Jay Nelson, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Forest River Inc.

D. Mont.11/25/2025
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           IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                           
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTANA                               
                    GREAT FALLS DIVISION                                 

JAY NELSON, individually and on                                          
behalf of all others similarly situated,                                 
                                       CV-22-49-GF-BMM                   

               Plaintiff,                                                

     v.                                                                  
                                          ORDER ON                       

                                      MOTIONS IN LIMINE                  
FOREST RIVER INC.,                                                       

               Defendant.                                                


    Plaintiff, Jay Nelson (“Nelson”), has filed a Complaint and four amended 
Complaints against Defendant, Forest River, Inc. (“Forest River”). (Doc. 1, 38, 39, 
45, 147-1.) Nelson alleges that his 2019 Puma started smoking from a wiring defect 
in the fifth wheel trailer’s 7-way-wiring-system. (Id.) Nelson also sought to pursue 
a class action against Forest River. (Docs. 1, 223, 225.) The Court granted, in part, 
and denied, in part, Nelson’s motion for class certification and reconsideration of 
class certification. (Docs. 208, 241.)  The parties have filed motions in limine. (Docs. 
177, 179, 181.) The parties seek to exclude evidence of various subjects and topics. 
(Id.) The parties oppose each other’s respective motions. (Docs. 183, 188, 189.) The 
                               1                                         
Court denies the motion to exclude expert testimony. (Doc. 177.) The Court grants, 
in part, and denies, in part, the motions in limine. (Docs. 179 & 181.)   

                        BACKGROUND                                       
    The Court relies on its recitation of the facts in previous orders. (See Docs. 
98, 208.)                                                                 

                      LEGAL STANDARD                                     
    Motions in limine serve as procedural mechanisms “to limit in advance 
testimony or evidence in a particular area.” United States v. Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 
1111 (9th Cir. 2009). The decision on a motion in limine is committed to the 

district court’s discretion, including the decision of whether to reserve ruling until 
trial. See United States v. Bensimon, 172 F.3d 1121, 1127 (9th Cir. 1999). Motions 
in limine “should not be used to resolve factual disputes or weigh evidence.” BNSF 

R.R. v. Quad City Testing Lab., Inc., CV-07-170-BLG-RFC, 2010 U.S. Dist.  
LEXIS 113888, at *1 (D. Mont. Oct. 26, 2010).                             
    A court will grant a motion in limine only if “the evidence is ‘inadmissible 
on all potential grounds.”’ Frost v. BNSF Ry. Co., 218 F. Supp. 3d 1122, 1133 (D. 

Mont. 2016) (quoting Quad City Testing Lab., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113888 at 
*1). “[D]enial of a motion in limine does not necessarily mean that all evidence 
contemplated by the motion will be admitted at trial. Denial merely means that 

without the context of trial, [a] court is unable to determine whether the evidence 
                               2                                         
in question should be excluded.” Ducheneaux v. Lower Yellowstone Rural Elec. 
Ass’n, No. CV 19-6-BLG-TJC, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98985 at *25 (D. Mont.  

May 25, 2021) (internal quotations omitted).                              
    Evidentiary rulings must be deferred until trial if evidence fails to meet the 
“inadmissible on all potential grounds standard.” Quad City Testing Lab., 2010 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113888 at *2. To defer rulings on motions in limine allows a 
court to place “questions of foundation, relevancy and potential prejudice . . . in 
proper context.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). A court may alter its ruling on a 
motion in limine if trial brings to light facts that the court failed to anticipate in its 

earlier ruling. Bensimon, 172 F.3d at 1127.                               
                         DISCUSSION                                      
 I.   Nelson’s Damages Testimony by Rojas                                
    Forest River seeks to exclude Nelson’s expert’s, Dr. Folkers Rojas   
(“Rojas”), testimony regarding class wide damages pursuant to Federal Rule of 
Evidence 702. (Doc. 177 at 6.) Nelson first moved for class certification on 

February 11, 2025. (Doc. 130.) Nelson later attached an expert report from Rojas 
as an exhibit in his reply in support of class certification. (Doc. 157-1, Rojas 
Report.) The Court denied Forest River’s Motion to strike Rojas as an expert due 

to his untimely report disclosure. (See Doc. 208.) Forest River argues that Rojas’s 

                               3                                         
qualifications, as a mechanical engineer, do not allow Rojas to offer an opinion 
regarding class wide damages. (Doc. 178 at 7.) The Court disagrees.       

    In a class action, a plaintiff must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, 
that the expert’s class wide  damages  “model will  be able to  reliably calculate 
damages in a manner common to the class at trial.” Lytle v. Nutramax Lab’ys, Inc., 

114 F.4th 1011, 1024 (9th Cir. 2024). Rule 702 allows a witness who exhibits 
“knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to testify on their opinions 
when a “proponent demonstrates to [a] court that it is more likely than not that:” (1) 
“the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier 

of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;” (2) “the testimony 
is based on sufficient facts or data;” (3) “the testimony is the product of reliable 
principles and methods;” and (4) “the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application 

of the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” The expert witness’s opinion 
must have a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of his discipline. Daubert 
v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592 (1993).           
    The court in Oddo v. Arocaire Air Conditioning and Heating concluded that 

“a professional engineer with over 27 years of experience regarding HVAC systems, 
including  ‘conduct[ing]  hundreds  of  failure  analyses  of  HVAC  machines  and 
components to determine root causes and recommend[ed] remedial action’. . . [the 

professional engineer] [was] qualified to opine on the method and costs of repair of 
                               4                                         
the alleged defects at issue.” 2020 WL 5267917, at *29–30 (C.D. Cal. May 18, 
2020). The court permitted the professional engineer in Oddo to opine on damages, 

without having an economic or accounting background. Id.                  
    Rojas similarly has experience in evaluating root cause analysis and electrical 
failures in consumer products. (Doc. 157-1, ¶¶ 5-7.) This exposure qualifies him as 

an expert in damages incurred from electrical defects. Rojas also has experience in 
determining the electrical defect at hand, inspection time, and cost of repair. Rojas 
can identify the remedial actions necessary to repair the alleged seven-way-wiring 
defect. Rojas can apply his engineering principles, knowledge, and experience. 

Oddo, 2020 WL 5267917, at *29–30. Rojas reliably can testify as to the class wide 
damages and opine on the cost of repair. The Court denies Forest River’s motion in 
limine to exclude Rojas’s testimony relating to class wide damages. Forest River is 

free  to  cross-examine  Rojas  on  the  alleged  flaws  of  his  damages  calculations, 
including but not limited to the reasonableness of the time for repairs and costs of 
labor and repair. Rojas’s damages opinion should be limited to the Montana class 
certified in this action.                                                 

 II.  Forest River’s Specific Motions in Limine                          
    Forest River seeks several evidentiary rulings from the Court, including 
exclusion of certain evidence and arguments by Nelson. (Doc. 179.)        
      a.  Evidence about Forest River’s 2024 Recalls                     
                               5                                         
    Nelson seeks to admit evidence of Forest River’s 2024 recalls of Puma and 
Cedar Creek fifth wheel trailers. (Doc. 189 at 8.) Nelson contends that the evidence 

of subsequent remedial measures should be admissible to impeach Forest River’s 
claims of compliance, to demonstrate the feasibility of the repair, to establish 
notice and knowledge of the defect, and to support Nelson’s claim for punitive 

damages. (Id. at 11.)                                                     
    Evidence of subsequent remedial measures would be inadmissible to prove 
negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product, or need for a warning 
instruction. Fed. R. Evid. 407. Subsequent remedial measures may be admissible 

for other purposes such as “impeachment or— if disputed— proving ownership, 
control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures.” Id. Federal Rule of Evidence 
407 plainly requires that feasibility of precautionary measures must be in dispute 

before a court can admit evidence under the exception to subsequent remedial 
measure.                                                                  
    Nelson may not present evidence of Forest River’s 2024 recalls of Puma and 
Cedar Creek models for the purposes of establishing Forest River’s notice and 

knowledge of any defects in the models or to support Nelson’s claim for punitive 
damages. Fed. R. Evid. 407. This evidence would go against the public policy of 
encouraging parties to take subsequent remedial measures upon notice of a product 

defect.                                                                   
                               6                                         
    A dispute over the feasibility of precautionary measures remains. Forest 
River recalled all 2006 through 2024 model-year Puma RVs and 2004 through 

2024 model-year Cedar Creek RVs. (Doc. 180 at 8.) The recalls included all Puma 
and Cedar Creek fifth wheels. (Id.) Forest River acknowledges that the 2024 Puma 
Recall addresses a central issue at dispute. (Id.) This recall required the rewiring of 

the battery charge in 2024 Puma models to reduce fire risk due to a potential short 
in the wire. (Id.) Nelson disputes the feasibility of the precautionary measures. 
(Doc. 189 at 11.) These recalls may prove relevant to any dispute regarding the 
feasibility of the repair and other appropriate precautionary measures. The Court 

will make a final ruling at trial when the parties have established a fuller 
evidentiary record of Forest River’s subsequent remedial measures for 2024 Puma 
and Cedar Creek RV recalls.                                               

      b. Evidence about Recalls of other RV Models                       
    Nelson seeks to admit evidence of Forest River’s recalls of various towable 
RV models. (Doc. 189 at 12.) Nelson contends that the evidence of subsequent 
remedial measures should be admissible to impeach Forest River’s claims of 
compliance, to demonstrate feasibility of precautionary measures, and to establish 

notice and knowledge of the defect. (Id. at 13–14.)                       
    Evidence of subsequent remedial measures would be inadmissible to prove 
negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product, or need for a warning 
                               7                                         
instruction. Fed. R. Evid. 407. Subsequent remedial measures may be admissible 
for other purposes such as “impeachment or— if disputed— proving ownership, 

control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures.” Id. Federal Rule of Evidence 
407 plainly requires that feasibility of precautionary measures must be in dispute 
before a court can admit evidence under the exception to subsequent remedial 

measure. The Court grants Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of 
Forest River’s subsequent remedial measures of other RV models outside the 
Montana class of fifth wheel trailers. The parties may admit evidence of  
subsequent remedial measures if Forest River’s testimony disputes ownership, 

control, or feasibility of precautionary measures at trial, or if necessary for 
impeachment purposes.                                                     
      c.  Forest River’s 2015 Consent Order with NHTSA                   
    Forest River entered a consent decree with NHTSA in 2025. (Doc. 180 at 

13.) The consent decree involved loose wiring and ventilation in other Forest River 
products. (Id.) Evidence of the consent decree proves irrelevant to Nelson’s claims 
of safety defects in the overcurrent protection. Fed. R. Evid. 401. Evidence of the 
consent decree also may unfairly prejudice Forest River. Fed. R. Evid. 403. Forest 

River stipulated to paying a civil penalty in the consent decree. (Doc. 180 at 14.)  
    Evidence of the civil penalty could result in the jury finding Forest River 
liable in this case for previous unrelated conduct. The consent decree also proves 
                               8                                         
inadmissible to prove liability for the claim under Federal Rule of Evidence 408. In 
re Foreign Exchange Benchmark Rates Antitrust Litig., 13-Civ.-7789, 2022 WL 

4087842, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2022). The Court grants Forest River’s motion 
in limine to exclude evidence involving the 2015 Consent Decree pursuant to 
Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 402, unless Forest River opens the door to the 

introduction of such evidence through its witnesses or questioning of Nelson’s 
witnesses.                                                                
      d. Results of Nelson’s Experts’ Field Investigations               
    Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34 requires a party to serve a request to 
inspect certain items in the other party’s “possession, custody, or control.” Nelson 

alleges that his experts conducted inspections of Forest River products on sales lots 
of independent, third-party dealerships. (Doc. 189 at 20.) Nelson also alleges that 
his experts videotaped the inspections and provided documentation of each vehicle 

identification number inspected. (Id. at 21.) Forest River technically had no 
possession, custody, or control of the products that Nelson’s experts inspected. 
Nelson had no duty to notify Forest River of his experts’ field investigations under 
these facts.                                                              

    Forest River next contends that Nelson’s experts engaged in “destructive 
testing.” (Doc. 180 at 16.) Parties may produce evidence that alters or   
compromises the function of a product as long as a party takes care “to preserve 
                               9                                         
anything which has evidentiary value.” Synder v. Fleetwood RV, Inc., 2015 WL 
13002320, at *1 (S.D. Ohio May 14, 2015). “The decision whether to allow  

destructive tests rests within the sound discretion of the court.” Id. (quoting 
Ostrander by Ostrander v. Cone Mills, Inc., 119 F.R.D. 417, 419 (D. Minn. 1988)). 
Forest River fails to demonstrate that Nelson failed to take care in altering or 

compromising any of the functions in the RVs that Nelson’s experts inspected. The 
Court will not exclude Nelson’s field investigations on these grounds.    
      e.  Warranty Claims Unrelated to the Seven-way Cord                
    Nelson’s experts have catalogued several warranty claims related to Forest 
River fifth wheel products. (Doc. 180 at 17.) Forest River seeks to exclude 

warranty claims that fail to reference the seven-way cord as irrelevant to Nelson’s 
claims. (Id.) The Court grants Forest River’s motion to exclude warranty claims 
unrelated to the seven-way cord pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 401 unless 

Forest River opens the door to the introduction of such evidence through its 
witnesses or questioning of Nelson’s witnesses.                           
      f.  Evidence of RV Fires                                           
    Forest River seeks to exclude evidence of RV fires, specifically a fatal fire 
involving a Columbus-model RV (“King fire”), as prejudicial and misleading. 

(Doc. 180 at 18.) The official fire marshal report classified the cause of the King 
fire as undetermined. (Doc. 189 at 25.) The Columbus-model RV in the King fire 
                              10                                         
allegedly uses the same seven-way cord in dispute here. (Doc. 189 at 24–25.) 
Nelson contends that his experts may opine on the cause of the King fire. (Doc. 

25.) The Court will reserve ruling on this motion in limine until the parties have 
established the evidentiary context at trial.                             
      g.  Imagery Employing Fire Icons                                   
    Forest River asks the Court to exclude the use of fire or flame symbols to 
convey something other than a fire has occurred as prejudicial. (Doc. 180 at 19.) 

The Court agrees that the use of fire icons and symbols in tables and graphs to 
denote things other than a fire proves prejudicial and may mislead the jury. Fed. R. 
Evid. 403. Nelson must remove the fire symbols in its exhibits and expert reports 

to other symbols that denote a lack of overcurrent protection.            
      h. Potential Hearsay Comments                                      
    Forest River moves to exclude any hearsay evidence relied upon by Nelson’s 
experts to form their opinions. (Doc. 180 at 21.) Federal Rule of Evidence 703 
permits an expert to rely on hearsay evidence to form an opinion “[i]f [the] expert[] 

in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in 
forming an opinion on the subject.” The Court requires more information to 
determine whether the alleged hearsay evidence would be of the kind that an expert 

in this field would not reasonably rely on. Fed. R. Evid. 703. The Court also 
requires more information to determine whether Nelson’s experts “‘gather[ed] 
                              11                                         
information from multiple sources’ and ‘cross-check factual information’ against 
other accounts.” In re Terrorist Attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, 2023 WL 3116763, at 

*7 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 27, 2023). Rojas stated that he formed his opinion on the 
calculation of damages “based on conversations with dealer service departments 
and my work on these units . . .” (Doc. 157-1, F. Rojas Report at 22.) The Court 

will reserve ruling on this motion in limine until the parties have established a 
fuller evidentiary context at trial.                                      
      i.  Nelson’s Tow Experiments                                       
    Forest River seeks to exclude Nelson’s towing experiment photographs as 
misleading. (Doc. 180 at 21.) Nelson asserts that the towing demonstrative refutes 

Forest River’s claim that Nelson’s own actions caused excess tension on the seven-
way cord of the 2019 Puma. (Doc. 189 at 29.) The Court denies Forest River’s 
motion in limine on this basis. Forest River may cross-examine Nelson’s experts 

on the specifics of the demonstration.                                    
      j.  Adequate Loom Protection Arguments                             
    Forest River seeks to narrow Nelson’s claims by excluding arguments that it 
violated loom protection standards as irrelevant, misleading, and unfairly 
prejudicial to Forest River. (Doc. 180 at 23.) Nelson alleged in his fourth amended 

complaint that “wiring defects” include “conductor protection” under ANSI/RVIA 
LV 5-1. (Doc. 147-1, ¶ 131.) Conductor protection ensures that wiring remains free 
                              12                                         
from insulation damage that could lead to shorts. ANSI/RVIA LV 5-1. Nelson 
alleges claims for negligence, punitive damages, and violations of the Montana 

Consumer Protection Act. (Doc. 147.) A plaintiff may allege several different 
causes of action and claims against a defendant. The allegations prove relevant to 
Nelson’s claims. The Court denies Forest River’s motion in limine on this ground.  

      k. Evidence of Class Damages Model                                 
    The Court denied Forest River’s motion to exclude testimony by Rojas. The 
Court similarly will deny Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude the class 
damages model related to Rojas’s testimony. Forest River remains free to cross-
examine Rojas regarding alleged flaws in his class damages model.         

      l.  Evidence about Alleged Loss-of-use Damages                     
    Forest River seeks to exclude evidence of loss-of-use damages as untimely. 
(Doc. 180 at 24.) Nelson failed to disclose loss-of-use damages in his initial 
disclosures. (Id.) This failure proves harmless. Nelson alleged loss-of-use damages 
in his initial complaint and fourth amended complaint. (Doc. 1, ¶ 59; Doc. 147-1, ¶ 

¶ 6, 83, 164.) Forest River had notice and time to prepare arguments against 
Nelson’s allegations. The Court denies Forest River’s motion in limine.   
      m. Evidence of Forest River’s Ownership and Financial Condition    
    Forest River seeks to exclude evidence relating to the “size, number of 

employees, financial condition, corporate structure, ownership, solvency, or ability 
                              13                                         
to pay a verdict or satisfy a judgment.” (Doc. 180 at 26.) Forest River contends 
such evidence would be prejudicial.                                       

    “The financial standing of the defendant is inadmissible as evidence in 
determining that amount of compensatory damages to be awarded. Geddes v.  
United Fin. Group, 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977). Evidence of a defendant’s 

size could prove prejudicial because it “might suggest to the jury that it base its 
verdict on an improper consideration.” Rodriguez v. JLG Industries, Inc., 2012 WL 
12882925, *12 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2012) (citations omitted).              
    Nelson may seek to ask potential jurors during voir dire if they have a 

financial interest in Forest River. The Court grants Forest River’s motion in limine 
to exclude evidence at the liability phase of the trial relating to the financial 
standing of Forest River or its ability to pay damages, except as to questions during 

voir dire. Fed. R. Evid. 403; see also Geddes, 557 F.2d at 560.           
    Nelson asserts that the financial standing of Forest River would be relevant 
for the determination of punitive damages. (Doc. 189 at 34.). The financial 
standing of Forest River would be relevant to claims for punitive damages. Nelson 

may not admit evidence of Forest River’s financial standing during the liability 
phase of the trial. Such evidence of Forest River’s financial standing would be 
admissible only if the jury first were to determine that Forest River was liable for 

                              14                                         
punitive damages. Evidence of Forest River’s financial standing would be  
admissible only in the punitive damages phase of the trial.               

 III.  Nelson’s Specific Motions in Limine                               
    Nelson seeks several evidentiary rulings from the Court, including exclusion 
of certain evidence and arguments by Forest River. (Doc. 181.)            
      a.  Speculation that Nelson Caused or Contributed to the Fire      
    Nelson requests that the Court bar testimony from Forest River’s experts that 
Nelson may have caused or contributed to the fire incident. (Doc. 182 at 7.) Forest 

River alleges that its experts will testify based on their review of the evidence that 
Nelson’s actions caused the short in the wiring. (Doc. 188 at 9–10.) Federal Rule 
of Evidence 602 prevents the use of speculative testimony that lacks personal 

knowledge of an incident. Expert opinions must be founded on reliable principles 
and methods. Fed. R. Evid. 702. Expert opinions also must reliably apply the 
principles and methods to sufficient facts or data. Id. The Court will defer ruling on 
the motion in limine until trial to determine whether Forest River’s experts can lay 

a proper foundation for their opinions that Nelson may have caused or contributed 
to the fire incident. To the extent that the experts’ opinions discuss this issue, 
Nelson can raise objections at trial or address further concerns through cross-

examination if the experts’ testimony strays beyond their expertise and disclosed 
report.                                                                   
                              15                                         
      b. Existence of Defects                                            
    Nelson asks the Court to exclude any comments or arguments by Forest 
River about the quality of its products, including any potential denials of defects. 

(Doc. 182 at 13.) The Court denies this motion in limine. Forest River’s potential 
comments and arguments about the quality of its products proves subjective and 
more appropriate for a jury to decide in weighing the evidence at trial.  
      c.  Dispute of the Common Design                                   
    Nelson seeks to preclude Forest River from disputing the common design of 

Forest River towable RVs. (Doc. 182 at 16.) Forest River alleges that the safety 
standards governing fifth wheel trailers differ from the safety standards governing 
its travel trailer and popup campers. (Doc. 188 at 11–12.) The Court has certified 

only a Montana class for fifth wheel RVs. (Doc. 241.) The alleged seven-way 
wiring defects are not at dispute for fifth wheel RVs. The Court grants the motion 
in limine to preclude Forest River from disputing the common design of its 
towable fifth wheel RVs unless Nelson opens the door to the introduction of such 

evidence through its witnesses or questioning of the Forest River’s witnesses. The 
Court does not anticipate the introduction at trial of evidence related to the 
common design of Forest River’s other towable vehicles as these vehicles fall 

outside of the class certification of fifth wheel RVs in Montana.         
      d. Nelson’s Expert Witnesses’ Introductions                        
                              16                                         
    Nelson seeks to exclude any questions by Forest River regarding his experts’ 
representations and introductions to dealerships during field investigations. (Doc. 

182 at 21.) Forest River may ask questions involving Nelson’s experts’    
representations to dealerships. The Federal Rules of Evidence allow these types of 
questions for the purposes of attacking witness credibility. The Court denies this 

motion in limine.                                                         
      e.  Fraud Claims and Allegations about Angle                       
    Nelson asks this Court to preclude Forest River from mentioning any  
allegations of fraud against his expert Matthew Angle (“Angle”). (Doc. 182 at 24.) 
Angle served as a principal of a firearm magazine manufacturing business. (Id.) 

The business secured $250,000 from an investor. Port City Ventures, L.L.C. v. 
Angle, 277 So. 3d 522, 525 (La. Ct. App. 2019). The investor joined based on the 
representation that the business had secured a lucrative sporting goods contract. Id. 

Angle and his co-defendants failed to inform the investor that the contract was 
invalid and unenforceable. Id. at 526. The trial court entered judgment against 
Angle for fraud. Id. The state appellate court reversed the judgment concluding 
that no special relationship of confidence existed between the parties to allow for a 

finding of fraud based on silence. Id. at 527–28.                         
    Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b) bars evidence of “specific instances of a 

witness’s conduct in order to attack or support the witness’s character for 
                              17                                         
truthfulness.” A court may permit a party to question the specific instances of a 
witness’s conduct on cross-examination “if [the instances] are probative of the 

character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of the witness.” Fed. R. Evid. 608(b). A 
court also may exclude relevant evidence if a danger of unfair prejudice  
substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 403. 

    The Court will reserve ruling on this motion in limine until an evidentiary 
context arises at trial. The fraud judgment and allegations against Angle may prove 
probative of Angle’s character for truthfulness or untruthfulness and somewhat 

relevant to his credibility. Fed. R. Evid. 608(b). Potential prejudice from the 
overturned fraud judgment also may substantially outweigh its probative value. 
Fed. R. Evid. 403.                                                        

      f.  Testimony to Interpret the Meaning of Codes or Regulations     
    Nelson asks the Court to prohibit Forest River from offering expert  
testimony on the legal interpretations of applicable safety standards. (Doc. 182 at 
26.) Forest River may present rebuttal testimony to counter Nelson’s arguments 

that Forest River products violate applicable industry and safety standards. Experts 
may explain which ANSI standard applies to the facts of a case. See Cabrera v. 
Romano’s Macaroni Grill Puerto Rico, Inc., 2024 WL 4905665, at *9 (D.P.R. 

Nov. 27, 2024). The Court denies this motion in limine.                   
                              18                                         
      g.  Evidence on Risks Associated with the RV Defects               
    Nelson seeks to exclude testimony and evidence by Forest River that the 
seven-way wiring system rarely results in fires or maintains a low fire risk. (Doc. 

182 at 29.) Fairness dictates that Forest River may present evidence to rebut claims 
made by Nelson’s witnesses. The Court denies Nelson’s motion in limine on this 
point.                                                                    

                            ORDER                                        
    Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:                                   
 •  Forest River’s Motion to Exclude Rojas Testimony (Doc. 177) is DENIED. 
 •  Forest River’s Motions in Limine (Doc. 179):                         

      1.  The Court reserves ruling on Forest River’s motion in limine to 
         exclude evidence of Forest River’s subsequent remedial measures for 
         2024 Puma and Cedar Creek RV recalls.                           

      2.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of Forest River’s 
         subsequent remedial measures of other RV models is GRANTED, in  
         part, and DENIED in part. Nelson may present evidence of recalls 
         within the Montana class of fifth wheel trailers if Forest River’s 

         testimony disputes ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary 
         measures at trial, or if necessary for impeachment purposes.    

                              19                                         
3.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence involving the 
  2015 NHSTA Consent Decree is GRANTED.                           

4.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of Nelson’s field 
  investigations is DENIED.                                       
5.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude warranty claims unrelated 

  to the seven-way cord is GRANTED.                               
6.  The Court reserves ruling on Forest River’s motion in limine to 
  exclude evidence of other RV fires, including the King fire.    
7.  Forest River’s motion limine to exclude the use of fire or flame 

  symbols to convey something other than a fire is GRANTED.       
8.  The Court reserves ruling on Forest River’s motion in limine to 
  exclude any hearsay evidence relied upon by Nelson’s experts to form 

  their opinions.                                                 
9.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude Nelson’s towing     
  experiment photographs is DENIED.                               
10.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude arguments of loom  

  protection violations is DENIED.                                
11.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude the class damages model 
  related to Rojas’s testimony is DENIED.                         

                       20                                         
    12.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of loss-of-use 
       damages is DENIED.                                              

    13.  Forest River’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of its financial 
       condition and operations is GRANTED during the liability phase of 
       trial.                                                          

•  Nelson’s Motions in Limine (Doc. 181):                               
    1.  The Court reserves ruling on the motion in limine to preclude Forest 
       River’s experts from opining that Nelson may have caused or     
       contributed to the fire incident.                               

    2.  Nelson’s motion in limine to exclude any comments or arguments by 
       Forest River about the quality of its products, including any potential 
       denials of defects is DENIED.                                   

    3.  Nelson’s motion in limine to preclude Forest River from disputing the 
       common design of its towable RVs is GRANTED.                    
    4.  Nelson’s motion in limine to exclude questions regarding Nelson’s 
       witnesses’ introductions and representations to dealerships during 

       field investigations is DENIED.                                 
    5.  The Court reserves ruling on Nelson’s motion in limine to preclude 
       Forest River from mentioning any fraud allegations against Angle. 

                            21                                         
  6.  Nelson’s motion in limine to prohibit Forest River from offering 
     expert testimony on the legal interpretations of applicable safety 
     standards is DENIED. 
  7.  Nelson’s motion in limine to exclude testimony and evidence by 
     Forest River that the seven-way wiring system rarely results in fires or 
     maintains a low fire risk is DENIED. 
DATED this 25th day of November, 2025. 
                          ~~)            , 

                       United States District Court 

                              22 

Case Information

Court
D. Mont.
Decision Date
November 25, 2025
Status
Precedential