Clarke v. Dutton Harris & Company, PLLC

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Alan Clarke, Case No.: 2:20-cv-00160-JAD-BNW 4 Plaintiff 5 v. Order Denying Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction 6 Dutton Harris & Company, PLLC and Bob W. Dutton, [ECF Nos. 14, 28] 7 Defendants 8 9 After Valda Clarke passed away, her son Alan reached out to her accountant, Bob 10 Dutton, and his accounting firm Dutton Harris & Company, PLLC, to do some accounting work 11 and prepare the tax returns for his mom’s estate and related trusts. But according to Clarke, 12 Dutton Harris flubbed the valuation and tax returns, overlooking key assets and relying on old 13 information, which left Clarke entangled in a lawsuit with a beneficiary of the estate. So Clarke 14 sued Dutton and the firm to indemnify him for any losses that he may incur in that other dispute. 15 The defendants move to dismiss, arguing that this court lacks personal jurisdiction over them. 16 Though most of the defendants’ work takes place out of state, their contacts to Nevada are 17 sufficient, so I deny their motions. 18 Background1 19 Valda Clarke met Dutton through a mutual Nevada connection near the start of the 20 millennium.2 She then hired Dutton’s Texas-based accounting firm to prepare her financial 21 22 23 1 This is merely a summary of Clarke’s allegations and not findings of fact. 2 ECF Nos. 18-1 at ¶ 5 (Clarke Declaration); 28-1 at ¶ 8 (Dutton Declaration). 1 statements and tax returns, which it did for more than a decade.3 Though the firm does work for 2 its clients exclusively from Texas, it maintains clients elsewhere—including nearly ten in 3 Nevada.4 For some of the time that Dutton worked for Valda, he served as the vice president of 4 one of Valda’s Nevada corporations5 and, near the end of Valda’s life, Dutton was involved in 5 her estate planning.6 After Valda passed away, Alan Clarke hired the defendants to prepare the 6 estate and income tax returns for Valda’s estate and various trusts, and to compile information 7 about the assets and equity of one of Valda’s corporations in the estate.7 Clarke claims that the 8 defendants omitted key assets in preparing the tax returns, which led one of the estate’s 9 beneficiaries to sue Clarke.8 Hoping to lessen the blow of that lawsuit, Clarke now seeks 10 indemnification from Dutton and the firm and sues them for malpractice, breach of contract, and 11 negligence. 12 Discussion 13 The Fourteenth Amendment limits a forum state’s power “to bind a nonresident 14 defendant to a judgment of its courts,”9 and Federal Rule 12(b)(2) authorizes a court to dismiss a 15 complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. To determine its jurisdictional reach, a federal court 16 must apply the law of the state in which it sits.10 Because Nevada’s long-arm statute reaches the 17 18 3 ECF No. 1 at ¶ 20 (complaint). 19 4 ECF Nos. 14-1 at ¶¶ 5 (Erdwurm Declaration), 9; 28-1 at ¶¶ 10, 11. 5 ECF Nos. 18-1 at ¶ 7; 28-1 at ¶ 7. 20 6 ECF No. 18-1 at ¶ 11. 21 7 ECF Nos. 18-4 at 2 (engagement letter); 1 at ¶ 22. 22 8 ECF No. 1 at ¶ 26. 9 Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 283 (2014) (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 23 444 U.S. 286, 291 (1980)). 10 Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 125 (2014) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A)). 1 constitutional ceiling,11 the question here is whether jurisdiction “comports with the limits 2 imposed by federal due process.”12 A court may only exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident 3 defendant with sufficient “minimum contacts with [the state] such that the maintenance of the 4 suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’”13 5 There are two forms of personal jurisdiction: general and specific.14 Clarke argues that 6 this court can exercise both forms over the defendants because of their years of work for Nevada 7 clients and Dutton’s other business ventures in the state. I consider each basis for the exercise of 8 jurisdiction and conclude that this court, though unable to exercise general jurisdiction over the 9 defendants, may exercise specific jurisdiction over them. 10 I. This court lacks general jurisdiction over the defendants. 11 General jurisdiction is far-reaching and permits a defendant to be sued in the forum for 12 conduct “anywhere in the world.”15 “But that breadth imposes a correlative limit: Only a select 13 ‘set of affiliations with a forum’ will expose a defendant to such sweeping jurisdiction.”16 So 14 “[o]nly in an ‘exceptional case’ will general jurisdiction be available anywhere” other than an 15 individual’s domicile or a corporation’s place of incorporation and principal place of business.17 16 This standard is “exacting” and requires a nonresident defendant to “engage in ‘continuous and 17 18 11 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 14.065. 12 Walden, 571 U.S. at 283 (quoting Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 125). 19 13 Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 20 457, 463 (1940)). 14 Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011). 21 15 Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 2004). 22 16 Ford Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 592 U.S. ____ (2021), No. 19-368, slip op. at 5 (2021) (citation omitted). 23 17 Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Martinez v. Aero Caribbean, 764 F.3d 1062, 1070 (9th Cir. 2014)). 1 systematic general business contacts,’” “approximat[ing] physical presence in the forum state,” 2 that are “so substantial and of such a nature as to justify suit against [the defendant] on causes of 3 action arising from dealings entirely distinct from those activities.”18 4 Clarke fails to make the “exceptional case” that nonresidents Dutton and Dutton Harris 5 are “essentially at home” in Nevada.19 While the firm worked for Valda for years and has other 6 clients in the state, merely “engaging in commerce with residents of the forum state is not in and 7 of itself the kind of activity that approximates physical presence within the state’s borders.”20 8 After considering the “[l]ongevity, continuity, volume, economic impact, physical presence, and 9 integration into the state’s regulatory or economic markets”21 of Dutton Harris’s Nevada 10 operations, I cannot find that general jurisdiction over the firm is appropriate. As the firm points 11 out and Clarke does not dispute, Dutton Harris does not have a single Nevada employee, its only 12 office is in Texas, and it has less than a dozen clients who live in Nevada.22 13 As for Dutton, Clarke contends that his participation in two Nevada businesses plus his 14 work for Valda is sufficient to assert general jurisdiction over him. Far from showing that 15 Dutton is at home in Nevada, however, these facts merely demonstrate that Dutton has some 16 connection to the state. But he’s never lived in the state, nor is he licensed here. And at the time 17 of this dispute, Dutton was no longer an officer of the Nevada corporation that fell under the 18 19 18 Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1224 (9th Cir. 2011) (citations 20 omitted). 19 Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 139 n.19. 21 20 Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v. Augusta Nat’l Inc., 223 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000) overruled 22 in part on other grounds by Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2006). 23 21 Mavrix Photo, Inc., 647 F.3d at 1224 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 22 ECF No. 14-1 at ¶¶ 5, 6, 9. 1 estate.23 Clarke offers no precedent that would suggest that an individual’s discontinued 2 business activities in a forum permits that forum’s courts to exercise general jurisdiction over 3 him forever, and I decline to do so here. 4 II. This court can exercise specific jurisdiction over the defendants. 5 Having determined that neither defendant is subject to this court’s general personal 6 jurisdiction, I turn to whether this court has specific jurisdiction over them. Specific jurisdiction 7 “focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.”24 This means 8 that “the plaintiff cannot be the only link between the defendant and the forum,”25 and “[t]he 9 unilateral activity of those who claim some relationship with a nonresident defendant cannot 10 satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum State.”26 11 Courts in the Ninth Circuit apply a three-prong test to resolve whether specific 12 jurisdiction exists.27 In a case like Clarke’s, which sounds in contract and negligence, the 13 plaintiff bears the burden of satisfying the first two prongs by showing that (1) the defendant 14 “purposefully avail[ed] himself of the privileges of conducting activities in the forum” and (2) 15 the claim “arises out of or relates to the defendants’ forum-related activities.”28 If he does, the 16 17 23 ECF No. 28-1 at ¶ 7. 18 24 Walden, 571 U.S. at 283–84 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 775 (1984)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 19 25 Id. at 285 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 478 (1985)). 20 26 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958). 27 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802 (citing Lake v. Lake, 817 F.2d 1416, 1421 (9th Cir. 1987)). 21 28 Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l., Inc., 874 F.3d 1064, 1068 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Dole 22 Food Co., Inc. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Courts generally apply the purposeful-availment test to suits sounding in contract or negligence, 23 Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 460 (9th Cir. 2007), and the purposeful-direction test to intentional torts. Freestream Aircraft (Bermuda) Ltd. v. Aero Law Grp., 905 F.3d 597, 606 (9th Cir. 2018). This lawsuit centers around the defendants’ alleged 1 burden then shifts to the defendant to “present a compelling case” that jurisdiction would be 2 unreasonable.29 An insufficient showing at any prong requires dismissal.30 3 A. The defendants purposefully availed themselves of conducting business in the 4 forum. 5 Under a purposeful-availment analysis, the plaintiff must show that the defendant 6 “performed some type of affirmative conduct [that] allows or promotes the transaction of 7 business within the forum state.”31 This does not require a defendant to have a physical presence 8 in the forum.32 Instead, the focus is on whether the defendant’s “business activities reach out 9 beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens of another 10 state.”33 11 In the Ninth Circuit, incidental or fleeting contacts with a forum will only establish 12 purposeful availment when the defendant takes some additional action in the state. In Boschetto 13 v. Hansing, for example, the Ninth Circuit grappled with whether a car sale—which was 14 conducted online and the car was then delivered to the forum state—could sustain specific 15 jurisdiction.34 Determining that it could not, the Boschetto court explained that because the 16 17 negligence and ultimate breach of contract in their tax-preparation services. So the defendants’ 18 reliance on the purposeful-direction test is misplaced. See Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 803. 29 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802 (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477). 19 30 Omeluk v. Langsten Slip & Batbyggeri A/S, 52 F.3d 267, 270 (9th Cir. 1995); Boschetto v. 20 Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1016 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1155 (9th Cir. 2006)) (“[I]f the plaintiff fails at the first step, the jurisdictional inquiry ends 21 and the case must be dismissed.”). 31 Sher v. Johnson, 911 F.2d 1357, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990). 22 32 Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476. 23 33 Travelers Health Ass’n v. Virginia, ex rel. State Corp. Comm’n, 339 U.S. 643, 647 (1950). 34 Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1017. 1 purchase contract “did not create any ongoing obligations with [the plaintiff] in [the forum],” the 2 defendant’s “one-shot affair” with the forum was incidental and, thus, insufficient to establish 3 purposeful availment.35 In essence, he had not taken advantage of the forum’s benefits and 4 protections.36 But in T.M. Hylwa, M.D. v. Palka,37 the Ninth Circuit held that an out-of-state 5 accountant was subject to jurisdiction in the forum where he provided “year-round services” for 6 a forum business and traveled there at least once a year to “work on [the plaintiff’s] books.”38 7 Because the accountant’s work for the forum resident involved more than just attenuated 8 services—he was, after all, an employee under contract who received a pension—he could 9 reasonably expect to be haled into court in California for his actions there.39 And even though 10 the accountant’s work initially made its way to the forum only because the plaintiff moved there, 11 his decision to continue offering services in the forum (though performed mostly from another 12 state), was sufficient to tie the accountant to the forum.40 13 Clarke argues that four contacts establish the defendants’ purposeful availment in 14 Nevada: (1) the accounting and tax work that the defendants did for Valda and her estate, (2) the 15 defendants’ phone calls and emails to parties in the forum, (3) the defendants’ ten Nevada 16 clients, and (4) Dutton’s separate business affairs in the state. Admitting that the defendants 17 have not advertised in Nevada nor established concrete business entities in the state, Clarke 18 alleges that the defendants were introduced to Nevada contacts who sought out their accounting 19 20 35 Id. 21 36 Id. 37 T.M. Hylwa, M.D., Inc. v. Palka, 823 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1987). 22 38 Sher, 911 F.2d at 1363 n.3 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Hylwa, 823 F.2d at 314–15). 23 39 Id. 40 T.M. Hylwa, 823 F.2d at 314–15. 1 and tax-preparation services. And based on the defendants’ professional and personal 2 relationship with Valda and their early involvement in her estate planning, Clarke claims that he 3 reached out to the defendants to evaluate one of the estate’s assets and to do related tax work. 4 While this case presents a close call, I find that Dutton and his firm have purposefully 5 availed themselves of the benefits of the forum. True, Clarke’s allegations do not rise to the 6 level of the pension-invoking, long-term contract-based contacts that supported the exercise of 7 jurisdiction in T.M. Hylwa, but they also do not fall to the level of an incidental, one-shot deal 8 dismissed by the Boschetto court. The defendants engaged in a long-term business relationship 9 with Nevada-based Valda, doing her taxes multiple times over a decade-long period, alongside 10 offering her “tax advice.”41 They also continue to maintain business relationships in Nevada— 11 by their own admission, they have “approximately ten clients currently residing in Nevada.”42 12 So even if the defendants’ contacts with Nevada began solely because that’s where the customers 13 lived, the defendants’ decision to maintain those clients and continue offering services for them 14 created an ongoing relationship with the forum. And as part of those relationships, the 15 defendants have sent numerous emails and called several Nevada contacts.43 16 Each of these individual acts might be independently insufficient to support the exercise 17 of specific jurisdiction. 44 But taken together and construed in plaintiff’s favor, they demonstrate 18 that the defendants’ Nevada-based conduct wasn’t the product of “random” or “isolated” actions; 19 they were the result of the defendants’ choice to take advantage of Nevada’s laws and do 20 21 41 ECF No 28-1 at 10. 22 42 ECF No. 14-1 at ¶ 9. 23 43 ECF No. 18-1 at ¶ 9. 44 See Sher, 911 F.2d at 1363. 1 business here.45 So I find that Clarke has satisfied the first prong of the Ninth Circuit’s specific- 2 jurisdiction test. 3 B. Clarke’s claims arise from or relate to the defendants’ forum conduct. 4 To meet the second specific-jurisdiction prong, “the suit must ‘aris[e] out of or relate[e] 5 to the defendant’s contacts with the forum.”46 This means that “there must be ‘an affiliation 6 between the forum and the underlying controversy, principally [an] activity or an occurrence that 7 takes place in the forum State and is therefore subject to the State’s regulation.’”47 Historically, 8 courts in the Ninth Circuit exclusively “rel[ied] on a ‘but for’ test to determine whether a 9 particular claim arises out of forum-related activities.”48 But the Supreme Court appears to have 10 recently done away with that approach in Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial District 11 Court.49 While “[t]his does not mean anything goes,” courts must give real consideration to 12 claims that “relate to” the defendant’s forum contacts.50 13 14 15 45 Ford, slip op. at 6. Clarke also argues that Dutton’s officer role in a couple Nevada businesses demonstrates that jurisdiction over him is reasonable. I do not rely on that connection to 16 establish jurisdiction for two reasons. First, Clarke offers no facts that Dutton’s independent business ventures are in anyway attributable to Dutton Harris. Second, and most importantly, 17 there are no facts to show that Clarke’s claim arises from or relates to Dutton’s separate business activities. 18 46 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., San Francisco Cnty., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 19 1780 (2017) (quoting Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 126) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis and alteration in original). 20 47 Id. (citation omitted). 21 48 Ballard v. Savage, 65 F.3d 1495, 1500 (9th Cir. 1995). 49 Ford, slip op. at 8–18, id. at 2–3 (Alito, J. concurring) (“Ford, however, asks us to adopt an 22 unprecedented rule under which a defendant’s contacts with the forum State must be proven to have been a but-for cause of the tort plaintiff ’s injury. The Court properly rejects that argument . 23 . . . ”). 50 Id. at 8 (majority opinion). 1 The defendants do not dispute that Clarke’s claims arise from their Nevada services for 2 the estate. Nor do they dispute that Clarke’s claims also relate to the defendants’ overall practice 3 in Nevada under which they offer the same services. Instead, the defendants argue only that 4 Dutton’s work for the Nevada companies, and the phone calls and emails that the defendants sent 5 in connection with Valda’s estate, are distinct from Clarke’s claims. While Clarke offers no 6 facts to show that Dutton’s participation in those companies has anything to do with his and his 7 business’s tax and accounting services, the calls and emails were associated with the defendants’ 8 tax and accounting services in Nevada. These acts do not merely relate to any of the defendants’ 9 Nevada conduct—they directly relate to the accounting and tax-preparation services that they 10 provide in the forum that underlie this case. And even if I were to ignore these contacts, the 11 defendants’ remaining contacts, which go undisputed, are sufficiently related to this suit to find 12 that jurisdiction is appropriate over these defendants. 13 C. Exercising jurisdiction over the defendants is reasonable. 14 Once a plaintiff has established a defendant’s minimum contacts with a forum, the 15 defendant “must present a compelling case that the presence of some other considerations would 16 render jurisdiction unreasonable.”51 That burden is hefty52 and requires the defendant to show 17 that jurisdiction is so unreasonable that it would “offend traditional notions of fair play and 18 substantial justice.”53 The Ninth Circuit directs courts to consider seven factors in making this 19 determination: (1) the “extent of the defendant[s’] purposeful injection in the forum state’s 20 affairs;” (2) the “burden” of defending in the forum; (3) the “extent,” if any, of “conflict with the 21 22 51 Burger King, 471 U.S. 462, 477 (1985). 23 52 Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1114. 53 Int’l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 316 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 1 sovereignty of the defendant’s state;” (4) the forum’s “interest in adjudicating the dispute;” (5) 2 the most efficient redress of the controversy; (6) “the importance of the forum to the plaintiff’s 3 interest in convenient and effective relief,” and (7) the “existence of an alternative forum.”54 4 The second factor is the only one that leans wholly in the defendants’ favor. As the 5 parties agree, the defendants do not have a physical presence in the forum. But while there may 6 be a burden on the defendants to litigate in Nevada, “it would not be impossible.”55 As the Ninth 7 Circuit has explained, “[m]odern advances in communications and transportation have 8 significantly reduced the burden of litigating in another [location].”56 This is particularly true 9 here—this case has been going on for more than a year in Nevada and much of the discovery 10 from the underlying beneficiary lawsuit was already disclosed. So while the second factor favors 11 the defendants, it does not show that the defendants would be so inconvenienced that jurisdiction 12 is unreasonable. 13 Of the remaining factors, only the first factor tilts somewhat in the defendants’ favor, 14 while the rest favor Clarke or neither party. Under the first factor, a finding of purposeful 15 availment does not put the issue of purposeful injection beyond dispute.57 While the defendants’ 16 contacts here are sufficient to meet the purposeful-availment test, I am cognizant that the firm 17 has only about ten clients in the state and does most of its work from Texas, which mitigates the 18 first factor.58 But as I previously noted, once the defendants established relationships with 19 20 54 Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1114. 55 Core-Vent Corp. v. Nobel Indus. AB, 11 F.3d 1482, 1489 (9th Cir. 1993). 21 56 Id. 22 57 Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1114 (“[T]here may be circumstances under which the level of purposeful injection into the forum supports a finding of purposeful availment yet still weighs 23 against the reasonableness of jurisdiction.”). 58 Id. at 1488. 1 Nevada clients, they continued to service those clients in Nevada with no signs of stopping, 2 effectively preventing this factor from tipping entirely in their favor. 3 The fourth and sixth factors favor Clarke because although Clarke admits that he is 4 personally not a Nevada resident, the dispute centers around the work done for the Nevada 5 estate. Nevada has a strong interest in the mishandling of an estate within its jurisdiction, so the 6 fourth factor favors Clarke.59 And although the sixth factor “is not of paramount importance,” I 7 still consider it.60 Because Clarke lives in California, he contends that litigating in Nevada is far 8 more convenient than traveling to Texas where the defendants reside.61 So the sixth factor, as 9 expected, favors Clarke. 10 Finally, the third and fifth factors do not favor either party. For the sovereignty factor, 11 courts consider the “competing sovereign interests in regulating [the defendants’] behavior.”62 12 This factor is not dispositive and as the Ninth Circuit has explained, “litigation against an” 13 international party “creates a higher jurisdictional barrier than litigation against a citizen from a 14 sister state.”63 The defendants here are not international defendants, they are residents of Texas. 15 So while Texas may maintain an interest in regulating its citizens’ conduct, the defendants have 16 not pointed to a reason why exercising jurisdiction here conflicts Texas’s sovereignty in 17 regulating its citizens’ conduct. Next, when considering which forum is the most efficient, 18 courts generally assess the location of the witnesses and evidence.64 The defendants argue that 19 20 59 See Freestream Aircraft, 905 F.3d at 608. 21 60 Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1116. 61 ECF No. 18 at 10. 22 62 Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1114. 23 63 Sinatra v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 854 F.2d 1191, 1199 (9th Cir. 1988). 64 Core-Vent Corp., 11 F.3d at 1489. 1}| because they did their work for the estate in Texas, their witnesses and evidence will be there. 2|| But while the parties agree that most witnesses will not come from Nevada, the witnesses are also not solely in Texas. And as Clarke points out, some of the estate documents are still in All| Nevada. So this factor is largely a wash and does not favor either party. 5 Balancing these factors isn’t a numbers game and depends on the defendant to carry the 6|| burden of “overcom[ing] the strong presumption” that jurisdiction is reasonable.®° For example, 7\\ the Ninth Circuit has upheld an exercise of jurisdiction where “only two of the reasonableness 8]| factors favored the plaintiff.” Here, only the second factor definitively favors the defendants. And although some lie closer to the defendants’ side, none of them overwhelmingly shows that 10}| jurisdiction is unreasonable. Thus, I find that the defendants have failed to meet their burden of presenting a compelling case that jurisdiction is unreasonable. And because the defendants have not made the showing that Nevada is an unreasonable forum, I need not consider whether Texas an adequate alternate forum as they suggest.°* 14 Conclusion 15 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the defendants’ motions to dismiss [ECF No. 14] 16] and [ECF No. 28] are DENIED. 17 q NZ 18 _ (SNE USS. District Judge Tenniter A. Dorsey 19 March 31, 2021 20 6 See Dole Food, 303 F.3d at 1116. 66 Td. at 1117. Id. 3 68 See CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc., 653 F.3d 1066, 1080 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Whether another reasonable forum exists becomes an issue only when the forum state is shown to be unreasonable.”). 13