471, 485 (W.D. Pa. 2010) (citing Fed. J. Ctr., Reference Manual on
Sci. Evid., Reference Guide on Epidemiology, at 335-36 (2d ed. 2000), aff’d, 430 F. App’x 102 (3d Cir. 2011)).
62
   Id.


                                                       22
reliability cases for this purpose under Daubert.63 Dr. Bardwell’s methodology on

this exact subject was published in a peer reviewed journal, which is one of the

“principal ways of demonstrating reliability.”64

        In addition to Bardwell, there is another expert in this case who utilizes the

same methodology for the same analysis. That expert is Dr. Shahrokh Rouhani

who has been retained by Defendants to offer testimony similar to Bardwell.

Expectantly, Rouhani reaches a different conclusion than Bardwell. The point,

however, is the existence of this type of an expert on both sides of this case

demonstrates that general causation can be established in part through statistical

analysis of the type conducted by both Bardwell and Rouhani. As such, I reject

Defendant’s argument that Bardwell’s opinions, and by implication Rouhani’s

opinions, are not the product of any scientifically valid methodology. They indeed

are.

        Defendants maintain that Bardwell’s testimony should be further excluded

because it relies on Dr. Erin Mannen’s opinions.65 What Defendants fail to

appreciate is that this Court has already ruled that Dr. Mannen’s findings are



63
   See In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prods. Liab. Litig., 289 F.Supp.2d at 1239 (citing Faigman, et al. eds., 2
Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Sci. of Expert Testimony § 28-1.1, at 302-03); In re Viagra Prods.
Liab. Litig. 572 F.Supp.2d at 1078; Pritchard v. Dow Agro Sci’s, 705 F.Supp.2d at 485 (citing Fed. J. Ctr.,
Reference Manual on Sci. Evid. Reference Guide on Epidemiology, at 335-36).
64
   See Ex. D., Robert Bardwell, Laura Sangaré, et al., The Risk of Sleep-Related Death in an Inclined Sleep
Environment, 24 BMC, Pub, Health, 2186 (2024); In re Asbestos Litig., 2016 WL 10703199, at *2 (Del. Super.
June 8, 2016) (quoting Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1315).
65
   D.I. 300 p.11-12.


                                                        23
reliable.66 Based on the prior summary judgment decision in this case, I reject

Defendants’ argument that the testimony should be excluded as it goes only to

increased risk.67 Under Pennsylvania law, increased risk testimony is not, in and

of itself, sufficient to meet Plaintiffs’ causation burden. As explained at the

summary judgment stage, this evidence is only a piece of the puzzle that Plaintiffs

tend to rely on to meet their causation argument.

         The remaining arguments made by Defendants as to the flaws in Bardwell’s

analysis go not to the opinion’s admissibility but to its weight.68 Bardwell will not

only be subject to cross examination but Rouhani’s testimony will affirmatively

rebut Bardwell. The experts disagree. That is for the jury to hear not for me to

decide on a motion to exclude.

                       TESTIMONY OF ROYAL BUNIN

         Royal Bunin (“Bunin”) is a forensic economist who has been retained by

the Plaintiffs to offer expert opinions on future losses. Defendants have moved to

preclude Bunin from providing his three opinions regarding (1) the infant’s

projected future lost earnings, (2) the infant’s projected future lost fringe benefits,

and (3) the projected future lost services to Plaintiffs. According to Defendants,

these calculations are sheer speculation, have little to no connection to the record



66
   See D.I. 320.
67
   See D.I. 318.
68
   D.I. 300 p.12-16.


                                           24
in this case, and, therefore, are unreliable. Moreover, Defendants maintain, that

as to the fringe benefit analysis in the context of Plaintiffs’ survivor claim there is

no clear evidence to suggest the infant would have received such benefits.69

Plaintiffs counter that when the “factual basis, data, principles, methods or their

application in an expert opinion are challenged the Court inquires simply whether

the expert’s testimony has a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of the

relevant discipline, and, in this case, that has been done.70

        In Greer v. Bryant et al.,71 the Pennsylvania Superior Court was called upon

in a medical malpractice case to determine whether future damages for an infant

were appropriate. In Greer the Court wrote:

             PCOM argues that the judge improperly allowed expert testimony
             which used a 1.1% “productivity factor” to calculate the deceased
             child's potential earning capacity. PCOM claims that since the
             child was not old enough at her death to exhibit tangible objective
             factors that would demonstrate the child's earning potential, the
             expert had no foundation on which to base his 1.1% figure. We
             disagree.

             By now, it is well-settled that in order to determine lost wages vis-
             a-vis a Plaintiff's potential earning capacity, the use of a
             productivity factor is proper to estimate a Plaintiff's potential
             productivity increase. Kaczkowski v. Bolubasz, 491 Pa. 561, 421
             A.2d 1027 (1980). A “productivity factor” takes into account an
             individual's ability to influence his rate of income earning power
             over time by considering objective criteria such as age, maturity,
             education, and skill. Id. at 573, 421 A.2d at 1033. The basis for
             sanctioning the use of a productivity factor is the progressive
69
   D.I. 308 p.1.
70
   D.I. 349 p.4 (citing M.G. Bancorporation, Inc, 737 A.2d 513.)
71
   621 A.2d 999 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1983).


                                                        25
         notion that while damages are never capable of precise
         mathematical computation, the inherently speculative nature of
         damages should not justify the exclusion of reliable economic
         theory from the jury's consideration. Id. at 574–575, 421 A.2d at
         1034. PCOM argues that the Supreme Court's holding in
         Kaczkowski requires a “proper foundation” for the introduction of
         a productivity factor. Thus, since Rachel was unable to identify
         any of the objective criteria normally involved in a productivity
         analysis (i.e., age, maturity, prior work experience, etc.) for her
         newborn child, no “proper” foundation had been laid for the
         factor. This argument is specious. We do not read Kaczkowski's
         proper foundation requirement as one that must be rigidly applied.
         Rather, Kaczkowski is premised on the notion that although every
         victim is entitled to full compensation, calculation of damages is
         inherently speculative. Reliance on economic data is helpful in
         aiding the factfinder and reducing the amount of guesswork that
         naturally exists when determining damages. Thus, the “proper
         foundation” for the admission of a productivity factor can only be
         determined on a case by case basis, taking into account
         Plaintiff/victim's personal circumstances.

         In this case, the economic expert calculated the newborn child's
         1.1% productivity factor based on the objective criteria
         demonstrated by the child's mother. As the trial court noted, in a
         case where an infant is entitled to uncertain future loss damages,
         a reasonable basis with which to calculate the factor is with the
         mother's objective criteria. The only alternative, precluding an
         infant from proving such damages in the context of a survival
         action brought by her parents, would ignore the economic reality
         that that child possessed potential earning capacity. Projecting that
         child's productivity potential on a plane equal to that of her parent
         is certainly more “proper” than ignoring that potential altogether.
         The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in allowing the
         economic expert to apply a productivity factor based on the
         deceased child's mother's experiences.

      The teaching of Greer is that while projecting future damages for infants

involves “guesswork” such an exercise is appropriate for the jury to consider if it



                                         26
is based on economic data and takes into account the plaintiff/victim’s personal

circumstance. In the instant case, Bunin based his calculations on the education

and work history of the infant’s parents. In his report Bunin writes:

           Ms. Brown is currently 31.9 years of age having been born on 4/5/91.
           Following her graduation from the Academy Park High School in
           2009, Ms. Brown obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology
           from Rosemont College in 2013 and recently obtained her
           commercial drivers license (“CDL”). She noted in her deposition,
           prior to the birth of her son, she worked for TSA from 2011 until
           2014. Following his death, Ms. Brown was employed as an events
           coordinator at the Bellevue State Park in Delaware. Prior to obtaining
           her current position as a bus driver with District Five, Ms. Brown
           worked at the YMCA in Delaware and then at the YMCA in South
           Carolina.

           Mr. Braggs is currently 36.7 years of age having been born on
           7/14/86. Following his high school graduation in 2004, Mr. Braggs
           indicated in his deposition he attended the Montgomery County
           Community College, the Philadelphia County Community College,
           and Strayer University. He began working for Comcast in 2019, Mr.
           Braggs has functioned as an analyst with Comcast Business.72

           Additionally, Bunin relied upon certain labor department statistical data

which is a standard source of date utilized by economic experts73 Bunin’s reliance

on this material is sufficient to allow his future loss projections to reach the jury.

The fact that Bunin included calculations beyond a bachelor’s degree is a matter

for cross examination not exclusion. The same is true regarding the argument that

Bunin did not consider the health history of the infant since Plaintiffs have


72
     D.I. 308, Ex. A, Bunin Expert Report, p.2.
73
     Gilda Mecca, et al. v. Frank Lukasik, et al., 530 A 2d 1334, 1339 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1987).


                                                           27
proffered that there will be testimony from the doctors that the infant,

notwithstanding his health issues, would be expected to live to a normal life

expectancy. For these same reasons, Bunin’s testimony regarding his projection

of future fringe benefits is admissible and subject to cross examination. Finally,

the criticisms of the Defendants as to Bunin’s testimony regarding loss services

goes to the credibility of the issue not its exclusion.74

                     TESTIMONY OF MARRIETTA S. ROBINSON

         Defendants seek exclusion or limitation of Plaintiffs’ CPSC and ASTM

expert, Marietta S. Robinson (“Robinson”). Defendants rely on three primary

grounds. First, Defendants argue Ms. Robinson’s testimony is improper because

(1) it includes legal conclusions and opinions on the law; (2) inappropriately

testifies to Defendants’ mental state, intention, and motivation; and (3) provides a

narrative retelling of the cases’ events.75 Second, Defendants contend Robinson’s

expertise blocks her from testifying to the design process of and safety measures

taken in the production of the RnP.76 Finally, Defendants assert Robinson’s

testimony pertaining to the scope of CPSC’s authority is irrelevant.77




74
   The Court is not at all clear that the result under Delaware law would be the same. It is this Court’s view that
Pennsylvania law on this topic is far more lenient in allowing it to pass through this gatekeeping function and
getting the evidence before the jury than would be the case under Delaware law.
75
   D.I. 303 p.2-3.
76
   Id. p.3.
77
   Id.


                                                          28
         Plaintiffs reject each contention. As to expressing improper legal opinions,

Plaintiffs argue Robinson’s testimony will not give the jury an ultimate opinion

but rather will provide expert information and a factual basis to “lead” jurors to a

legal conclusion.78 Plaintiffs further deny the claim that Robinson testifies to

Defendants’ state of mind and that her testimony is narrative.79 Next, Plaintiffs

assert Robinson is not exceeding her expertise by opining on the design process

and safeguards in producing the RnP as they relate to her expert understanding of

the CPSC and ASTM.80 Finally, Plaintiffs argue Robinson, in her expert capacity,

may testify as to the scope of CPSC’s statutory authority.81

                                            Common Arguments

         Defendants raise concern over Robinson’s use of the phrases “wrongful

conduct,” “egregious wrongful conduct,” “outrageous conduct,” and “intentional,

willful and wanton disregard.”82 Considering the case law cited in the common

arguments section, these words and phrases are not so intertwined with their legal

meanings that they would be distinguishable from their everyday meaning to a lay

person. However, I again caution that the Court will be mindful of not allowing

state of mind testimony and the use of inflammatory words.



78
   D.I. 355 p.7-9, 10 n.3, 11-14.
79
   Id. p.14-20.
80
   Id. p.20-22.
81
   Id. p.23.
82
   D.I. 303 p.10 (citing Exs. A at 2; B at 1, 11, 20).


                                                         29
         Defendants also pose a problem with Robinson’s testimony on Defendants’

legal duties as well as the adequacy of the RnP’s warning labels.83 Plaintiffs

maintain that Robinson will only testify to statutory provisions imposed on

manufacturers, such as Defendants, by the CPSC as well as the extent to which the

CPSC and ASTM consider adequate warning labels in determining the safety of a

product.84 In her capacity as an expert on the CPSC and ASTM, Robinson may

testify to relevant Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (“CPSIA”)

provisions that apply to Defendants as well as how the CPSC considers proper

warnings in their evaluation of product safety.

         Defendants contend Robinson’s testimony suggests three states of mind: (1)

Defendants “manipulated” their voluntary regulatory process to be advantageous

to themselves; (2) Defendants were motivated by “profits over safety;” and (3) a

communication between Fisher-Price’s attorney and the CPSC suggests

Defendants “threatened CPSC with a lawsuit.”85           When testifying to each

circumstance, Ms. Robinson may comment on facts that are relevant to her

understanding of CPSC and ASTM product safety requirements. However, Ms.

Robinson may not suggest Defendants acted with a certain state of mind. That is

something the jurors must decides for themselves. In addition, the communication



83
   Id. p. 11.
84
   D.I. 355 p.10-13.
85
   D.I. 303 p.14-15.


                                          30
between Fisher-Price’s attorney and the CPSC occurred in April 2019, after the

incident; therefore, it is irrelevant, and the Court will not allow the jury to hear

testimony on it otherwise.

                                       Narrative Testimony

        It is impermissible for an expert to “narrate internal documents and form a

conclusion evident to a lay person from their face.”86 Defendants argue this is

exactly what Ms. Robinson has done in her expert report.87 However, an expert

report may include “narratives of . . . documents” as long as they are admissible

and the expert is using them to create their opinions.88

        The District Court of Minnesota recently assessed Robinson’s CPSC

expertise as it pertains to defective engines in Reynolds v. Polaris.89 The defendant

raised a similar argument seeking to reject Robinson’s testimony on the grounds

it “is merely a chronology.”90 The Court expressed concern with Robinson’s

report “read[ing] like a book” but emphasized that the report “notif[ies] the

opposing party of the expert’s opinion(s) and the facts informing the opinion(s)”

and is not provided to a jury.91




86
   Allscripts Healthcare, LLC v. Andor Health, LLC, 2022 WL 3021560, at *42 (D. Del. 2022).
87
   D.I. 303 p.16-18.
88
   Kaur, 2022 WL 1486178, at *3.
89
   No. 27-CV-22-12627 (Dist. Minn. June 28, 2024).
90
   Id. at *3.
91
   Id. at *3-4.


                                                      31
           The Court agrees with the holding in Reynolds and finds that Robinson’s

testimony will not be excluded on the basis that her report is in narrative form.

Robinson may use relevant facts and admissible evidence to form her opinions

when asked proper questions that do not call for narrative answers. If Robinson’s

testimony at trial becomes a narrative re-telling of events that is irrelevant to her

expert opinions, Defendants have the right to object at that time.

                      Limiting Testimony to Subject Matter Expertise

           Plaintiffs maintain Robinson’s testimony will be limited to “whether

[Defendant’s] design process and procedures complied with [CPSC and ASTM

manufacturer] standards.”92 Plaintiffs agree that Robinson will not be expressing

opinion on feasibility of alternative designs and the product’s defectiveness nor

any other opinion that requires engineering, medical, or product design

backgrounds. Those opinions are excluded.

           In response to the defendant’s subject matter argument against Robinson’s

testimony, the Reynolds court held Robinson may rely “upon other experts’ input

reasonably relied upon in her field and appl[y] her CPSC expertise to reach a

conclusion regarding whether the [product] defect(s) constituted a product hazard

pursuant to CPSC standards.”93




92
     D.I. 355 p.22.
93
     Reynolds, No. 27-CV-22-12627, at *6.


                                            32
         Robinson’s testimony is relevant and reliable in that it provides her specific

expertise pertaining to CPSC and ASTM standards to assist the jurors in making

their own determination of whether the RnP was defective. This Court agrees with

Reynolds’ holding and finds Robinson may testify within the narrow scope of her

expertise as to the applicability of CPSC and ASTM standards to Defendants’ RnP

production.

                                 Criticisms of CPSC

         Reynolds held testimony “describ[ing] the limited authority vested in the

CPSC” is “both within Robinson’s expertise and helpful to the jury.”94 However,

the Court also held Robinson may not expand on this topic with criticisms on the

scope of CPSC’s authority.95 For the same reason, this Court limits Robinson’s

testimony to the actual scope of CPSC’s authority and not any critiques relating to

inadequacy or Congress’s role in limiting the CPSC’s authority. These criticisms

are irrelevant and excluded.

         Plaintiffs seek inclusion of Robinson’s critique of CPSIA Section 6(b)

requiring CPSC to obtain approval from the manufacturer before releasing a public

message on a potentially hazardous product.96 As discussed prior, Robinson may

testify to the statute’s applicability to Defendants but may not critique the statute.



94
   Id. at *8.
95
   Id.
96
   D.I. 355 p.23.


                                            33
In addition, the conversation between Fisher-Price’s attorney and CPSC Plaintiffs

reference in their argument to include testimony on Section 6(b) occurred after the

incident and is therefore irrelevant.

      To be clear, Plaintiffs may not elicit testimony from Robinson regarding the

recalls of the product at issue. Nor may Plaintiffs elicit testimony on events post-

accident.

                     DEFENDANT’S OTHER MOTIONS

                     TESTIMONY OF GARY DEEGEAR

      Defendants have moved to exclude Plaintiffs from making any reference to

Dr. Gary Deegear’s (“Dr. Deegear”) medical license and related events. Dr.

Deegear is a medical doctor with whom the Defendants consulted during the 2008-

2009 time frame. This was during the development process of the product at issue

in this case. Dr. Deegear is a medical doctor. He was the only doctor with whom

the Defendants consulted during the development of the RnP. In 2016, Dr.

Deegear, who was licensed to practice medicine in Texas, had his license cancelled

due to non-payment of renewal fees. For the next two years, Dr. Deegear

represented himself to patients as a licensed physician and held himself out to be

the supervising physician of a medical spa where he worked part-time. On

September 21, 2018 the Texas Medical Board found that Dr. Deegear falsely held

himself out as a licensed physician and permanently prohibited him from



                                         34
practicing medicine in the State of Texas. The Texas Board’s decision reflects

that Dr. Deegear did not appear at the Board’s hearing.97

         Defendants seek to exclude any testimony regarding Dr. Deegear’s medical

license and the events related to that before the Texas Board. Defendants maintain

that the testimony is irrelevant, and, even if relevant, its relevance would be

unfairly prejudicial and confuse and mislead the jury. Defendants focus on the

timing of Dr. Deegear’s involvement in the development of the RnP and the Texas

Board’s actions to argue that the two are remote in time and not relevant.98

Plaintiffs counter that Dr. Deegear is a central witness in the defense’s case, and

the issues surrounding Dr. Deegear’s license go directly to his credibility.99

         It is automatic that any party may challenge a witness’s credibility.100 The

credibility of a witness is always at issue for the jury’s consideration.101 Dr.

Deegear may be asked by Plaintiffs if his medical license was permanently

suspended by the Texas Board because he held himself out as a licensed physician

when he was not. These specific questions go to credibility and can be asked.

Plaintiffs can go no further. However, if Defendants seek to get into the facts



97
   See D.I. 309 p.1-3; D.I. 357 p.4-5.
98
   D.I. 309 p.3-5.
99
   D.I. 357 p.10-14.
100
    See D.R.E. 607 (“Any party, including the party that called the witness, may attack the witness’s credibility.”)
101
    See Atkinson v. State, 778 A.2d 1058, 1062 (Del. 2001) (quoting Pryor v. State, 453 A.2d 98, 100 (Del. 1982))
(“‘[T]he jury is the sole trier of fact, responsible for determining witness credibility and resolving conflicts in
testimony.’ As such, ‘[j]urors should be afforded every opportunity to hear impeachment evidence that may
undermine a witness’ credibility.’”).


                                                          35
surrounding the suspension that will open the door for Plaintiffs to pursue the issue

further. How far that door is opened will depend on how Defendants handle this

issue.

            Defendants’ motion on this point is DENIED.

      EVIDENCE OR ARGUMENT REGARDING THE CONGRESSIONAL
          INVESTIGATION ABOUT THE ROCK ‘N PLAY SLEEPER

            Defendants seek to exclude the following: (1) the United States House of

Representatives Committee on Oversight and Reform Staff Report titled, “Infant

Deaths in Inclined Sleepers: Fisher-Price’s Rock ‘n Play Reveals Dangerous Flaws

in U.S. Product Safety (“Staff Report”), (2) transcript of the June 7, 2021 hearing

before the Committee (“Hearing Transcript”), and (3) statements made, or

documents created, in relation to the investigation and hearing (collectively,

“Congressional Investigation Materials”), including the fact the investigation

occurred.102 Defendants’ primary basis for exclusion is that the evidence is

irrelevant and prejudicial because the congressional investigation and subsequent

Staff Report occurred post-incident and the purpose of the investigation is

unrelated to the instant products liability claims.103 In their Response, Plaintiffs

argue the evidence is relevant because, despite the investigation occurring after the

incident, the materials concern events that occurred before the incident, including


102
      D.I. 295 p.1.
103
      Id. p.2-3.


                                            36
“initial design, manufacturing, testing, [and] labeling and release of the Rock ‘n

Play Sleeper.”104

           The Congressional Investigation began in 2019, and the Staff Report was

published in June 2021. Both occurred long after A.B.’s death in January 2018.

The purpose of the investigation does not align with this Court’s role in conducting

this jury trial. The Staff Report, the result of the investigation, is an advocacy

piece pushing for legislative reform. Evidence admitted in this trial is meant to

assist the jury in determining factual issues in order to make an ultimate decision

on liability. In addition, there are case-specific facts in this lawsuit that were not

considered in the Investigation. Even if relevant, the probative value of the Report

is substantially outweighed by its prejudice. In addition, the Report could mislead

and/or confuse the jury.         For these reasons, the Congressional investigation

materials, including the Hearing Transcript and Staff Report, are inadmissible, and

this Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion.

           If Plaintiffs wish to raise information within the Report, Hearing, or other

Investigation Materials, they may do so through evidence that is not related to the

Investigative Report to the extent the evidence is not otherwise barred.




104
      D.I. 359 p.10.


                                             37
      EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENT REGARDING THE SNUGA INFANT
                        SWING RECALL

         Defendants argue raising the Snuga Infant Swing Recall is irrelevant

because it is an entirely different product from the RnP.105 Plaintiffs do not plan

on raising any evidence concerning the Snuga Infant Swing Recall unless

Defendants first raise it.106 Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED.

         Defendants also seek a ruling on excluding Plaintiffs from raising the recall

of any Mattel or Fisher-Price product other than the RnP.107 The Court will grant

the request.

      EVIDENCE OR ARGUMENT OF POST-INCIDENT ACTIONS BY
                    GOVERNMENT BODIES

         Defendants seek exclusion of any action taken by a government body after

the incident on January 16, 2018 pertaining to the RnP and any other infant

inclined sleeper.108 Specifically, Defendants ask the Court to bar Plaintiffs’ use of

the following, but does not limit their Motion to just these two actions,: (1) the

United States Congress’ investigation and enactment of the “Safe Sleep for Babies

Act of 2021,” and (2) the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s (“CPSC”)

Supplement Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 2019 and subsequent rule

impacting a limited number of infant sleep products produced on or after June 23,

105
    D.I. 305 p.4.
106
    D.I. 348.
107
    D.I. 305 p.1 n.1.
108
    D.I. 296 p.1.


                                            38
2022.109 Defendants argue steps taken by government entities after the incident,

and which do not apply retroactively, are irrelevant to the instant case.110

Defendants also ask the Court to preclude Plaintiffs’ use of the words “banned” or

“illegal” when referring to the RnP arguing that at the time of the incident, and

before, the RnP was sold legally.111

         In their Response, Plaintiffs argue the above-mentioned government actions

are highly relevant to this case for several reasons.112 First, Plaintiffs contend, at

least the two investigations named by Defendant, go to the central issue in this

case of whether the RnP was a defective product that caused A.B.’s death.113

Second, Plaintiffs assert the evidence goes to comparative negligence of the

parents because both Congress and the CPSC found use of the restraints was

immaterial to the RnP’s safety.114 Third, Plaintiffs argue the evidence is relevant

to their biomechanical expert, Dr. Erin Mannen’s, credibility because both entities

used her in their respective investigations.115 Finally, Plaintiffs assert, because

Defendants’ experts state the CPSC’s position on the safety of the RnP in their




109
    Id.
110
    Id. p.2, 5-7.
111
    Id. p.11.
112
    D.I. 369 p.1.
113
    Id. p.2.
114
    Id. p.6.
115
    Id. p.7.


                                          39
reports, Plaintiffs should be able to introduce evidence of CPSC’s post-incident

investigation and subsequent ruling.116

            The Court finds Defendants’ ask to exclude evidence and argument of

government actions taken after the incident appropriate.             This evidence is

irrelevant for two reasons: (1) actions taken after the incident do not aid the jury

in understanding what happened leading up to and during the incident, and (2)

government investigation and rulemaking pertaining to the safety of incline sleep

products does not consider the distinct facts of the instant case, and, therefore,

cannot help the jury in making liability determinations for this specific scenario.

            The Court also excludes use of the words “illegal” and “banned” in relation

to the RnP. The RnP was banned from the market in 2019, after the incident in

this case.

            Based on the above reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion.

            EVIDENCE OR ARGUMENT ON THE ACTIONS OR
      COMMUNICATIONS OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENT REGULATORS

            Defendants ask the Court to exclude actions taken or communications made

by “regulators or entities outside the United States, including but not limited to”

Health Canada, the Royal College of Midwives in the United Kingdom, the

Queensland Government of Australia, and the Australian Competition and



116
      Id.


                                              40
Consumer Commission related to the RnP and inclined infant sleepers in

general.117 Defendants argue regulations made or actions taken towards the RnP

in foreign countries are irrelevant to the instant case because a foreign country’s

regulations and policies are immaterial to Defendants’ liability under United States

law.118 Plaintiffs contend actions and communications of foreign countries are

admissible as notice to Defendants of potential issues with the RnP.119 Plaintiffs

proffer evidence of regulations from Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom

from as early as 2011.120

        In In re Tylenol (Acetaminophen) Marketing, Sales Practices and Products

Liability Litigation, the District Court allowed the plaintiff “to offer evidence that

foreign regulatory agencies raised concerns about acetaminophen dosing years

before the decedent’s death to show notice and/or knowledge.”121 The Court

acknowledged that submitting evidence of how a foreign country handled a

product safety issue requires addressing the country’s regulatory system.

However, that line of questioning is not necessary when using the evidence simply

to show the defendant was on notice of potential issues with the product.122




117
    D.I. 307 p.1.
118
    Id. p.1, 6.
119
    D.I. 354 p.2.
120
    Id.
121
    181 F.Supp.3d 278, 307 (E.D. Pa. 2016).
122
    Id.


                                              41
        Defendants cite another Eastern District of Pennsylvania case, Pennsylvania

Trust Co. v. Dorel Juvenile Group, Inc and argue its exclusion of Canadian label

requirements applies to this case.123       However, Pennsylvania Trust Co. is

distinguishable from the instant case because the plaintiffs offered evidence of the

label on the defendant’s Canadian booster seats, differing from the label on the

booster seats in the United States, to establish that defendants knew the booster

seats in the United States was unsafe.124 The Court held this evidence was

“inherently prejudicial and presents a substantial risk of jury confusion.” 125 The

distinction between Pennsylvania Trust Co. and In re Tylenol is that in

Pennsylvania Trust Co. the plaintiffs attempt to introduce evidence relying solely

on Canadian labeling requirements to show the United States warning label was

inadequate; whereas, in In re Tylenol, the plaintiffs are simply seeking to introduce

the evidence as notice there was a potential dosing issue.

        This Court agrees with the holding in In re Tylenol and applies it to the

instant case. Plaintiffs may offer actions taken by foreign entities to regulate the

RnP in their respective countries as evidence of Defendant’s notice and/or

knowledge of potential issues with the RnP. If Defendants wish, they make seek

a limiting instruction to explain to the jury that a foreign country’s regulations are



123
    51 F.Supp.2d 831, 842-43.
124
    Id.
125
    Id.


                                          42
not applicable to regulation of the RnP in the United States and the evidence so

being offered only as to notice.

         For the above reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion.

      EVIDENCE OR ARGUMENT REGARDING THE ROCK ‘N PLAY’S
            RECALL OR RE-ANNOUNVEMENT OF RECALL

         Defendants seek to exclude any evidence or argument regarding the post-

incident recall on April 12, 2019, or re-announcement of the recall on January 9,

2023 of the Rock ‘n Play Sleeper.126 Defendants assert that the recall and re-

announcement constitute a subsequent remedial measure barred by Rule 407, with

no applicable exceptions.127 They further contend that admitting this evidence

would be prejudicial, misleading, and unnecessarily time-consuming.128 In their

Response, Plaintiffs argue that the evidence can be used for other purposes,

including proving causation, rebutting comparative negligence claims, and

impeachment.129

         Under D.R.E. 407, “when measures are taken that would have made an

earlier injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is

not admissible to prove negligence; culpable conduct; a defect in a product or its

design; or a need for a warning or instruction.”130 However, “the court may admit


126
    D.I. 299 p.1.
127
    Id. p.4.
128
    Id. p.12.
129
    D.I. 370 p.2.
130
    D.R.E. 407.


                                         43
this evidence for another purpose, such as impeachment or, if disputed, proving

ownership, control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures.”131

         The April 2019 recall and the January 2023 re-announcement of the recall

occurred after the January 2018 incident. This indicates that had the recall been

issued before January 2018, it “would have made an earlier injury or harm less

likely to occur.”132 Therefore, the recall and the re-announcement are subsequent

remedial measures under Rule 407.

         Plaintiffs argue the recall and re-announcement can circumvent the

subsequent remedial measure exclusion and be admitted for other purposes.133

Plaintiffs first contend that these materials should be allowed to establish

causation.134 While courts have recognized an exception to Rule 407 for causation,

they have also held that the Rule bars the use of subsequent remedial measures to

imply causation when such evidence would effectively suggest fault. 135

         In Velazquez v. Abbott Laboratories, the court held that recall notices issued

by the FDA and the producer's recall of baby formula were inadmissible as

subsequent corrective measures under Rule 407.136 The court noted that recall

letters are generally insufficient to establish that the defect which was the subject



131
    Id.
132
    Id.
133
    D.I. 370 p.2.
134
    Id. p.4.
135
    Brazos River Authority v. GE Ionics, Inc., 469 F.3d 416, 429 (5th Cir. 2006).
136
    901 F.Supp.2d 279 (D.P.R. 2012).


                                                         44
of the recall was present in the particular product that caused the plaintiff's

injuries.137      Additionally, the court emphasized that Rule 407 prohibits the

admission of subsequent remedial measures taken voluntarily by a defendant,

including sending recall notices, and highlighted the prejudicial effect of such

evidence.138

        The recall notices in this case, issued after the 2018 incident, state that

"fatalities were reported" following infant rollovers. They do not directly link the

product to any specific injury mechanism applicable to this case.139 Nor does the

notice admit causation. Allowing this evidence would create a substantial risk of

unfair prejudice by leading the jury to infer that because Fisher-Price recalled the

product, a defect caused A.B.’s death. Moreover, the causation Plaintiffs attempt

to establish by introducing this evidence is the type of causation suggesting fault

that courts have not allowed.

        Plaintiffs also argue the recalls are admissible to rebut comparative

negligence.        Several cases have addressed the inadmissibility of subsequent

remedial measures to rebut claims of comparative negligence, emphasizing the

public policy rationale and the weak probative value of such evidence.140 These


137
    Id. at 303.
138
    Id. at 305.
139
    D.I. 370 p.7.
140
    See Glazer v. Socata S.A.S, 75 Misc.3d 605, 616 (2022); Johnson v. State, Dep't of Transp., 233 P.3d 1133,
1137 (Ariz. 2010); see, e.g. Hardy v. Chemetron Corp., 870 F.2d 1007, 1011 (5th Cir.1989) (“Evidence of
subsequent measures is no more admissible to rebut a claim of non-negligence than it is to prove negligence
directly.”); Fasanaro v. Mooney Aircraft Corp., 687 F.Supp. 482, 486 (N.D.Cal.1988) (“Plaintiff's attempt to


                                                        45
cases collectively underscore the consistent application of Rule 407 to exclude

evidence of subsequent remedial measures in the context of rebutting comparative

negligence claims.

         Plaintiffs also seek to use the recall and re-announcement of the recall to

impeach Defendant’s witnesses. While impeachment is a valid exception to Rule

407, the exception is not limitless. Courts can restrict the use of subsequent

remedial measures for impeachment where their probative value is substantially

outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice or juror confusion.141 Plaintiffs argue

that the recall and press releases are admissible to impeach various defense

witnesses, including expert witnesses and corporate representatives. However,

impeachment cannot be used as a pretext to introduce evidence that would

otherwise be inadmissible under Rule 407. The recall and press release inherently

suggest a defect or safety concern, which would lead the jury to infer negligence—

the very inference Rule 407 seeks to prevent.

         Additionally, several of Plaintiffs’ proposed impeachment uses rely on

alleged findings and determinations, which are themselves subject to evidentiary

limitations and may not directly contradict the testimony of Defendants’ witnesses

in a meaningful way. Introducing such evidence risks shifting the jury’s focus



phrase her argument ... as rebuttal of [defendant's] contributory negligence defense is purely semantic.... [S]he
argues that the decedent was not contributorily negligent because the defendant was negligent.”).
141
    Petree v. Victor Fluid Power, Inc., 887 F.2d 34, 38 (3d Cir. 1989).


                                                          46
from the specific facts of this case to broader regulatory decisions that postdate the

incident, further confusing the issues.

            For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion in Limine is GRANTED.

                           LAY OPINION TESTIMONY ON
                      BIOMECHANICS AND MEDICAL CAUSATION

            Defendants have moved to exclude Plaintiffs from offering lay opinions on

biomechanics and medical causation. Plaintiffs do not oppose this Motion, and it

is therefore GRANTED. To be clear, Ms. Brown may testify as to how she placed

A.B. in the product and what position he was in when she discovered him on the

date of the incident. Christine Singleton may testify as to what position A.B. was

in when she arrived at the scene of the incident and how she placed his body back

in the product that morning after picking him up.

                      IMPROPER STATEMENTS AND ARGUMENTS

            Defendants have moved to exclude Plaintiffs’ counsel from making certain

statements about Defendants that have been made in pretrial proceedings.

Plaintiffs agree they will not say (1) “RnP is the most dangerous, most lethal infant

product ever created in the United States,” and (2) “Defendants are baby

killers.”142 As to these statements, Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED.




142
      D.I. 358 p.2.


                                             47
            As to the remaining statements set forth by Defendants, any decision on

prohibiting these statements will depend upon what evidence is presented and

allowed. The lawyers involved in this case are experienced trial lawyers who are

familiar with the bounds of what is proper argument and what is not based on the

evidence. I expect that both sides will stay within the bounds of proper argument

which includes argument that is based on what evidence is actually presented and

admitted at trial.

                               PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS

                            TESTIMONY OF STEVEN ARNDT
            Defendants do not oppose the proposition that Steven Arndt (“Dr. Arndt”),

Defendants’ human factors expert, cannot offer medical causation opinions.143

Therefore, the Motion is GRANTED, and Dr. Arndt may not offer medical

causation opinions.

                        TESTIMONY OF CHRISTINE SINGLETON
            Christine Singleton (“Ms. Singleton”) is the grandmother of A.B.

Defendants agree that they will not seek to admit any evidence of Ms. Singleton’s

litigation history and whether Ameena Brown fell during her pregnancy. In light

of this, Plaintiffs’ Motion on these points is GRANTED.




143
      D.I. 363 p.1-2.


                                             48
         Plaintiffs also seek to exclude any testimony regarding Ameena Brown’s

use and understanding of the subject RnP. Plaintiffs maintain that this testimony

is irrelevant and, even if relevant, its probative value is substantially outweighed

by its prejudice. Defendants respond that the testimony is relevant and not

substantially outweighed by prejudice.

         To support their stance, Defendants make several arguments.          First,

Defendants contend the jury should be able to consider testimony on what, if any,

information Ms. Singleton gave Ms. Brown regarding use of the RnP. Defendant

further asserts testimony if whether Ms. Brown sought information on the RnP’s

use from Ms. Singleton goes to Ms. Brown’s conduct in making sure she used the

RnP safely.144 This makes sense considering Ms. Singleton testified to having her

own RnP.145 Second, Defendants assert Ms. Singleton should be able to testify to

the “full scope of evidence directly relevant to any additional means by which Ms.

Brown could have learned about the [RnP], Ms. Singleton’s and Ms. Brown’s

knowledge, and the infant’s sleeping arrangement prior to death.” 146 Defendants

maintain it would be prejudicial towards Defendants if they cannot seek this

testimony but Plaintiffs introduce “cherry picked” portions of Ms. Singleton’s

understanding of the RnP.147 I agree with this argument and allow Defendants to


144
    D.I. 364 p.6-8.
145
    Id. p.8.
146
    Id. p.9.
147
    Id.


                                         49
elicit testimony concerning Ms. Singleton’s personal knowledge and use of the

RnP, including any research she conducted in determining the product’s safety, as

well as her experience with how A.B. was placed to sleep in the RnP and how she

discovered A.B. on the morning of the incident.

      Based on these reasons, I find that the testimony is relevant and is not

substantially outweighed by any unfair prejudice. Therefore, I DENY Plaintiffs’

Motion.

          STATEMENTS OF APOLOGY OR SORROW AT TRIAL

      Plaintiffs move to prevent Defendants from making any statement of

apology or sorrow as such remarks are irrelevant. Defendants oppose maintaining

that by not being able to say something on this point will support Plaintiffs’ claim

that the company is uncaring. I normally restrict these kinds of comments to be

consistent with the jury instruction given that states the jury cannot base its verdict

on sympathy. I am giving that same caution here. However, I am persuaded by

Defendants’ argument that to allow them to say nothing could paint Defendant as

uncaring. I will allow one expression of sympathy or apology during both the

opening statement and closing argument. Without prior permission of the Court,

no witness may make such a comment.

   STATEMENTS MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE RETURN OF
           DECEDENT’S BREATHING EQUIPMENT




                                           50
         Plaintiffs move to exclude any testimony, including the CHOP notes from

January 23, 2018, pages 37 and 38, relating to the return of the infant’s breathing

equipment, on the grounds of relevance.148 Defendants maintain that the note is

relevant.149 The offending note is Dr. Slack’s note of 1/23/18 at 1034. I agree

with Defendants that the note is relevant and not unduly prejudicial. Some of the

note goes to the use of the equipment prior to the child’s death and goes directly

to the defense of causation and comparative fault on the part of the parents. The

statements of the father are admissions and also go to the above issues. Plaintiffs’

Motion is DENIED.

               DOCUMENTATION CONCERNING A.B.’S OXYGEN
         Plaintiff seeks to exclude from evidence a note from Dr. Bonita where she

wrote “per the last pulmonology note (A.B.) was to continue oxygen during

feedings and sleep.” Plaintiff seeks to exclude this note arguing that Dr. Bonita’s

note, when read with the rest of the chart, is clearly a mistake and that if the note

were admitted it would cause unfair prejudice and confusion. 150 Defendants

maintain that the note is not a mistake when read in context with the remaining

record and that the note is relevant.151 I agree with Defendants. The jury is entitled

to hear this testimony as it goes to the mother’s actions and to the cause of the


148
    D.I. 313.
149
    D.I. 367.
150
    D.I. 316 p.4-6.
151
    D.I. 368 p.6-7.


                                          51
infant’s death. The Plaintiffs are free to call Dr. Bonita to explain the note.

Therefore, Plaintiffs’ Motion is DENIED.

       COMMON MOTIONS IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE CUMULATIVE
                    EXCERPT TESTIMONY
           Plaintiffs moved to prevent Defendants from offering cumulative expert

testimony.152 Defendants filed a similar motion.153 Each side acknowledged that

there will be some overlap in testimony but that each will attempt to limit the

overlap. The Court will also listen to make sure that the overlap is at a minimum

and is not merely cumulative. A specific request is impossible to address at pretrial

and will be considered at the time of the trial testimony.

           IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                               /s/ Francis J. Jones, Jr.
                                               Francis J. Jones, Jr., Judge

cc:        Counsel of Record via File&ServeXpress




152
      See D.I. 315.
153
      See D.I. 293.


                                          52