Joseph S. Masters v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

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RENDERED: OCTOBER 23, 2025
TO BE PUBLISHED

Supreme Court of Kentucky
2024-SC-0314-MR

JOSEPH S. MASTERS APPELLANT

ON APPEAL FROM KNOX CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE GREGORY A. LAY, JUDGE
NO. 21-CR-00129-001

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE CONLEY

AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING

This case is before the Court as a matter of right following the conviction

of the Appellant, Joseph Masters, of murder, first-degree burglary, and four

counts of unlawful imprisonment. He was sentenced to thirty-five years in

prison. He now appeals raising four allegations of error. First, he alleges a

failure to give self-defense and imperfect self-defense instructions to the jury;

second, an improper admission of hearsay testimony regarding the results of a

rape kit; third, an improper admission of a copy of a lease in violation of KRE 1

1003 and 1004; and last, a failure to conduct an adequate hearing regarding

defense counsel’s motion to withdraw. For the following reasons, we affirm the

convictions for murder and four counts of unlawful imprisonment. We reverse

1 Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
the conviction for first-degree burglary. The sentence of imprisonment for

thirty-five years is affirmed.

I. Facts
Joseph Masters, a Marine Corps veteran, lived in a trailer in Knox

County. An educated man (he has a Master’s degree), he had fallen on hard

times after the death of his grandparents. The Veteran’s Administration had

declared him 100% service-connected disabled due to a multitude of

psychiatric issues. Living with him were his three daughters from his marriage

with Kipenie Masters, as well as his sister and her children. Masters and

Kipenie separated while living in Texas but had begun to reconcile; she was

moving to Kentucky to be with her family. Masters decided to put his sister and

her family in a different trailer. He contacted his landlord, Dennis Woods,

about leasing another property. That property was 701 Hedden Flats Road.

Masters testified to an oral agreement between he and Woods to lease the

property. Receipts show he spent at least $2,500 on furniture for the trailer.

According to Masters, the trailer needed repairs, and he was busy fixing it up

in preparation for the move. During that time, however, an old friend, Deborah

Powers, needed a place to stay. Masters and Powers had a sexual affair prior to

his reconciliation with Kipenie. Masters let Powers stay in the Hedden Flats

trailer while he was fixing it up. At trial, Powers testified she had in fact leased

the trailer with her then-boyfriend, Matthew Welsh, directly from Woods.

On July 29, 2021, Masters and Kipenie were at the house of Charles

McVey where the two ingested methamphetamine. Powers texted Masters to

2
inform him of a party at the Hedden Flats trailer. He and Kipenie arrived

shortly after midnight. At the trailer were Powers, Welsh, and their friends:

Tommy Dean and his young son, and William Miller. The younger Dean was

asleep by the time they arrived.

According to Masters, everyone was drunk when he and his wife arrived.

They all played beer pong and danced. Miller gave the Masters moonshine and

insinuated that something “a little extra” had been added to the liquor. Masters

told Kipenie not to drink anymore of it. At some point a little before 3:00 a.m.,

Masters testified, the men approached him and proposed Kipenie and Powers

have sex in front of them, asking what the price would be. Masters declined

and informed Kipenie they were leaving. Masters went outside to his vehicle,

began smoking a joint, and searching for another place to continue drinking.

Kipenie came out a little later, frazzled and looking sick. She told Masters to

take her home immediately. When they got home, Kipenie became hysterical

and told Masters the three men—Welsh, Dean, and Miller—had raped her in

the bathroom, vaginally, anally, and orally. She also alleged Powers had been

standing outside the bathroom when it happened, and told her that is what she

deserved for taking Masters away from her.

Masters initially wanted to call the police but decided against it. Instead,

he chose to remove the three men from what he believed was his property. He

called McVey and relayed what happened. Kipenie also detailed the allegations

to McVey and his girlfriend, Laura White. White called Ethan Young to assist.

All of them met at McVey’s house, and the three men proceeded to Hedden

3
Flats while Kipenie stayed with White. White would later testify at trial that

Kipenie’s account of the rape began to change at the house before the men

even left; she could not keep names and details “straight” and “certain things

kept changing every time she’d repeat it.” She also testified “her whole

demeanor changed” after initially talking about the alleged rape from being

“upset” to “just hanging out.”

At approximately 6:00 a.m., the men arrived at Hedden Flats. Masters

was armed with at least one knife, perhaps two. McVey had a taser which

looked like a firearm. Young was armed with a baseball bat and revolver.

Masters pried open the door to the trailer with his knife. He testified the door

did not work properly and that he frequently had to pry it open while working

at the trailer. In the living room, Miller was lying on the floor passed out.

McVey woke him by hitting his throat with the taser and his head with the

baseball bat. Masters woke Powers and Welsh and ordered them into the living

room. He then woke Dean at knife point and ordered him to do the same.

Fortunately, Masters was unaware of Dean’s son and the boy remained

undisturbed.

When all four alleged assailants were together, Masters then subjected

them to what he called “enhanced interrogation.” This was in fact nothing other

than torture. 2 He compelled them to strip naked at knife point. He threatened

2 The only definition of torture found in Kentucky law is Kentucky Revised

Statutes (KRS) 525.135(1)(a), pertaining to abuse of cats and dogs, meaning “the
intentional infliction of or subjection to extreme physical pain or serious injury or
death to a dog or cat, motivated by intent or wanton disregard that causes, increases,
or prolongs the pain or suffering of the dog or cat, including serious physical injury or
4
to kill them. He cut and stabbed Miller on his throat, chest, and near his eye.

He cut Dean on his chest and neck and taped his hands together. He kept

demanding they admit to raping his wife, yet everyone refused. Young would

later testify that during this “enhanced interrogation” he began to believe they

had not raped Kipenie.

At some point, Masters was accosting Miller, threatening to cut off his

fingers if he did not confess. Masters’ back, with a knife sticking out of his

pocket or waistband, was exposed. Welsh leapt for the knife, tackling Masters.

He gained control of the knife and stabbed Masters in his back. McVey reacted

immediately and knocked Welsh off Masters. According to Masters, he tried to

crawl away and saw Welsh approaching him with the knife. The two engaged in

a struggle. Masters successfully regained possession of the knife and proceeded

to stab Welsh numerous times “where [he] was trained to stab. . . .” Welsh

retreated from the trailer to a neighbor’s but succumbed to his wounds before

the ambulance arrived.

McVey, Young, and Masters left immediately for McVey’s house to pick

up Kipenie. The Masters were driven to a hospital in Tennessee. 3 Masters

remembered little about the events afterward, testifying he got to the hospital

infirmity” Congressional law defines torture as conduct “intended to inflict severe
physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful
sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control[.]”
18 U.S.C.A. §
2340
(1). This specifically includes “threatened infliction of severe physical pain or
suffering[.]”
Id.
at (2). We do not cite these statutes as controlling authority but merely
to demonstrate that Masters’ actions are justifiably described as torture.
3 Masters testified his mother worked at the nearest hospital in Kentucky, so he

did not want to go there.
5
and the next thing he knew he was in jail. Kipenie had a rape kit performed

while at the hospital but, according to Kentucky State Police, the hospital was

Baptist Health in Corbin, not the hospital in Tennessee. The rape kit and

subsequent DNA analysis was never introduced into evidence; no lab

technician or nurse who performed the tests were ever called as witnesses, nor

was Kipenie. Detectives William Howard and Jacob Middleton both testified a

rape kit had been performed at the hospital when they arrived to interview her.

Det. Middleton testified to collecting buccal swabs from Dean and Miller, while

a blood sample was obtained at Welsh’s autopsy, and sending them to the lab

for comparison to the rape kit. He testified the rape kit showed no semen,

saliva, or any foreign DNA on Kipenie. This testimony was not objected to at

trial, but Masters now argues its admission was palpable error.

Masters’ account of events is obviously not the only account. Powers

would testify for the Commonwealth, and she generally testified no rape was

possible as she and Kipenie had stayed together the entire time the night of the

events. She also testified Masters and Kipenie had sex in the bathroom at

approximately 3:00 a.m., and when they finished, she asked them to leave as

the party had ended. Powers also disputed Masters’ possession of the Hedden

Flats property, testifying she and Welsh had signed a lease with the landlord. A

copy of this lease was obtained from the Welsh family. Masters objected,

arguing the copy violated the Best Evidence Rule and arguing the lease was not

6
properly authenticated because it lacked the signature of the landlord, and its

dates were incongruent. 4

Additionally, Masters argued the copy should be excluded because the

Commonwealth violated the trial court’s discovery order. The case had been

prepared for two years yet the Commonwealth did not turn over a copy of the

lease until the first day of trial. The Commonwealth responded that it had no

reason to believe the possession of the trailer at Hedden Flats would be

disputed until Masters’ opening statement. The trial court overruled Masters’

objections. It held Powers, being a signatory on the lease, could testify to its

contents and properly authenticate the copy.

Young, Miller, and Dean would also testify. Young testified after Welsh

stabbed Masters, Welsh attempted to flee but was stopped by McVey. Masters

then came up behind him and began stabbing him. Miller and Dean would also

testify Welsh attempted to flee after stabbing Masters, and both heard Masters

say, “kill the motherf**ker,” after being stabbed.

Prior to trial, in July 2023, Masters’ appointed counsel moved to

withdraw. He explained to the trial court that Masters refused to discuss the

case with him. The trial court was not inclined to allow withdrawal on those

grounds, noting if Masters refused to cooperate in his own defense that was his

choice. Masters then sought to interject and was allowed to speak. He informed

the trial court of numerous issues he had with counsel, including that they

had only spoken twice for a total of one hour in the previous ten months; they

4 The dates on the copy were for July 2021 to June 2021.

7
had not worked on his defense or gone over discovery; and, generally, that

counsel had not investigated the case by obtaining medical records from the

Veteran’s Administration nor interviewing psychologists or other persons

Masters had identified. 5 Counsel explained he had been in a car accident and

broken his neck which had hampered his ability to prepare the case but that

co-counsel had been on the case to help but Masters refused to talk to him as

well. The trial court noted a local rule stating that withdrawal of counsel was

not required after a trial date had been set. It also expressed its belief that

Masters was seeking to create an issue for appeal. Lastly, even though Masters

stated he had spoken with a private attorney, the trial court found that was not

enough to grant the motion for withdrawal as said attorney had not entered an

official appearance and was not present in the courtroom at the hearing.

Finally, Masters tendered proposed jury instructions including self-

defense and imperfect self-defense. The trial court did not accept these

instructions. 6 Masters now argues the trial court abused its discretion in

failing to give these instructions. The Commonwealth argues this issue was not

properly preserved, but even if it was, there was no abuse of discretion. We

conclude the issue is preserved. Pursuant to RCr. 7 9.54(2), we have held

a party can preserve his objection to jury instructions in one of
three alternative ways: (1) by offering an instruction; (2) by motion;

5 Masters had by this time been determined competent to stand trial after a

KCPC evaluation had been performed.
6 Masters tendered extreme emotional disturbance instructions which the trial

court accepted, and the jury subsequently rejected.
7 Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

8
or (3) by making a specific objection before the court instructs the
jury. The rule does not require any additional objection or filing so
long as one of these three is satisfied.
Jerome v. Commonwealth,
653 S.W.3d 81
, 85 (Ky. 2022) (internal citation

omitted). We now proceed to the merits.

II. Analysis
A. No Abuse of Discretion in Refusing Requested Instructions
Masters’ argument for self-defense and imperfect self-defense

instructions is rather simple. He asserts after Welsh stabbed him in the back,

he attempted to crawl away and was followed by the knife-wielding Welsh. The

two then engaged in a life-or-death struggle for the knife, and Masters

prevailed. In evaluating this issue, we have long observed,

[i]t is not every assertion of such belief that is adequate to support
a plea of self-defense. It is the whole circumstances which
surround the incident that must be considered by the trial judge in
deciding whether an instruction on self-defense is proper or
whether an instruction on self-defense with limitations is proper.
Stepp v. Commonwealth,
608 S.W.2d 371, 374
(Ky. 1980).

We will not dwell on the many intricacies of KRS 503.060, “all of which,

when mixed together in instructions with lesser included offenses of various

relevant mental states, becomes incomprehensible to even the most educated.”

Commonwealth v. Hasch,
421 S.W.3d 349, 369
(Ky. 2013) (Scott, J.,

concurring). The trial court’s decision to not instruct on self-defense and

imperfect self-defense is not an abuse of discretion because “[o]ne who by his

words and acts provokes and brings about a fight cannot claim self-defense.

The law does not allow a man to create a bad or dangerous situation and then

9
fight his way out.” Townsend v. Commonwealth,
474 S.W.2d 352, 354
(Ky.

1971). We have often reiterated this principle when discussing initial aggressor

or provocation instructions. The purpose of these qualifications to a self-

defense instruction is “to prevent a defendant from instigating a course of

conduct then claiming he was acting in self-defense when that conduct

unfolds.” Bowman v. Commonwealth,
686 S.W.3d 230
, 247 (Ky. 2024) (quoting

Conley v. Commonwealth,
599 S.W.3d 756
, 775 (Ky. 2019)).

Townsend, admittedly, occurs in the context of reviewing a denial of a

motion for directed verdict but that is of little import. The rule is a general one,

that a defendant may not claim deadly self-defense when his own unlawful

actions give rise to a right to deadly self-defense in the victim. “If by their acts,

words, or conduct a person showed a willingness to enter the conflict, or if by

their words or acts the person invited it, the person must be held to have

produced the necessity for slaying their adversary and cannot invoke the

doctrine of self-defense.” 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 198 (2025). Our law is not so

absolute, as we allow deadly self-defense even for an initial aggressor so long as

his initial aggression was non-deadly, and the victim responded with deadly

force; or the initial aggressor in good faith withdraws from the encounter and

effectively communicates that withdrawal. KRS 503.060(3).

In this case, Welsh and his companions were forced to strip naked,

subjected to torturous practices by knife, and threatened with death if they did

not confess to raping Kipenie. Masters created an environment of deadly

physical force which justified Welsh in responding with deadly physical force of

10
his own. Welsh, seeing such an opportunity, acted—stabbing Masters in the

back. Both Dean and Miller testified Masters then called for the death of Welsh,

stating “kill the mother***ker.” Young, Masters’ accomplice, along with Dean

and Miller, all testified Welsh was fleeing the scene, and it was Masters who

came up behind him and stabbed him with the fatal blows. 8 Only Masters

testified to Welsh continuing his attack upon him as he crawled away.

Even assuming that is true, however, it does not restore Masters’ right of

self-defense. Of the two methods of restoration contained in KRS 503.060(3),

only the second—the initial aggressor effectively withdraws—is potentially

applicable. Taking the events in their totality, we have no doubt that three

assailants armed with knives, guns, and tasers, holding people hostage, naked,

and subjecting them to torture and threatening them with death meets the

criteria for deadly physical force. KRS 503.010(1). If Welsh had successfully

killed Masters, no one would doubt that homicide would be justified. As events

transpired, however, Welsh did not kill Masters, and he remained in a trailer

with three assailants; at least one of whom, Young, was armed with a revolver

and the other, McVey, might have been thought to have been armed with a gun

given the resemblance the taser had to one. The deadly scenario was not

terminated merely by stabbing Masters nor did Masters’ crawling into the

hallway, if taken as withdrawal, effectively terminate the deadly scenario.

8 The Medical Examiner testified Welsh suffered at least seven stab wounds

including a fatal blow in the back.
11
In other words, Welsh was still entitled to defend himself with deadly

force even after stabbing Masters until the deadly scenario was terminated

either by the death, subjugation, or flight of all three assailants. It is not for

this Court to second-guess Welsh’s actions in how he defended himself. “In

self-defense scenarios, so long as they are genuine, instinct is the law.”

Dunkleberger v. Commonwealth,
719 S.W.3d 17
, 28 (Ky. 2025) (citing Stanley v.

Commonwealth,
6 S.W. 155, 156
(Ky. 1887); Tompkins v. Commonwealth,
77

S.W. 712, 713
(Ky. 1903)). Welsh might have legitimately proceeded to attack

McVey or Young in self-defense after stabbing Masters. He might just as well,

assuming Masters’ account is true, believed that Masters was the leader and

killing him would effectively terminate the deadly scenario. 9

Masters wants us to look at his struggle with Welsh as one-on-one

combat divorced from the totality of the circumstances. That is not the proper

test. Masters created the deadly situation, and the law does not allow him to

claim a necessity to fight his way out once the deadliness turned upon himself.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give self-defense or

imperfect self-defense instructions.

B. No Palpable Error in Rape Kit Testimony
Next, Masters argues the trial court palpably erred when it allowed Det.

Middleton to testify the results of the rape kit performed on Kipenie turned up

no semen, saliva, or any foreign DNA on her person. Masters argues such

9 The idiom “cut the head off the snake” well expresses this strategic thinking.

12
results should have been testified to by the nurse or lab technician who

performed the tests. The Commonwealth concedes this testimony was hearsay

but contends it was not palpable error as it had no effect on Masters’ defense.

A palpable error is one of manifest injustice. RCr 10.26. It “is so

manifest, fundamental and unambiguous that it threatens the integrity of the

judicial process.” Martin v. Commonwealth,
207 S.W.3d 1, 5
(Ky. 2006).

Masters and the Commonwealth agree the results of the rape kit and DNA

testing should have been admitted pursuant to the testimony of the

appropriate nurse and lab technician. Both parties cite Peters v.

Commonwealth,
345 S.W.3d 838
(Ky. 2011) as authority and we affirm the

correctness of their position. The Commonwealth should not have inquired

about the results of the rape kit or DNA testing without calling the nurse and

lab technician who performed the tests.

Nonetheless, we agree with the Commonwealth this error is not palpable.

Importantly, the error here is not that substantively irrelevant or improper

evidence was admitted. The results of the rape kit and DNA testing were

relevant and admissible, at the very least in rebuttal of Masters’ claim that his

wife was raped. The error is in the manner of its admission. Masters argues his

belief that his wife had been gang-raped was “his entire defense” and that his

subsequent action to go back to the Hedden Flats trailer, which he believed he

leased, and remove the men was justified by the rape. Masters argues the jury

heard “the improper rape kit testimony—that Kipenie had conclusively not

been raped—[which] was devasting” to his defense. The jury was compelled to

13
view “Dean, [Miller,] and Welsh—and their actions and credibility—in a

different light.” We are hard-pressed to accept this argument. The error in how

this evidence was admitted is conceded, but that the jury heard three men

accused of rape were most likely not guilty of rape can hardly be described as a

manifest injustice. If the truth “threatens the integrity of the judicial process[,]”

then the judicial process has lost the plot. Martin,
207 S.W.3d at 5
.

Masters argues he was unable to cross-examine the nurse who

performed the rape kit about potential destruction of evidence, such as Kipenie

taking a bath. That is true, but that explanation as to the lack of DNA could

have been established alternatively either by cross-examination of White, who

remained with Kipenie while she was at McVey’s house, or through Kipenie

herself. Why the latter was not called to testify by Masters is ultimately

unknown but perhaps a clue lies in his own testimony: that he was no longer

sure Kipenie had told the truth about the rape. Det. Middleton was asked

about the possibility of a shower or bath destroying evidence, and he did testify

under cross-examination that he was not informed, despite two interviews with

Kipenie, that a shower or bath had occurred prior to the rape kit being

performed.

Suffice it to say, Masters’ “entire defense” that he was justified in going to

the trailer and removing the men from the premises has no correspondence

with the reality of what he did. Masters did not remove the men from the

premises. He woke them from their slumber, held them hostage on the

premises at knife point with two other armed accomplices, forced them to strip

14
naked, then tortured them. Whatever right he may have had or believed he had

to remove the men from the property, he far exceeded its scope. If the men had

in fact raped his wife, he still would not be allowed by the law to do what he

did. “Our law frowns on vigilante justice.” Perma Life Mufflers, Inc. v. Int’l Parts

Corp.,
392 U.S. 134, 154
(1968) (Harlan, J., concurring), overruled on other

grounds by Copperweld Corp. v. Indep. Tube Corp.,
467 U.S. 752, 771
(1984).

Secondly, even if Kipenie had not been raped, his defense hinged on his

belief at the time of the events, not that his belief was accurate. McClellan v.

Commonwealth,
715 S.W.2d 464, 469
(Ky. 1986) (reasonableness for extreme

emotional disturbance defense “is to be determined from the viewpoint of a

person in the defendant's situation under circumstances as defendant believed

them to be.”). Since Masters received the EED instruction which correctly

explained the rule, we agree with the Commonwealth this testimony had no

impact on Masters’ defense and is not palpable error.

C. Trial Court Abused its Discretion in Admitting Copy of Powers’
Alleged Lease
Next, Masters argues the trial court erred when it allowed the

Commonwealth to introduce a copy of the purported lease between Woods and

Powers and Welsh for the Hedden Flats property. There are multiple issues

with this argument, so we clarify first, this evidence is only relevant to the

burglary conviction. That Masters had a right to be on the property would not

absolve him of murder or unlawful imprisonment. Second, the arguments

surrounding the admission of this evidence are two-fold. Masters argued before

15
the trial court the Commonwealth had violated its discovery order and that the

copy of the lease did not conform to KRE 1003 and 1004. The Commonwealth

argued before the trial court, and again before this Court, that it had no reason

to believe the possessory interest in the property would be at issue until the

first day of trial therefore, it had a justifiable excuse in failing to obtain a copy

of the lease and turning it over to the defense until that very day. It further

argues Powers was an appropriate party to authenticate the copy of the lease

and therefore, there is no violation of the Rules of Evidence.

RCr 7.24(2) requires the Commonwealth to disclose material evidence to

the defense within its possession. The Commonwealth also notes the trial court

possesses the discretionary power to remedy discovery violations. Stieritz v.

Commonwealth,
671 S.W.3d 353
, 368 (Ky. 2023). We question that the

Commonwealth was caught by surprise regarding Masters’ defense. A plea of

not guilty puts in contention all elements of a crime and it is the duty of the

Commonwealth to prove every element beyond a reasonable doubt. Taylor v.

Commonwealth,
671 S.W.3d 36
, 43 (Ky. 2023). The Commonwealth had to have

known it was required to demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that Masters

had no right to be on the property to prove burglary in the first-degree. KRS

511.020(1). Moreover, Young had made a plea deal in exchange for his

testimony against Masters and McVey, and the Commonwealth had to know he

would testify he was informed they were going to Masters’ trailer. Finally, there

is a recorded conversation from the jail between Masters and Kipenie in which

Kipenie stated, “Well, it’s your place. You can go in whenever you want.”

16
Common sense dictated at the very least that the Commonwealth anticipate

this being an issue. 10

Be that as it may, the Commonwealth could legitimately believe Powers’

testimony would have sufficed to meet its burden. The trial court accepted the

Commonwealth’s explanation insofar as the discovery order is concerned and

mere disagreement with the trial court’s ruling is an insufficient basis upon

which to predicate a conclusion that it abused its discretion. Moore v. Asente,
110 S.W.3d 336, 354
(Ky. 2003).

Next is the argument pertaining to the Rules of Evidence. “To prove the

content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording,

or photograph is required . . .[,]” KRE 1002, except a duplicate may be used

unless there is “[a] genuine question as to the authenticity of the original” or “it

would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.” KRE 1003. KRE

1004 also conditions the use of a duplicate upon the original being lost,

destroyed, unobtainable by judicial process, or when the original is in the

possession of the party against whom it is offered and said party refuses to

produce it. The trial court’s decision is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Kerr

v. Commonwealth,
400 S.W.3d 250, 261
(Ky. 2013).

There is surprisingly little case law on these rules. KRE 1004 has only

been cited in three published opinions none of which are particularly edifying

10 Masters heavily relies upon this statement for his argument the

Commonwealth violated the discovery order. While this statement would have justified
further investigation into the tenancy of the trailer, we do not think it legally compelled
the Commonwealth to obtain and disclose a copy of Powers’ lease to Masters prior to
trial.
17
or applicable. KRE 1003 has only been cited four times in published opinions.

Our last comment upon it, thirteen years ago, came in Savage v. Three Rivers

Med. Ctr.,
390 S.W.3d 104, 114-15
(Ky. 2012). That case involved copies of x-

rays obtained in 1993 and admitted at a trial in 2009.
Id. at 109-10
. The Court

noted there was no dispute about the authenticity of the original x-rays but

there remained “the question of whether the x-rays produced by Sophia are, as

she claims, actual duplicates of the x-rays created by ARH [Appalachian

Regional Hospital] in 1993.”
Id. at 115
. The Court then held testimony by the

appellant, pursuant to KRE 901, sufficed to establish authenticity of the copy.
Id.
Because the appellant testified to how she obtained copies of the x-rays and

when, where she kept them during the intervening years, and then gave the

copies to her attorneys, that “was sufficient to support a finding that the matter

in question . . . is what its proponent claims; moreover, this testimony at the

same time would also satisfy any chain of custody concerns.”
Id.
The facts of our case are starkly different. Due to the late admission of

the copy of the lease, a cloud was cast over the authenticity of the original.

Powers gave hearsay testimony that Woods informed her over telephone he had

lost the original when moving offices. Then there is the fact the copy was

retained by Welsh, not Powers, and was allegedly found in Welsh’s family’s

possession. Powers cannot at all account for the custody of the document for

the intervening three years between the signing of the lease and trial, and her

testimony is not comparable to that found in Savage. Finally, there is the

18
discrepancy in the dates on the copy of the lease and the lack of the landlord’s

signature.

It was long the rule in the common law that a signatory to a lease is

“clearly competent, and ought to have been sworn, not to give testimony to the

jury but to the court, to satisfy the court that the best evidence was not in his

power, and thereby lays a foundation for evidence of a secondary grade[.]”

Hamit v. Lawrence,
9 Ky. 366, 366
(1820). 11 On the other hand, the common

law also held that where a document is purported to be lost, then “the last

person who had possession . . . should have been introduced to show that it

was lost, or his absence satisfactorily explained.” Taulbee v. Drake,
198 S.W.2d

50, 51
(Ky. 1946). Hamit, indeed, conforms to this rule as well. Hamit,
9 Ky. at

366-67
; see also Nutall's Adm'r v. Brannin's Ex'rs,
68 Ky. 11, 18-19
(1869);

Home Ins. Co. v. Westerfield,
99 S.W.2d 464, 466
(Ky. 1936). The common law

also required a diligent search for the original be conducted prior to allowing

admission of a copy. Standard Accident Ins. Co. of Detroit v. Rose,
234 S.W.3d

728
, 731 (Ky. 1950). Once again, both Hamit and Taulbee conform to this rule.

Hamit,
9 Ky. at 366-67
(testimony of not merely the last known custodian but

of all known custodians of original document was presented and this was

deemed sufficient); Taulbee,
198 S.W.2d at 50
(appellant’s hearsay testimony

that last known custodian informed him original letter was lost was insufficient

to show diligent search or that letter was in fact lost absent showing of

unavailability of last known custodian).

11 This is the most recent published decision in Kentucky stating the rule.

19
As for KRE 901, we accept that a signatory to a lease may testify to

authenticate a copy of said lease. See e.g., Wheelhouse Marina Real Estate,

L.L.C. v. Bommarito,
284 S.W.3d 761, 768
(Mo. Ct. App. 2009). Although

Powers was never the custodian of the copy, she did testify that she recognized

it as the one given on the day she and Welsh signed the lease, and that she

saw Welsh put the copy in the glovebox of his car. Under KRE 901, we

conclude the trial court properly allowed Powers to authenticate the copy. See

Thomas v. Commonwealth,
153 S.W.3d 772, 778-82
(Ky. 2004). Authentication

of a copy, however, is a secondary question to demonstrating the

circumstances allow for a copy to be admitted. The Commonwealth does not

make any argument against Taulbee, its application to the facts of this case, or

that it did not have to conduct a diligent search for the original prior to

introducing the copy of the lease for admission into evidence. There is,

however, one obvious objection: Hamit, Taulbee, and Rose predate the Rules of

Evidence and are no longer applicable.

Professor Lawson noted our post-Rules case law has never addressed

this issue, and this case affords an opportunity to so do. In making that

observation, Prof. Lawson continued,

KRE 1004 is silent with respect to the kind of showing needed for
reliance on this excuse [i.e., the original is lost or destroyed] but
drafters of the provision made a statement expressing a belief that
such matters should be left with the trial court:

Prior law contained specific requirements concerning
the type of search necessary to qualify loss of the
original as a satisfactory explanation. The omission of
such requirements from this provision reflects an

20
intention to leave this issue to the discretion of the
trial judge.

Robert G. Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 7.25[2][b] (2022

ed.). That such matters should be left in the discretion of the trial court is

nothing more than a truism which does not alter the common law. See

Sherman v. Sherman,
160 S.W.2d 637, 638-39
(Ky. 1942). The question then,

in light of the Commentary, is whether KRE 1002-1004 incorporated the

common law requirements found in Taulbee and Rose, or did it intend to

eliminate them?

As Prof. Lawson has noted elsewhere, in 1992 we declared we “had

‘neither adopted nor approved the Commentary.’” Robert G. Lawson,

Interpretation of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence-What Happened to the Common

Law?,
87 Ky. L.J. 517
, 558 (1999) (quoting Order of Supreme Court of

Kentucky, May 12, 1992)). Consequently, despite “more than one hundred

decisions involving the Kentucky Rules of Evidence[,]” between their passage in

1992 and Prof. Lawson’s article in 1999, the commentary “has not played as

much of a role in the interpretation of the Rules as [the] drafters had

anticipated.”
Id. at 557-58
. Without going into scholarly detail, Westlaw shows

only thirty-three published cases from this Court since 1999 referring to the

“commentary” out of a total of 351 published decisions involving the “rules of

evidence.” It would, therefore, appear that Prof. Lawson’s observation in 1999

remains correct: the Commentary does not play much of a role in our

jurisprudence. As Justice Scalia wisely noted of the similar commentary for the

21
Federal Rules of Evidence, “[l]ike a judicial opinion and like a statute, the

promulgated Rule says what it says, regardless of the intent of its drafters . . . .

[they] cannot, by some power inherent in the draftsmen, change the meaning

that the Rules would otherwise bear.” Tome v. United States,
513 U.S. 150, 168
(1995) (Scalia, J., concurring in part).

In contrast, “the preexisting common law has been more heavily used to

interpret the Rules than all other nontextual sources of interpretation

combined.” Lawson, Interpretation of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence, 87 Ky.

L.J. at 560. In interpreting the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Supreme Court

of the United States has noted, “‘no common law of evidence remains . . . In

reality, of course, the body of common law knowledge continues to exist,

though in the somewhat altered form of a source of guidance in the exercise of

delegated powers.’” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc.,
509 U.S. 579, 588
(1993) (quoting United States v. Abel,
469 U.S. 45, 51-52
(1984)).

Kentucky’s Rules of Evidence were not created in a vacuum but taken

mainly from the common law while winnowing down much of the dross that

had accumulated over centuries. For the majority of the Rules, they represent a

synthesis of the common law rather than the creation ex nihilo of a new rule.

“The Kentucky Rules . . . can properly be viewed as a codification of preexisting

common law principles. They mostly reaffirm preexisting doctrine and were not

in any sense crafted from ‘whole cloth’; the supreme court has described them

as a codification.” Lawson, Interpretation of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence, 87

Ky. L.J. at 567 (citing Harrison v. Commonwealth,
858 S.W.2d 172, 175
(Ky.

22
1993)). Accordingly, in the event the text of the Rules does not provide a clear

answer to an issue, the pre-Rules common law serves as the best evidence of

what the Rules were intended to mean, either consistently with the common

law or to demonstrate where the Rules departed from it.

That conclusion helps us now. The Commentary views silence in the

Rules of Evidence as rejection of the common law. Instead, both the Supreme

Court of the United States and this Court have viewed silence in the Rules as

an invitation to investigate the common law for resolution, within the

framework of the Rules of Evidence. See Abel,
469 U.S. at 50-51
(Federal Rules

of Evidence’s silence on allowing impeachment evidence for bias was answered

by the common law within framework of FRE 401); United States v. Mezzanatto,
513 U.S. 196, 200-03
(1995) (FRE 410’s silence as to whether plea-statements

rule could be waived by defendant resolved by common law and by broader

principles of constitutional and statutory interpretation, as well as Federal

Rules of Criminal and Civil Procedure); Stringer v. Commonwealth,
956 S.W.2d

883, 891-92
(Ky. 1997) (holding “[o]ur failure to adopt proposed KRE 704

simply left the ‘ultimate issue’ unaddressed in the Kentucky Rules of Evidence

and, therefore, subject to common law interpretation by proper application of

the rules pertaining to relevancy, KRE 401, and expert testimony, KRE 702.”);

Commonwealth v. Howlett,
328 S.W.3d 191, 192-93
(Ky. 2010) (silence of KRE

201 on particular question regarding judicial notice of facts was resolved by

common law).

23
We are convinced the requirement that the last known custodian of an

original document purported to be lost should testify to the circumstances of

that loss, and that a diligent search be performed for the original before a

duplicate be admitted, both of which can be traced to the early decades of the

law in the Commonwealth, are rules of too lengthy and consistent application

to have been jettisoned by the Rules of Evidence through mere silence. See

Abel,
469 U.S. at 50
(given “state of unanimity [in pre-existing law] confronting

the drafters of the Federal Rules of Evidence, we think it unlikely that they

intended to scuttle entirely the evidentiary availability of cross-examination for

bias.”); Mezzanatto,
513 U.S. at 203-04
(FRE 410’s silence not “an implicit

rejection of waivability.”); Howlett,
328 S.W.3d at 193
(KRE 201’s silence “no

reason to depart from our previous case law on the subject.”); cf. Stringer,
956

S.W.2d at 891
(holding the common law rule was not the “common sense view”

and “the inherent inconsistency in our decisions” applying the common law

justified reading KRE 401 and 702 as departing from it.).

Taulbee’s rule that the last known custodian of the original must testify

to the circumstances as to how the original was lost or destroyed, or else the

party offering the duplicate must demonstrate the last custodian’s

unavailability as a witness, is a clear and general rule that provides guidance

to bench and bar as to how to meet the prerequisites of KRE 1004. It is

unambiguous and does not defy common sense. Nor do we think the use of

hearsay testimony to establish an original document’s loss or destruction is

24
reconcilable with the thrust of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence that generally

condemns hearsay testimony with exceptions. KRE 802, 803, 804. 12

Rose’s requirement that a diligent search be conducted for the original is

also a natural conclusion that flows from and comports with KRE 1002, 1003,

and 1004. KRE 1002’s requirement of an original document when possible is

reduced to superfluity if all that is necessary to get around it is for a party to

assert the original is lost or destroyed without offering any proof by a person

with direct knowledge of the circumstances. KRE 1003’s and 1004’s

conditioning the circumstances of when a duplicate is and is not admissible do

not reflect a general intent to throw open the doors to duplicates under any

circumstance a trial judge might deem sufficient. It is true the Best Evidence

Rule is preferential and not exclusionary. Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law

Handbook § 7.25[1] (2022 ed.). But it is also true that it is not carte blanche.

In any given case, what constitutes a “diligent search” is of course

subject to the circumstances of the case and the discretion of the trial judge;

that is what the common law held and what the Rules of Evidence perpetuated.

This requirement, however, is not so ambiguous that its application proved

unwieldly or inconsistent prior to adoption of the Rules of Evidence, nor does

such a requirement defy common sense. Cf. Stringer,
956 S.W.2d at 891
. That

a duplicate was admitted in this case merely upon the hearsay assertion that

the original was lost without any demonstration of the circumstances by the

12 None of the exceptions in KRE 803 or 804 cover Powers’ testimony regarding

the original lease’s loss, which was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted—
that the original lease was in fact lost.
25
last known custodian or that he was unavailable to testify; and with a search

that consisted of no more than an interested witness making phone calls to the

last custodian, contrasted to the subpoena power of the trial court to call the

landlord as a witness so that he may testify as to what he did to search for the

original, as well as the Commonwealth’s investigative abilities, is too deficient.

Consequently, given the cloud cast over the authenticity of the original

under the circumstances of this case; the failure to demonstrate a diligent

search for the original; and the use of hearsay testimony of an interested

witness regarding the loss of the original as opposed to calling the last known

custodian without any demonstration of his unavailability as a witness; we

conclude the trial court’s decision to admit the copy of the lease is not

supported by sound legal principles and is an abuse of its discretion.

We do not find this error to be harmless. The inquiry in that test “is not

simply ‘whether there was enough evidence to support the result, apart from

the phase affected by the error. It is rather, even so, whether the error itself

had substantial influence. If so, or if one is left in grave doubt, the conviction

cannot stand.’” Winstead v. Commonwealth,
283 S.W.3d 678, 689
(Ky. 2009)

(quoting Kotteakos v. United States,
328 U.S. 750, 765
(1946)). Though Powers’

testimony could still suffice to establish her tenancy, Masters’ own testimony

regarding his tenancy contradicted it. The issue becomes one of credibility and,

as Blackstone once observed, “the witness who affirms, and the accused who

denies, make an equal balance[.]” V Tucker’s Blackstone 357 (St. George

Tucker ed., The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 2011) (1803). Masters was a lessee of

26
Woods for the trailer he lived in with his family; he testified to entering an oral

agreement with Woods to lease the Hedden Flats property; and receipts showed

thousands of dollars in expenditures which Masters testified was for said

property. His account is not implausible and is good evidence which a

reasonable juror could have believed in absence of the improperly admitted

copy of the lease. We conclude the improperly admitted copy of the lease did

have a substantial impact with the jury on this discrete issue. The conviction

for first-degree burglary is reversed.

D. No Error in Trial Court’s Hearing on the Motion to Withdraw
Finally, Masters argues he was not given an adequate hearing on his

appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw according to Deno v. Commonwealth,
177 S.W.3d 753
(Ky. 2005). Masters is not arguing the trial court’s decision

was an abuse of discretion in and of itself, but that it failed to follow a

procedural requirement in making that determination which necessarily taints

the decision. To refresh, it was Masters’ counsel who initially brought the

motion to withdraw because of Masters’ refusal to speak with him or co-

counsel. Only then did Masters argue to the trial court that he and counsel had

only spoken twice for a total of one hour in the previous ten months; they had

not worked on his defense or gone over discovery; and, generally, that counsel

had not investigated the case according to Masters’ preference and direction.

An indigent defendant is not entitled to the appointment of a
particular attorney, and a defendant who has been appointed
counsel is not entitled to have that counsel substituted unless
adequate reasons are given. When a defendant requests
substitution of counsel during trial, “the defendant must show

27
good cause, such as a conflict of interest, a complete breakdown of
communication or an irreconcilable conflict which leads to an
apparently unjust verdict.” Good cause has been described as: (1)
a “complete breakdown of communications between counsel and
defendant;” (2) a “conflict of interest;” and (3) that the “legitimate
interests of the defendant are being prejudiced.” Whether good
cause exists for substitute counsel to be appointed is within the
sound discretion of the trial court.
Id. at 759
(internal citations omitted). “This is a high bar and there must be

good cause for removal.” Henderson v. Commonwealth,
563 S.W.3d 651, 669
(Ky. 2018). To that end, we have held that even filing a bar complaint or a

lawsuit against counsel does not automatically require granting a motion to

withdraw or substitute counsel. Grady v. Commonwealth,
325 S.W.3d 333,

344-45
(Ky. 2010). Contrary to Masters’ assertion, we have never read Deno as

requiring a specific procedure on motions to withdraw or substitute counsel. 13

The right to be protected in a motion to withdraw or substitute counsel is

the Sixth Amendment’s and Section 11 of Kentucky’s constitution’s guarantee

of the right to counsel. Hargrove v. Commonwealth,
362 S.W.2d 37, 39-40
(Ky.

1962). Accordingly, a complete breakdown in communication between counsel

and client must be tantamount to the complete denial of counsel.

“[D]isagreements between appellant and his counsel as to trial tactics” do not

13 Masters can cite to no published authority so holding therefore cites an

unpublished Court of Appeals opinion, Garren v. Commonwealth, No. 2019-CA-
000027-MR,
2019 WL 5681185
, at *3 (Ky. App. Nov. 1, 2019), which held Deno
requires a specific procedure be followed on motions for withdrawal. Though we are
loath to cite unpublished decisions, we cannot help but note we have rejected such an
argument already: “Our finding that the trial court followed the ‘correct procedure’ in
Deno does not mandate the identical procedure for the instant case.” Schell v.
Commonwealth, No. 2006-SC-000662-MR,
2008 WL 203036
, at *3 (Ky. Jan. 24, 2008).

28
generally reflect a “breakdown [in] communications.” Baker v. Commonwealth,
574 S.W.2d 325, 327
(Ky. App. 1978). “If a client declines to participate in his

defense, then an attorney may permissibly guide the defense pursuant to the

strategy she believes to be in the defendant's best interest.” McCoy v. Louisiana,
584 U.S. 414
, 424 (2018).

Based on Masters’ allegations described above, we find this case similar

to Stinnett v. Commonwealth,
364 S.W.3d 70
(Ky. 2011). In that case,

[d]uring the almost three years it took to bring the case to trial,
Appellant filed numerous motions and wrote frequent letters to the
trial court seeking to have [his counsel] Yustas and Hieneman
replaced. Appellant's principal complaint was that his attorneys
did not maintain contact with him and, correspondingly, failed to
discuss his defense with him. He also claimed that they had failed
to investigate his case and interview witnesses. Based upon his
dissatisfaction, Appellant twice filed complaints against his
attorneys with the Kentucky Bar Association.
Id. at 81
. With the exception of the bar complaints, Masters’ allegations are

identical to those in Stinnett. In that case, we held, “Appellant has proffered

little more than generalized dissatisfaction with his appointed counsel. He fails

to allege any of the well-established bases to obtain such relief.”
Id.
Masters,

similarly, has demonstrated nothing more than generalized grievances with his

counsel.

Additionally, we note the hearing occurred approximately seven months

before trial 14 and therefore, there was plenty of opportunity for Masters to help

remedy his situation by speaking with counsel and aiding his defense. For the

same reason we rejected that filing a bar complaint automatically requires

14 Trial occurred in April 2024.

29
substituting counsel—because “[t]o so hold would allow a dissatisfied client to

manufacture ‘good cause’ by simply filing a bar complaint[,]” id.—we reject that

a defendant can simply refuse to speak with his counsel and thereby

demonstrate a complete breakdown in communication. The trial court below

heard counsel’s own motion to withdraw which was based on Masters’ refusal

to speak with him and co-counsel. The trial court expressed its belief that

Masters had made his own choice in refusing to aid his own defense and was

seeking to create an issue for appeal. The trial court then allowed Masters to

address what he believed were his counsel’s deficiencies in representation.

Afterward, the trial court remained unconvinced Masters had shown good

cause to substitute counsel. There is nothing in the record to demonstrate the

trial court’s conclusion is an abuse of discretion or clearly erroneous.

III. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm Masters’ convictions for

murder and four counts of unlawful imprisonment. We reverse his conviction

for first-degree burglary. Because the sentence of imprisonment for the latter

charge—ten years—was run concurrently with the sentence of imprisonment

for murder, Masters’ sentence of imprisonment for a total of thirty-five years is

unaffected by our reversal. We remand to Knox Circuit Court for amendment of

the judgment and sentence, and any further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

30
All sitting. Lambert, C.J.; and Goodwine, J., concur. Thompson, J.,

concurs in result only. Nickell, J., concurs in part and dissents in part by

separate opinion which Bisig and Keller, JJ., join.

NICKELL, J., CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART: I concur

with much of the majority’s well-reasoned opinion, but part ways relative to its

analysis of the interplay between the best evidence rule, as articulated in KRE

1001-1008, and prior common law decisions. Because I cannot conclude the

trial court abused its discretion by admitting secondary evidence of the lease, I

would affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence in its entirety.

Pertinent to the present appeal, KRE 1004(1) permits the introduction of

secondary evidence “of the contents of a writing, recording, or photograph”

when “[a]ll originals are lost or have been destroyed, unless the proponent lost

or destroyed them in bad faith[.]” The plain language of KRE 1004 does not

contain any independent requirement of a diligent search or that the last

known custodian must testify in order to prove the loss or destruction of an

original document.

Following the enactment of the Rules of Evidence, I perceive such

common law principles to merely serve as “an avenue by which the larger issue

of the document’s destruction” or loss may be proven as a matter of

circumstantial evidence. United States v. McGaughey,
977 F.2d 1067, 1071
(7th Cir. 1992). Professor McCormick further explained:

Loss or destruction may sometimes be provable by direct evidence,
such as testimony from a witness who destroyed the document.
But more often the only available evidence will be circumstantial,
usually taking the form of testimony that an appropriate search for
31
the document has been made without locating it. In such cases,
the adequacy of the showing will be largely dependent upon the
thoroughness and appropriateness of the search. It has been held
that when a writing is last known to have been in a particular
place or in the hands of a particular person, then that place must
be searched or the person produced. It is believed, however,
that these statements are best considered as general guides or
cautions, rather than strict and unvarying rules. Virtually all
jurisdictions view the trial judge as possessing some degree of
discretion in determining the preliminary question as to whether
loss or destruction makes it infeasible to produce the original
document.

2 McCormick On Evid. § 237 (9th ed. 2025) (emphasis added).

The standard for determining such preliminary questions of fact under

KRE 1004 is set forth in KRE 1008 which states as follows:

When the admissibility of other evidence of contents of writings,
recordings, or photographs under these rules depends upon the
fulfillment of a condition of fact, the question whether the
condition has been fulfilled is ordinarily for the court to determine
in accordance with the provisions of KRE 104. However, when an
issue is raised:

(a) Whether the asserted writing ever existed;

(b) Whether another writing, recording, or photograph produced at the
trial is the original;

the issue is for the trier of fact to determine as in the case of other
issues of fact.

Except for those issues specifically enumerated in KRE 1008(a)-(c), “[m]ost

questions of preliminary fact raised by the provisions of Article X are for the

judge to decide under Rule 104(a).” Victor J. Gold, 31 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Evid. §

8064 (2d ed. 2025) (explaining federal counterpart to KRE 1008). Similarly,

Professor Lawson’s treatise states:
32
(1) Although KRE 1004 says nothing about burden of proof, it is
likely that the party relying on one of its excuses would have to
bear the burden of proving its requirements to the trial court’s
satisfaction. (2) Factual findings needed for use of KRE 1004
would be governed by KRE 104(a), meaning that findings would
have to satisfy the preponderance of evidence standard of that
provision.

Robert G. Lawson, 1 Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 7.25[5] (2024).

KRE 104(a) states:

Preliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to
be a witness, the existence of a privilege, or the admissibility of
evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to the
provisions of subdivision (b) of this rule. In making its
determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except
those with respect to privileges.

(Emphasis added). Thus, under KRE 104(a), the trial court may rely upon

inadmissible evidence, such as hearsay, to resolve preliminary questions

relative to the admissibility of evidence under KRE 1004. See Gerlaugh v.

Commonwealth,
156 S.W.3d 747, 753
(Ky. 2005) (citing Bourjaily v. United

States,
483 U.S. 171, 181
(1987)); see also State v. Hermsdorf,
605 A.2d 1045,

1048
(N.H. 1992) (concluding “hearsay was properly considered by the trial

court in determining the admissibility of the secondary evidence” under Rules

1008 and 104(a)).

Based on the foregoing authority, I would conclude the trial court

properly considered hearsay evidence in determining the preliminary issue

concerning the loss of the original lease. Powers also directly testified

regarding her own efforts to obtain the original lease from the landlord on two

33
occasions. Thus, the trial court’s ruling was not based entirely upon hearsay.

See Gerlaugh,
156 S.W.3d at 754
.

Certainly, “it is true” that the Commonwealth provided “little information

concerning the extent of [the] search” for the original lease and could have

proceeded in a different manner. Crawford v. Tribeca Lending Corp.,
815 F.3d

121, 127
(2nd Cir. 2016). However, I cannot conclude the trial court abused

its discretion by admitting the copy of the lease.
Id.
Our precedents

consistently extend substantial “deference to the trial court’s factual findings

and ruling in such matters as evidentiary questions . . . because the trial court

is in the best position to evaluate the evidence.” Bailey v. Commonwealth,
194

S.W.3d 296, 304
(Ky. 2006) (quoting Miller v. Eldridge,
146 S.W.3d 909, 917
(Ky. 2004)). While I may have viewed the evidence and decided the question

differently in the first instance, I do not perceive the trial court’s ruling to have

been “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

principles.” Commonwealth v. English,
993 S.W.2d 941, 945
(Ky. 1999).

Therefore, I respectfully concur in part, dissent in part, and would affirm the

judgment of conviction and sentence in its entirety.

Bisig and Keller, JJ., join.

34
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Shannon Dupree
Assistant Public Advocate
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Russell M. Coleman
Attorney General of Kentucky

Courtney J. Hightower
Assistant Attorney General

Joseph S. Masters v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

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