Hidalgo v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 11 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 12 13 JONATHAN HIDALGO, ) Case No.: 3:24-cv-02386-BEN-JLB 14 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER DENYING MRV BANK’S 15 v. ) MOTION TO DISMISS FOR 16 JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., ) LACK OF PERSONAL ) JURISDICTION 17 LNV FUNDING LLC, and MRV ) [ECF No. 9] BANK 18 ) Defendant. ) 19 Taking as true the facts in the Complaint, in a nutshell this motion is about a 20 Missouri-based bank that issues credit cards to residents of California. The bank 21 issued credit to someone, using the plaintiff’s personal information without the 22 plaintiff’s consent, claiming to be a Michigan resident. Plaintiff informed the bank 23 that his information had been misappropriated. The bank nevertheless reported the 24 account to agencies that report creditworthiness nationally, including in 25 26 27 1 California.1 The bank now asks this Court to dismiss the Plaintiff’s complaint and, 2 in essence, compel this California resident to litigate his claim at some distant 3 address or forum. That, this Court will not do. For the reasons that follow, the 4 motion to dismiss is hereby DENIED. 5 INTRODUCTION 6 The Court addresses Defendant MRV Bank’s (“MRV”) Motion to Dismiss 7 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction. 8 Plaintiff Jonathan Hidalgo, a California resident, alleges that an unknown 9 individual opened a fraudulent credit card account in his name with MRV, a 10 Missouri-based bank, and that MRV’s subsequent actions harmed his 11 creditworthiness in California. (ECF No. 1-2 ¶¶ 26, 31-32). He asserts a claim 12 under the California Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies Act (“CCRAA”), Cal. 13 Civ. Code §§ 1785.1 et seq., which prohibits furnishers of credit information from 14 reporting inaccurate data. MRV contends it lacks sufficient contacts with 15 16 1 On a motion to dismiss, a court accepts as true a plaintiff's well-pleaded factual 17 allegations and construes all factual inferences in the light most favorable to the 18 plaintiff. See Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). However, the court has no obligation to draw unreasonable 19 inferences when determining whether the pleading under attack states a plausible 20 claim. See, e.g., Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1295–96 (9th Cir. 1998) (“[W]e are not required to accept as true conclusory allegations which are 21 contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint.”); Cisco Systems, Inc. v. 22 Capella Photonics, Inc., No. 20-cv-01858-EMC, 2020 WL 4923697, at *3 (N.D. 23 Cal. Aug. 21, 2020), motion to certify appeal denied, No. 20-cv-01858-EMC, 2020 WL 7227153 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2020) (“When a written instrument contradicts 24 allegations in a complaint to which it is attached, the exhibit trumps the 25 allegations.”). 26 27 1 California to support jurisdiction. For the reasons below, the Court DENIES 2 MRV’s Motion to Dismiss. 3 I. BACKGROUND 4 The Complaint alleges that an unidentified individual used Plaintiff’s personal 5 information to apply for and obtain a credit card from MRV, with the application 6 listing a Michigan phone number. (ECF No. 9 at Page ID.91). Upon discovering 7 the fraudulent account, Plaintiff notified credit reporting agencies, who notified 8 MRV to dispute its validity, including through written correspondence sent in 9 2023. (ECF No. 12-1 ¶ 11; ECF No. 13 at Page ID.165-171). Despite these 10 disputes, MRV continued reporting the account to credit agencies, causing harm to 11 Plaintiff’s creditworthiness in California, which forms the basis of his CCRAA 12 claim. 13 II. LEGAL STANDARD 14 15 A Rule 12(b)(2) motion challenges the Court’s ability to exercise personal 16 jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing 17 jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction requires “minimum contacts” with the forum 18 state such that exercising jurisdiction aligns with “traditional notions of fair play 19 and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) 20 (citation omitted). Jurisdiction may be general—where the defendant is 21 “essentially at home” in the forum, Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. 22 Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)—or specific, where the suit arises from or relates 23 to the defendant’s forum-related conduct. Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 24 (2014). For specific jurisdiction, the Ninth Circuit applies a three-part test: (1) the 25 defendant purposefully directed its activities toward the forum or availed itself of 26 the forum’s privileges; (2) the claim arises out of or relates to those activities; and 27 1 (3) the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co., 851 2 F.3d 1015, 1022–23 (9th Cir. 2017). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. General Jurisdiction 5 General jurisdiction exists only where a defendant’s contacts with the forum 6 are so “constant and pervasive” as to render it “essentially at home.” Diamler AG 7 v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 122 (2014) (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919). MRV, 8 a Missouri-chartered bank with its principal place of business and branches in 9 Missouri, has no offices, employees, or continuous operations in California. (ECF 10 No. 9-1 ¶¶ 2-7). Plaintiff does not dispute this. Without substantial, ongoing 11 12 activities in California, MRV’s contacts fall short of rendering it “essentially at 13 home” in the state. Thus, general jurisdiction is absent. 14 B. Specific Jurisdiction 15 Specific jurisdiction hinges on whether MRV’s suit-related conduct 16 establishes a substantial connection with California under the Ninth Circuit’s three- 17 part test. Walden, 571 U.S. at 284; Williams, 851 F.3d at 1022-23. All three 18 prongs—purposeful direction, claim relatedness, and reasonableness—must be 19 met. The Court finds they are. 20 1. Purposeful Direction 21 The Ninth Circuit employs another three-part test, the Calder effects test 22 from Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), for assessing purposeful direction, 23 requiring: (a) an intentional act, (b) expressly aimed at the forum, and (c) causing 24 harm the defendant knows is likely to be suffered there. Brayton v. Purcell LLP v. 25 Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Yahoo! Inc v. 26 La Ligue Contre La Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199, 1206 (9th Cir, 27 1 2006) (en banc)). 2 a. Intentional Act 3 The first prong of the Calder effects test requires an intentional act, defined 4 as “an intent to perform an actual, physical act in the real world, rather than an 5 intent to accomplish a result or consequence of that act.” Brayton, 606 F.3d at 6 1128 (quoting Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 806 (9th 7 Cir. 2004)). In Schwarzenegger, the Ninth Circuit clarified that intent under 8 Calder focuses on the act itself (e.g., publishing an advertisement), not the intent to 9 cause harm, ensuring the defendant’s conduct is deliberate. 374 F.3d at 806. This 10 standard focuses on the defendant’s deliberate conduct, not the intent to cause 11 harm, ensuring the act is purposeful and not incidental. 12 Here, MRV continued to report the fraudulent account in Plaintiff’s name to 13 credit agencies after being notified of its falsity and Plaintiff’s California 14 residency. This constitutes an intentional act. (ECF No. 1-2; ECF No. 12-1 ¶11). 15 MRV’s decision to persist in reporting, despite Plaintiff’s disputes, was a 16 deliberate, real-world action—submitting credit information to national agencies— 17 that directly affected Plaintiff’s financial standing. This satisfies Brayton’s 18 requirement of a purposeful physical act, as MRV actively chose to transmit the 19 disputed data rather than correct or cease reporting. 20 21 In Briskin v. Shopify, Inc., the Ninth Circuit’s en banc decision supports the 22 finding that MRV’s reporting was an intentional act under the Calder test. No. 22- 23 15815, 2025 WL 1154075, at *11-12, 37-38 (9th Cir. Apr. 21, 2025). The court 24 found that Shopify “[intentionally] reached out beyond its home state by 25 knowingly installing tracking software onto unsuspecting Californians’ phones so 26 that it could later sell the data it obtained.” Shopify’s deliberate act of embedding 27 cookies on a California resident’s device was intentional because it was a 1 calculated step in its business model. Similarly, MRV’s continued reporting of the 2 fraudulent account, despite disputes notifying it of Plaintiff’s California residency 3 and the account’s falsity, was a purposeful act within its credit services framework. 4 (ECF No. 1-2; ECF No. 12-1 ¶ 11). MRV’s choice to persist in reporting, knowing 5 it would impact Plaintiff’s creditworthiness in California, parallels Shopify’s 6 intentional outreach, as both defendants executed deliberate acts targeting known 7 California residents for commercial purposes. Both MRV’s reporting and 8 Shopify’s cookie installation involved affirmative steps—submitting data to credit 9 agencies and embedding software, respectively—designed to advance their 10 business interests, regardless of the harm caused. 11 MRV might argue that its reporting was automated or part of standard 12 procedures, not a deliberate act targeting the Plaintiff. However, Brayton clarifies 13 that the intentional act need not be malicious or specifically aimed at harm; it only 14 requires purposeful conduct. 606 F.3d at 1128. MRV’s choice to continue 15 reporting after receiving Plaintiff’s disputes—rather than correcting the error— 16 demonstrates intentionality, as it actively maintained the inaccurate credit 17 information. Moreover, Briskin underscores that even automated processes, like 18 Shopify’s cookie installation, qualify as intentional when part of a defendant’s 19 deliberate business strategy. 2025 WL 1154075, at 37. MRV’s reporting, 20 conducted with knowledge of some impact on a California resident, meets this 21 threshold. Having established that MRV committed an intentional act, the Court 22 now examines whether the act was expressly aimed at California. 23 b. Express Aiming 24 MRV’s conduct was expressly aimed at California, satisfying the second 25 prong of the Calder effects test. The Ninth Circuit has consistently held that a 26 defendant’s intentional actions targeting a known California resident or profiting 27 1 from California’s market constitute “express aiming.” Here, as described in the 2 “Intentional Act” section, supra., despite knowing Plaintiff's California residency, 3 MRV’s continued reporting of the fraudulent account to credit agencies directly 4 targeted him in the forum state, causing harm to his creditworthiness. 5 Ninth Circuit precedent supports this conclusion. In Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. 6 Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1231 (9th Cir. 2011), the court held that 7 “where, as here, a website with national viewership and scope appeals to, and 8 profits from, an audience in a particular state, the site’s operators can be said to 9 have ‘expressly aimed’ at that state.” In Marvix, the defendant’s use of 10 copyrighted photos to exploit California’s celebrity market established jurisdiction, 11 even without physical presence in the state, because the defendant intentionally 12 targeted California’s audience for commercial gain. Similarly, MRV’s reporting, 13 which affected Plaintiff’s creditworthiness in California’s financial system, was 14 not random but part of its nationwide credit services that foreseeably impacted 15 California residents. 16 Likewise, in CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc., 653 F.3d 1066, 1077 17 (9th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted) the court found jurisdiction where a company 18 had “engaged in wrongful conduct targeted at a plaintiff whom the defendant 19 kn[ew] to be a resident of the forum state.” There, the defendant’s 20 misappropriation of a California company’s materials was aimed at the plaintiff’s 21 home state because the defendant knew the plaintiff was based in California and 22 directed its tortious conduct there. MRV’s actions parallel this, as it knowingly 23 targeted Plaintiff—a California resident—by persisting in reporting after receiving 24 his disputes, which explicitly notified MRV of his location. 25 In Will Co., Ltd v. Lee, 47 F. 4th 917, 924 (9th Cir. 2022), the court found 26 express aiming based on the defendant’s “intent to cultivate an audience in the 27 1 United States,” evidenced by website optimizations for U.S. users. Although 2 MRV’s credit reporting is not website-based, its deliberate engagement with the 3 Plaintiff in California through correspondence and reporting affecting his credit 4 shows intent to interact with California’s financial ecosystem, akin to cultivating 5 an audience. 6 The Ninth Circuit further clarified express aiming in Herbal Brands, Inc. v. 7 Photoplaza, Inc., 72 F. 4th 1085, 1094 (9th Cir. 2023), where selling a physical 8 product through an interactive website constituted conduct “purposefully directed 9 at the forum state” when done as part of regular business. In Herbal Brands, the 10 defendant’s sales to Arizona residents via Amazon were deemed forum-directed 11 because they were systematic and targeted. MRV’s reporting, conducted as part of 12 its ongoing credit service, similarly targeted California by affecting Plaintiff’s 13 creditworthiness in the state, distinguishing it from isolated or fortuitous contacts. 14 Briskin further clarifies that MRV’s actions were “expressly aimed” at 15 California, satisfying the Calder test’s second prong. No. 22-15815, 2025 WL 16 1154075, at *11-12, 15. The Ninth Circuit held that Shopify, a Canadian e- 17 commerce company, was subject to specific jurisdiction in California because it 18 knowingly installed tracking cookies on a California resident’s device and used the 19 collected data for profit. The court emphasized that Shopify’s deliberate extraction 20 and commercial use of the plaintiff’s data constituted express aiming, likening it to 21 “installing code on someone’s phone and secretly collecting data is like entering 22 someone’s house to steal personal files.” Id. at *16. Likewise, MRV’s continued 23 reporting, undertaken after Plaintiff’s disputes confirmed his California residency, 24 foreseeably harmed his creditworthiness in violation of California law. Like 25 Shopify’s digital intrusion, MRV’s actions reached into California, targeting the 26 Plaintiff in the forum state. 27 1 This case is also analogous to Mavrix Photo, where jurisdiction was upheld 2 because the defendant continued reporting after notice of the plaintiff’s California 3 residency. 647 F.3d at 1229. Unlike Smith v. Bellco Credit Union, No. 2:20-cv- 4 09772-MCS-JPR, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 250471, at 8 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2020), 5 where the court declined jurisdiction because the harm occurred before the plaintiff 6 moved to California, here the gravamen of the argument is that the alleged harm 7 transpired during the entire time period Plaintiff was a California resident. MRV’s 8 knowledge of Plaintiff’s residency, gained through his credit disputes, and its 9 decision to persist in reporting, distinguish this case from situations where harm 10 was unknown or preceded the plaintiff’s move to the forum. 11 MRV might argue that its reporting was not California-specific, as it 12 occurred through national credit agencies and was intended to affect Plaintiff’s 13 credit through national credit generally, not specifically in California. However, 14 Briskin and Mavrix clarify that express aiming does not require differential 15 targeting of the forum over others. Briskin, 2025 WL 1154075, at *17 (overruling 16 AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, 970 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 2020), which required 17 “differential targeting”). Instead, intentional conduct affecting a known California 18 resident suffices. MRV’s actions, undertaken with awareness of Plaintiff’s 19 location, were neither random nor fortuitous, and establish express aiming under 20 Ninth Circuit precedent. Having confirmed MRV’s actions were expressly aimed 21 at California, the Court now considers whether the harm caused was foreseeably 22 suffered in the forum. 23 c. Causing Harm That Defendant Knows Will Be Suffered In Forum 24 The third prong of the Calder effects test requires the defendant to cause 25 harm it knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state. Calder, 465 U.S. at 789- 26 90; Mavrix Photo, Inc., 647 F.3d at 1228. This element focuses on the defendant’s 27 1 awareness that its conduct will foreseeably injure the plaintiff in the forum, 2 ensuring the harm is not random or attenuated. Here, MRV’s continued reporting 3 of the fraudulent account foreseeably harmed Plaintiff in California, satisfying this 4 prong. 5 As previously detailed, MRV’s reporting of the fraudulent account to credit 6 agencies directly impacted Plaintiff in California by damaging his 7 creditworthiness. Like Shopify’s cookies in Briskin, MRV’s reporting harmed 8 Plaintiff’s financial standing. In Briskin, the Ninth Circuit found that Shopify’s 9 installation of tracking cookies, with knowledge of the plaintiff’s California 10 location, caused foreseeable privacy harms in the forum, in the same way that 11 Shopify knew its data collection would affect the plaintiff where he resided. 2025 12 WL 1154075 at *37-38. Similarly, MRV’s awareness of Plaintiff’s location— 13 gained through his disputes—and its decision to persist in reporting mirror 14 Shopify’s intentional targeting in Briskin. MRV knew or should have known that 15 its inaccurate reporting would damage Plaintiff’s credit in California, where he 16 lived and conducted financial transactions, limiting his access to loans and other 17 credit-dependent activities. This knowledge and subsequent action distinguish 18 MRV’s conduct from random or fortuitous contact, establishing that it expressly 19 aimed its actions at California under Briskin’s reasoning. 20 MRV cites Deveroux v. TT Mktg., Inc., No. 1:18-cv-00487-AWI-SAB, 2018 21 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 139244, at 13–14 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 2018), where jurisdiction 22 was absent. In Deveroux, the plaintiff incurred debt in Texas and later moved to 23 California, and the defendant’s actions preceded notice of the move, rendering the 24 harm in California unforeseeable. Here, Plaintiff has resided in California 25 throughout the relevant time period. Yet, MRV continued reporting after receiving 26 notice of his residency, making its conduct deliberately forum-directed, and 27 1 suggesting MRV could foresee that Plaintiff would suffer harm in California. 2 Unlike Deveroux, where the defendant lacked knowledge of the plaintiff’s new 3 location, MRV’s persistence after Plaintiff’s disputes demonstrates awareness that 4 its reporting would foreseeably harm Plaintiff’s creditworthiness in California, 5 satisfying the Calder test’s third prong. 6 MRV might argue that it did not specifically intend to harm Plaintiff in 7 California or that the harm was not unique to the forum, given its reporting to 8 national credit agencies. However, the Calder test does not require intent to harm, 9 only knowledge that harm is likely to occur in the forum. Brayton, 606 F.3d at 10 1128. In Marvix, the Ninth Circuit upheld jurisdiction where the defendant’s 11 actions foreseeably harmed a California resident’s business interest, even though 12 the conduct (posting copyrighted photos) was nationally accessible. 674 F.3d at 13 123. Similarly, MRV’s reporting, while part of a national system, was directed at 14 Plaintiff, a known California resident, and caused financial harm in California, 15 where he relied on his credit for economic activities. The foreseeable harm to 16 Plaintiff’s credit in California satisfies the third prong. Thus, the Calder effects 17 test is satisfied. 18 2. Arising Out of or Relating to Forum Contacts 19 The claim must also arise out of or relate to MRV’s California contacts. 20 Walden, 571 U.S. at 284; Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial District 21 Court, 592 U.S 351, 358 (2021). Plaintiff’s CCRAA claim arises directly from 22 MRV’s California-directed reporting after notice of his residency, which caused 23 his alleged harm—damaged creditworthiness in California. Though MRV 24 contends its actions occurred in Missouri or Michigan, the Ninth Circuit does not 25 require a strict causal link; relatedness suffices. Williams, 851 F. 3d at 1023. 26 Because MRV’s intentional, California-directed conduct caused the alleged injury, 27 1 Plaintiff’s CCRAA claim, which seeks to remedy inaccurate credit reporting, 2 directly relates to MRV’s forum activities. Ford Motor Co., 592 U.S. at 358. 3 3. Reasonableness 4 Finally, MRV must show that exercising jurisdiction is unreasonable. Burger 5 King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 477 (1985). It has not. MRV offers 6 nationwide credit services and corresponded with Plaintiff in California. 7 California has a strong interest in protecting its residents from inaccurate credit 8 reporting, and litigating here is convenient for Plaintiff, who suffered harm in the 9 state. The burden on MRV, a national bank, to defend in California is minimal 10 compared to the Plaintiff’s interest in a convenient forum and California’s interest 11 in enforcing its consumer protection laws. Thus, jurisdiction is reasonable. 12 IV. CONCLUSION 13 14 Plaintiff has demonstrated that MRV purposefully directed its conduct at 15 California by continuing to report a fraudulent account after notice of his 16 residency. Plaintiff’s claim arises from this conduct, and jurisdiction is reasonable. 17 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 18 MRV Bank’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is DENIED. 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20 21 DATED: May 12, 2025 22 HON. ROGER T. BENITEZ 23 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27