Fantagraphics Books Inc v. Ferris

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 FANTAGRAPHICS BOOKS, INC., CASE NO. C21-00802-LK 11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 12 v. PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 13 EMIL FERRIS, 14 Defendant. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Emil Ferris’s motion for partial summary judgment. 17 Dkt. No. 33. Fantagraphics Books, Inc., a Seattle-based publisher, published Ferris’s book entitled 18 My Favorite Thing Is Monsters in 2017. Dkt. No. 2 at 1. The parties dispute whether Fantagraphics 19 is entitled to publish “Book 2” of Monsters under the parties’ 2016 publishing agreement. They 20 have filed competing claims for declaratory relief on that issue, and Ferris seeks partial summary 21 judgment dismissing Fantagraphics’ claim for a declaratory judgment that it is entitled to publish 22 Book 2 of Monsters and granting Ferris’s counterclaim for a declaratory judgment that 23 Fantagraphics does not have the right to publish anything other than the Monsters book it has 24 already published. For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies the motion. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 A. Fantagraphics and Ferris Agree to Publish Monsters 3 In 2012, Ferris, a formally trained artist and novelist, began working on what would 4 become Monsters. Dkt. No. 34 at 2. The graphic novel tells the story of Karen, a 10-year-old girl 5 who grew up in Chicago in the 1960s. Id. Ferris writes and illustrates everything the reader sees 6 on the page, including the writing, art, color, and lettering, so her work on the manuscript was 7 time-consuming. Id. In 2015, Ferris finished a 600+ page manuscript for Monsters, and though she 8 knew it would require additional editing, she engaged literary agent Holly Bemiss to shop the 9 manuscript to potential publishers. Id. Fantagraphics, an independent Seattle-based book 10 publishing company, expressed interest in publishing Monsters. Id. 11 During negotiations, Gary Groth, the president of Fantagraphics, indicated that the 600+ 12 page manuscript was too long to be commercially marketable. Dkt. No. 34 at 3. Fantagraphics 13 contends that the parties agreed that Fantagraphics would publish Monsters in two volumes 14 because of its length. Dkt. No. 36 at 3.1 For her part, Ferris asserts that the parties discussed but 15 never reached agreement on the terms for publishing the second installment of the story. Dkt. No. 16 34 at 3. Ferris agreed to edit the manuscript down to approximately 400 pages, which left 17 approximately 230 pages that she refers to as the “remnant.” Id. Ferris contends that she “never 18 intended to use the remnant as the principal source for the next installment of Monsters, which 19 [she] started working on before the first book was published.” Id. As part of Ferris’s process of 20 editing down Monsters, she created a set of new pages that presented a different ending than the 21 one in the manuscript. Id. According to Ferris, the “new ending is not in any way in alignment 22 with the remnant, so publishing the remnant as the next installment of the story won’t make any 23 24 1 The parties’ dispute over the admissibility of the alleged communications regarding this issue is addressed below. 1 sense and will be confusing to readers.” Id. Ferris contends that once Book 1 was created, the 2 remnant “was no longer usable as the basis for the next work in the series,” id. at 6, and she told 3 Groth that only 30–50 pages of the remnant “could possibly be used” for the next book, id. at 3. 4 The parties entered into a publishing agreement in January 2016. Dkt. No. 15-1. The 5 agreement grants Fantagraphics exclusive rights to, among other things, “[p]rint, publish, and sell 6 the Work in hard cover and soft cover book form,” “[p]rovide electronic and digital versions of 7 the book,” and “[l]icense publication of the Work”—including “selections from the Work in 8 anthologies and other publications, in mail-order and schoolbook editions; or as premiums and 9 other special editions.” Id. at 2. The agreement does not define the term “Work.” However, it 10 defines “Book” as “a compilation of the Work in book form currently titled My Favorite Thing Is 11 Monsters.” Id. It further contains a reservation of rights providing that “[a]ll rights 12 (TV/movie/dramatic/multimedia/merchandising) not included in this contract belong to the 13 Author.” Id. at 4. The agreement’s integration clause states that it “contains the entire 14 understanding of the parties with respect to its subject matter,” and that “[a]ny and all 15 representations or agreements by any agent or representative of either party to the contrary shall 16 be of no effect.” Id. at 6. Furthermore, any “waiver or modification of any of the terms of th[e] 17 Agreement” is required to be “in writing, signed by both parties.” Id. 18 Ferris agreed to deliver the “Work to be included in the Book” to Fantagraphics “according 19 to a mutually agreed upon schedule,” and Fantagraphics agreed to “publish the Work within 24 20 months of the date of th[e] Agreement.” Id. at 4. Ferris also authorized and appointed Bemiss to 21 act as her agent under the terms of the agreement. Id. at 5; see also Dkt. No. 15 at 3. Bemiss sent 22 Groth a draft announcement for his approval to publicize the agreement and upcoming publication. 23 Dkt. No. 36 at 4; see also Dkt. No. 2 at 3; Dkt. No. 15 at 4. The draft announcement, which was 24 subsequently printed in relevant part in the trade publication Publishers’ Marketplace, stated that 1 the book would be “published in 2 volumes.” Dkt. No. 36 at 4; see also Dkt. No. 2 at 3; Dkt. No. 2 15 at 4. 3 Monsters Book 1 was published in February 2017. Dkt. No. 34 at 4. Fantagraphics 4 published it with the words “Book One” prominently written on the title page and spine. Dkt. No. 5 36 at 6; see also Dkt. No. 15 at 5. With the agreement in place, Fantagraphics began granting 6 licenses to foreign publishers to publish both volumes. Dkt. No. 36 at 4. According to 7 Fantagraphics, the licenses specified the separate publication of Book 1 and Book 2, and 8 Fantagraphics received separate advance payments for each volume. Id. at 4–5. Fantagraphics sent 9 Ferris copies of the licenses and her contractual share of the advance payments, including those 10 specifically attributable to Book 2, without objection from Ferris. Id. at 5. 11 B. Publication of Book 2 Is Repeatedly Delayed 12 According to Fantagraphics, the parties and Bemiss agreed that Book 2 would be published 13 in July 2017. Dkt. No. 36 at 5. Ferris advised Fantagraphics that she wanted to “polish” the second 14 part of Monsters before it was published, promising that she would deliver her polished version to 15 Fantagraphics in time to meet the publication date. Id.; see also Dkt. No. 15 at 6. Fantagraphics 16 announced the July 2017 publication date in its catalogue, and asserts that it did so with the “full 17 knowledge and enthusiastic support” of Bemiss and Ferris. Dkt. No. 36 at 5; cf. Dkt. No. 15 at 5. 18 Ferris created a front cover for Book 2 in collaboration with Fantagraphics’ designer, and 19 Fantagraphics alleges that she agreed that it could be included with the announcement for Book 2. 20 Dkt. No. 36 at 5. Ferris and Groth agreed that Ferris would need to write pages for Book 2 that 21 would represent a transition from Book 1 to Book 2, and Ferris sent the new transition pages to 22 Groth in May 2017. Id. at 13; see also Dkt. No. 19-1 at 9; Dkt. No. 15 at 8. 23 Despite the parties’ initial cooperation, difficulties ensued in bringing Book 2 to market. 24 Ferris claims that Fantagraphics “pressured” her to meet several deadlines to finish the next 1 installment, but she was unable to meet those deadlines because Fantagraphics was “insisting” that 2 she travel to promote Book 1. Dkt. No. 34 at 4. Regardless of the reasons, Ferris did not meet her 3 deadline, and the parties agreed to reschedule the publication of Book 2 to October 2017. Dkt. No. 4 36 at 6. Ferris failed to meet the deadline again, and the parties agreed that Book 2 would be 5 published in April 2018. Id. at 7. Each time, Fantagraphics announced the new publication dates 6 in its catalogue with Ferris’s and Bemiss’s “full knowledge and support,” featuring the Book 2 7 front cover and other content Ferris created for the announcement. Id. at 6–7. Ferris again failed 8 to meet the deadline for the April 2018 publication. Id. at 7. 9 While awaiting the publication of Book 2, the parties agreed to create and publish a “one 10 shot” 32-page comic book to help promote both Books 1 and 2 of Monsters. Id. at 15. 11 Fantagraphics asserts that Ferris approved that publication. Id. 12 By the time Ferris missed her deadline to meet the April 2018 publication, Fantagraphics 13 had publicly announced a publication date for Book 2 in three separate catalogues and created 14 marketing materials and prepared for publication three separate times. Id. at 7. At that point, and 15 without a draft of Book 2, Fantagraphics told Ferris it could not risk further damaging its 16 relationship with its distributor, retailers, and the publishing industry by announcing a publication 17 date for Book 2 unless and until Ferris actually delivered it. Id. To date, Ferris has not delivered 18 Book 2 to Fantagraphics. Id. at 8. 19 C. Fantagraphics Sues and Ferris Counterclaims 20 In June 2021, Fantagraphics filed a lawsuit in this Court, seeking a declaratory judgment 21 that it is entitled to publish Book 2 of Monsters. Dkt. No. 2. Ferris counterclaimed for breach of 22 contract for failure to pay her according to the terms of the publishing agreement, breach of the 23 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and for a declaratory judgment that the publishing 24 agreement covers only Book 1 and does not grant Fantagraphics the right to publish “any of the 1 remnants from the Book 1 manuscript.” Dkt. No. 15 at 13–31. 2 II. DISCUSSION 3 A. Jurisdiction 4 Because the parties’ filings were vague and potentially contradictory regarding the Court’s 5 subject matter jurisdiction, the Court requested supplemental briefing on that issue. Dkt. No. 41. 6 In response, the parties asserted that the amount-in-controversy requirement is met under the Ninth 7 Circuit’s “legal certainty” test. Dkt. No. 42 at 4–5, 9–10. Under that test, “the sum claimed by the 8 plaintiff controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith,” and dismissal is not warranted 9 unless it “appear[s] to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional 10 amount[.]” Naffe v. Frey, 789 F.3d 1030, 1040 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting St. Paul Mercury Indem. 11 Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288–89 (1938)). Where “the complaint affirmatively alleges 12 that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold,” a “more searching inquiry is 13 inapplicable.” Id. at 1040. 14 Here, none of the pleadings alleges an amount in controversy or sufficient information from 15 which the Court could infer that amount, see Dkt. Nos. 2, 15, 19-1, even though the amount in 16 controversy is normally determined from the face of the pleadings. Pachinger v. MGM Grand 17 Hotel-Las Vegas, Inc., 802 F.2d 362, 363 (9th Cir. 1986); Flores v. Safeway, Inc., C19-0825-JCC, 18 2019 WL 4849488, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 1, 2019). However, in the parties’ supplemental brief, 19 Fantagraphics states that the loss of the value of the right to publish Book 2 of Monsters “would 20 far exceed $75,000,” Dkt. No. 42 at 4, and Ferris alleges that the amount in controversy in each of 21 her three counterclaims “exceeds the $75,000 minimum amount set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a),” 22 id. at 7–8. 23 The Court can consider statements of parties and their attorneys in determining the amount 24 in controversy. See, e.g., Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373, 376 (9th Cir. 1 1997) (holding that the district court reasonably exercised its discretion to accept “a formal judicial 2 admission made in open court by the plaintiff’s attorney, that the amount in controversy exceeds 3 $50,000”); Flores, 2019 WL 4849488, at *4 (because attorneys act as their clients’ agents, courts 4 have “routinely found statements by attorneys to be relevant evidence of the amount in 5 controversy.”). The Court exercises its discretion to accept the parties’ statements about the 6 jurisdictional amount in their supplemental briefing because those statements are made by their 7 counsel in a signed filing, Dkt. No. 42, and because their estimates appear reasonable given the 8 other evidence in the record, including evidence that the first book “generated for Ferris more than 9 $450,000 in royalties and other income and concomitant profits to Fantagraphics.” Dkt. No. 2 at 10 1; see also Dkt. No. 15 at 3 (alleging that Ferris was entitled to more in royalties than she received 11 for the first book); Dkt. No. 42 at 8 (stating that the value of the second book “far exceeds 12 $75,000”). 13 Accordingly, the parties are diverse and the amount in controversy requirement is met. 14 Furthermore, the Court finds that the parties’ claims for declaratory judgment present a “case of 15 actual controversy” warranting the Court’s exercise of discretionary jurisdiction under the 16 Declaratory Judgment Act. 28 U.S.C. § 2201; see also Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & 17 Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941) (declaratory judgment actions are justiciable if “there is a 18 substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy 19 and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.”). This Court has jurisdiction over 20 the parties’ claims and counterclaims based on 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 21 B. Summary Judgment Standard 22 Summary judgment is appropriate only when “the movant shows that there is no genuine 23 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 24 Civ. P. 56(a). The Court does not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence at this 1 stage. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). The sole inquiry is “whether the 2 evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one- 3 sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Id. at 251–52. And to the extent that the Court 4 resolves factual issues in favor of the nonmoving party, this is true “only in the sense that, where 5 the facts specifically averred by that party contradict facts specifically averred by the movant, the 6 motion must be denied.” Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 888 (1990). 7 The Court will, however, enter summary judgment “against a party who fails to make a 8 showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 9 which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 10 (1986). Once the moving party has carried its burden under Rule 56(c), “the nonmoving party must 11 come forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. 12 Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)) 13 (emphasis omitted). Metaphysical doubt is insufficient, id. at 586, as are conclusory, non-specific 14 affidavits, Lujan, 497 U.S. at 888–89. 15 C. The Scope of the Record 16 Ferris requests that the Court strike the declaration of Gary Groth submitted in support of 17 Fantagraphics’ response because it does not substantially comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, violates 18 the parol evidence rule, does not authenticate the documents on which it relies, and is “filled with 19 hearsay.” Dkt. No. 38 at 8–12. Because the Court “may only consider admissible evidence when 20 reviewing a motion for summary judgment,” it addresses these evidentiary issues first. Weil v. 21 Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., LLC, 922 F.3d 993, 998 (9th Cir. 2019). 22 1. Section 1746 23 To be admissible, declarations must “substantially” include the following language: “I 24 declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. 1 Executed on (date).” 28 U.S.C. § 1746(2); see also Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. 2 Topworth Int’l, Ltd., 205 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 1999) (Section 1746 “requires only that the 3 declaration ‘substantially’ comply with the statute’s suggested language”). The purpose of this 4 affirmation is to be certain that “the declarant understands the legal significance of the declarant’s 5 statements and the potential for punishment if the declarant lies.” United States v. Bueno-Vargas, 6 383 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2004). Groth’s declaration substantially complies with Section 1746 7 as follows: 8 • The beginning of the declaration states that he “declares under penalty of perjury as 9 follows[.]” 10 • In a subsequent paragraph, Groth states that he is “personally swearing to the truth” of 11 the facts in the declaration “under oath and under penalty of perjury, all based on my 12 own personal knowledge.” 13 Dkt. No. 36 at 2; see also Dkt. No. 37 (corrected signature page with proper signature and date of 14 declaration). While not in an ideal format, those elements meet the requirements of the statute and 15 demonstrate that Groth understands the legal significance of his statements and the consequences 16 of lying. 17 2. Hearsay 18 However, certain statements in Groth’s declaration cannot be considered in resolving 19 Ferris’s motion. Although Groth confirms that the statements in his declaration are based on 20 personal knowledge, Dkt. No. 36 at 2, he occasionally uses plural pronouns to describe what “we” 21 were aware of, see, e.g., id. at 17–18. Because Groth may only testify about his own personal 22 knowledge, the Court does not consider assertions in his declaration regarding what others knew. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4); Fed. R. Evid. 602. 24 1 3. Unauthenticated materials 2 Ferris also argues that portions of the Groth declaration in which he fails to attach or 3 authenticate communications or documents from which he quotes are inadmissible. Dkt. No. 38 at 4 11–12. That argument has merit. 5 Even if the emails are not hearsay as party admissions under Federal Rule of Evidence 6 801(d)(2), Groth’s recitations are not the best evidence of their contents. Under the best evidence 7 rule, “[a]n original writing, recording, or photograph is required in order to prove its content” 8 unless a Rule of Evidence or a federal statute provides otherwise. Fed. R. Evid. 1002. Here, no 9 applicable rule or statute would permit Groth’s recitations to be admitted: none of the exceptions 10 in Federal Rule of Evidence 1004 apply, nor does Rule 1007 provide an avenue for admission. See 11 Fed. R. Evid. 1004 (describing circumstances where “[a]n original is not required and other 12 evidence of the content of a writing, recording, or photograph is admissible”; Fed. R. Evid. 1007; 13 see, e.g., Wiesner v. FBI, 668 F. Supp. 2d 157, 160 (D.D.C. 2009) (“Rule 1007 is inapposite to the 14 situation here because the plaintiff is not seeking to admit secondary evidence to prove the contents 15 of a writing, recording, or photograph.”). Rule 1002 therefore prevents Groth’s attempt to “prove 16 the content” of emails without attaching them. Marceau v. Dep’t of Ins., No. 1:09-CV-00514-N- 17 EJL, 2011 WL 3439178, at *6 (D. Idaho Aug. 5, 2011) (“If testimony attempts to prove the 18 contents of the document, such testimony is not admissible unless the original document is 19 provided or [there is] an indication the original is lost.”); see also Interactive Educ. Concepts, Inc. 20 v. TCDL Tex., Inc., No. 18-cv-7379-RSWL (Ex), 2019 WL 134540, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2019); 21 Sutton v. Derosia, No. 1:11-cv-01426-LJO-JLT, 2012 WL 4863788, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 22 2012); Medina v. Multaler, Inc., 547 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1122 (C.D. Cal. 2007). Because Groth’s 23 excerpted quotations, Dkt. No. 36 at 3–4, 6, 8–18, are not the best evidence, the Court does not 24 1 consider them to prove the contents of emails between him and Ferris or Bemiss.2 2 After Ferris filed her reply and requested that the Court strike the Groth declaration, 3 Fantagraphics filed a surreply. Dkt. No. 40. Because Fantagraphics’ surreply is not limited to 4 “addressing the request to strike,” and instead substantively responds to Ferris’s reply, the Court 5 does not consider it. See LCR 7(g); see also, e.g., Dkt. No. 40 at 3 (“Ferris does not even try to 6 refute Fantagraphics’ contention, leaving the contention entirely undisputed.”). 7 4. Parol Evidence Rule 8 Under the parol evidence rule, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to add to the terms of a 9 fully integrated contract. Hulbert v. Port of Everett, 245 P.3d 779, 784 (Wash. Ct. App. 2011). 10 Ferris argues that the Groth declaration is inadmissible under the parol evidence rule because it 11 seeks to add to or vary the contract’s terms. Dkt. No. 38 at 8–9. As set forth below, extrinsic 12 evidence can provide context to help determine the meaning of specific words and terms used, so 13 the Court considers the admissible portions of the Groth declaration for that purpose and not to 14 alter the terms of the agreement. See Hearst Commc’ns, Inc. v. Seattle Times Co., 115 P.3d 262, 15 267 (Wash. 2005). 16 D. Ferris Is Not Entitled to Partial Summary Judgment 17 Ferris argues that she is entitled to partial summary judgment that Fantagraphics does not 18 have the right to publish Book 2 of Monsters because the publishing agreement is fully integrated 19 and unambiguous, does not refer to a second volume, uses the words “Book” and “Work” in 20 21 2 To the extent Ferris challenges the admissibility of the announcement written by Bemiss and published in Publishers’ Marketplace stating that the book would be “published in 2 volumes,” Dkt. No. 36 at 4, her argument is unavailing. 22 Ferris admitted in her answer to the complaint that the announcement “speaks for itself.” Dkt. No. 15 at 4. And because Groth’s declaration reproduced the statement as a duplicate, its inclusion does not violate the best evidence rule. Dkt. 23 No. 36 at 4; see also Dkt. No. 2 at 3; Dkt. No. 15 at 4; Fed. R. Evid. 1001(e), 1003. In addition, Groth has personal knowledge of the statement, and because it was made by Bemiss acting within the scope of her authority as Ferris’s literary agent, it is not hearsay. Dkt. No. 36 at 4; Dkt. No. 15-1 at 5; Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(D). Accordingly, the 24 Court considers the announcement. 1 singular form, and grants Fantagraphics only the right to publish Book 1 of Monsters. Dkt. No. 33 2 at 2. Fantagraphics disagrees, arguing that the parties instead agreed that Fantagraphics would 3 publish Monsters in two volumes, and that the language of the agreement and extrinsic evidence 4 supports this interpretation. Dkt. No. 35 at 2–11. For the reasons laid out below, Fantagraphics has 5 the better of the arguments. 6 The publishing agreement is governed by Washington law. Dkt. No. 15-1 at 6. Washington 7 follows the “objective manifestation theory” of contract interpretation, focusing “on the objective 8 manifestations of the agreement, rather than on the unexpressed subjective intent of the parties.” 9 Hearst Commc’ns, Inc., 115 P.3d at 267. Washington courts thus “impute an intention 10 corresponding to the reasonable meaning of the words used” based on the words’ “ordinary, usual, 11 and popular meaning” unless “the entirety of the agreement clearly demonstrates a contrary 12 intent.” Id. Accordingly, “the subjective intent of the parties is generally irrelevant if the intent can 13 be determined from the actual words used.” Id. If relevant for determining mutual intent, 14 Washington courts allow extrinsic evidence “‘to determine the meaning of specific words and 15 terms used’ and not to ‘show an intention independent of the instrument’ or to ‘vary, contradict or 16 modify the written word.’” Id. (emphasis added in Hearst) (quoting Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 974 17 P.2d 836, 842 (Wash. 1999)). Extrinsic evidence includes the subject matter and objective of the 18 contract, all the circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, the subsequent acts and 19 conduct of the parties, and the reasonableness of the respective interpretations urged by the parties. 20 Berg v. Hudesman, 801 P.2d 222, 229 (Wash. 1990). 21 Ferris argues that it is undisputed that the contract is unambiguous, and that extrinsic 22 evidence cannot be used to interpret an unambiguous contract. Dkt. No. 33 at 2, 10–14. However, 23 an issue of fact exists regarding whether the parties intended the “Book” or “Work” to encompass 24 only Monsters Book 1 or Monsters published in two volumes. The publishing agreement grants 1 Fantagraphics the right to publish the “Work,” Dkt. No. 15-1 at 2, but the agreement does not 2 define “Work,” and does not specify whether the Work will be published in one or multiple 3 volumes. See generally Dkt. No. 15-1.3 The agreement does, however, define “Book”: “a 4 compilation of the Work in book form currently titled My Favorite Thing Is Monsters.” Dkt. No. 5 15-1 at 2. In common parlance, “compilation” means “the act or process of compiling” and 6 “something compiled”—i.e., “gathered together especially from various sources.” Compilation, 7 Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compilation 8 (last visited Sept. 8, 2022); Compiled, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam- 9 webster.com/dictionary/compiled (last visited Sept. 8, 2022).4 This definition does not 10 unambiguously indicate that the meaning of “Book” or “Work” in the agreement could include 11 only one volume, as Ferris urges; instead, it suggests that “Book” or “Work” could comprise two 12 volumes. Indeed, Fantagraphics argues—and Ferris does not dispute—that a book can be 13 published in more than one volume. See Dkt. No. 35 at 8–10. 14 Because the Court finds that the terms “Book” and “Work” as used in the agreement are 15 ambiguous, the Court considers extrinsic evidence to help determine the meaning of the terms. See 16 Hearst Commc’ns, Inc., 115 P.3d at 267. Fantagraphics’ argument that the parties understood 17 “Work” and “Book” to encompass two volumes finds support in the parties’ words and actions 18 relating to their execution of the publishing agreement. 19 20 3 The agreement lacks much of the detail contained in typical publishing agreements. See, e.g., Book Publishing Agreement (Trade Books), Practical Law Standard Document w-005-1382; Ward v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., No. C13- 21 7851-JMF, Dkt. No. 21-11 (S.D.N.Y. 2015); Baker v. Weber, No. C19-1093-JPC-GWG, Dkt. No. 142-1 (S.D.N.Y. May 9, 2022); Curtis v. Illumination Arts, Inc., No. C12-991-JLR, Dkt. No. 24 at 18–45 (W.D. Wash. 2013); Keiler v. Harlequin Enterprises Ltd., No. C12-5558-HB, Dkt. Nos. 13-1–13-3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2012). 22 4 Similarly, in copyright law, a “compilation” is a “work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole 23 constitutes an original work of authorship,” and includes collective works—works “in which a number of contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole.” 17 24 U.S.C.A. § 101. 1 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Fantagraphics as the nonmoving party, 2 the parties’ actions are consistent with an understanding that the agreement bound Ferris to deliver 3 both volumes of Monsters to Fantagraphics, and that it gave Fantagraphics the right to publish 4 both volumes. Most significantly, Bemiss (acting as Ferris’s agent) confirmed in a March 3, 2016 5 publicity announcement that the book would be “published in 2 volumes.” Dkt. No. 36 at 4. This 6 confirmation occurred shortly after the parties executed the publishing agreement in January 2016, 7 Dkt. No. 15-1 at 2, and supports Fantagraphics’ contention that the parties intended “Work” and 8 “Book” to include two volumes. In addition, Fantagraphics’ announcements regarding the 9 publication dates of Book 2—and Ferris’s approval of those announcements—supports an 10 understanding that the agreement required her to deliver both volumes in accordance with the 11 agreed publication timeline. See Dkt. No. 15-1 at 4; Dkt. No. 36 at 5–7. Finally, when a University 12 of Nevada publication asked Ferris for permission to publish excerpts of Book 2, Ferris sent the 13 publication’s proposed contract to Fantagraphics for approval, indicating that she understood that 14 Fantagraphics was the publisher for Book 2. Dkt. No. 36 at 14. A reasonable trier of fact could 15 find that the terms “Work” and “Book” and subsequent references to them in the agreement are 16 compatible with a book published in multiple volumes, as Fantagraphics contends. 17 Based on the evidence currently in the record, the Court finds that a reasonable juror could 18 conclude either that the agreement provided Fantagraphics the right to publish both volumes of 19 Monsters, or that it provided Fantagraphics the right to publish only Book 1. Because the 20 agreement is not “subject to only one reasonable interpretation” as a matter of law, summary 21 judgment is unwarranted. Hearst, 115 P.3d at 263; see also Fairhaven Health, LLC v. BioOrigyn, 22 LLC, No. C19-01860-RAJ, 2021 WL 5987023, at *13 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 17, 2021) (summary 23 judgment inappropriate where the extrinsic evidence left the Court with “two reasonable 24 inferences”); Phytelligence, Inc. v. Washington State Univ., No. C18-405-RSM, 2019 WL 1 2491911, at *5 (W.D. Wash. June 14, 2019) (“When the Court relies on inferences drawn from 2 extrinsic evidence, contract interpretation is a question of fact.”); accord Wm. Dickson Co. v. 3 Pierce Cnty., 116 P.3d 409, 413 (Wash. Ct. App. 2005) (“summary judgment is proper if the 4 written contract, viewed in light of the parties’ objective manifestations, has only one reasonable 5 meaning.”). 6 III. CONCLUSION 7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Ferris’s motion for partial summary 8 judgment on the parties’ competing declaratory judgment claims. Dkt. No. 33. 9 10 Dated this 9th day of September. 11 A 12 Lauren King United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24