Kemp v. Jackson

                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                             
                EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN                             
                      SOUTHERN DIVISION                                  

DEQUAN ALAN KEMP,                                                         

         Petitioner,              Case No. 2:20-cv-12614                 
                                  Honorable Linda V. Parker              
v.                                                                        

KIM CARGOR,1                                                              

         Respondent.                                                     
___________________________/                                              

 OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE PETITION FOR A WRIT OF                    
HABEAS CORPUS, ISSUING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY ON                  
       GROUND III, AND GRANTING LEAVE TO PROCEED                         
               IN FORMA PAUPERIS ON APPEAL                               

    Michigan prisoner Dequan Alan Kemp has filed a pro se application for a 
writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.  Following a jury trial in the 
Wayne County Circuit Court, Kemp was convicted of first-degree murder and 
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony in violation of Michigan 
Compiled Laws §§ 750.316(1)(a) and 750.227b(1), respectively.  The state court 
sentenced Kemp to life without parole for the murder conviction, as well as two 
years for the felony-firearm conviction.                                  

1  The caption is amended to reflect the proper respondent in this case, the warden 
where Kemp is currently incarcerated.  See Rules Governing § 2254 Case, Rule 
2(a), 28 U.S.C. foll. § 2254.                                             
    In his habeas petition, Kemp claims his rights to confront witnesses and to a 
fair trial were violated when the preliminary examination testimony of the key 

prosecution witness was read into the trial record and he was prevented from 
impeaching that witness with prior inconsistent statements.  Kemp also argues 
insufficient evidence supports his first-degree murder conviction.        

    Because the Michigan Court of Appeals’ decision denying Kemp’s claims 
was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of Supreme Court  
precedent, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied.  The Court denies 
Kemp a certificate of appealability with respect to the first two grounds for relief in 

his petition but grants him a certificate of appealability as to his third ground for 
relief.  Kemp is granted leave to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis.    
                        I.   Background                                  

    The Michigan Court of Appeals summarized the facts of Kemp’s case as 
follows:                                                                  
    This case arises from the fatal shooting of Emmet Conner, Jr.        
    (Conner) outside of his house in Detroit.  Defendant borrowed        
    Conner’s pickup truck one morning.  Defendant used the truck until   
    the middle of the afternoon and returned it to Conner’s house when he 
    was finished.  After defendant returned the truck, Conner and        
    defendant got in an argument because the truck almost was out of gas 
    when defendant returned it.  During this argument, defendant took out 
    a gun and shot at Conner five times.  Conner fell to the ground after 
    the second shot and defendant continued to shoot at Conner.  Conner  
    was hit with three bullets, two of them were independently fatal.    
    After the shooting, defendant fled the scene.                        
People v. Kemp, No. 342244, 2019 WL 3244092, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. July 18, 
2019).  Pertinent to two of Kemp’s claims, the state court also reported that “[t]he 

prosecution was unable to locate the only eyewitness to the shooting, Darryll 
Baldwin (Baldwin), in order to compel his testimony at trial, and the parties were 
required instead to rely on [Baldwin’s] testimony at the preliminary examination.”  

Id.  Baldwin’s sister, Darshaye Baldwin, is Kemp’s girlfriend.  (ECF No. 8-10 at 
PageID 687.)                                                              
    On direct appeal, Kemp argued that: (1) the trial court erred by admitting 
Baldwin’s preliminary examination testimony at trial and that he was entitled to a 

“missing witness” jury instruction; (2) his constitutional rights to confront Baldwin 
and to present a defense were denied; and (3) insufficient evidence supported his 
first-degree murder conviction.  The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed his 

convictions.  Kemp, 2019 WL 3244092, at *6.  In a standard form order, the 
Michigan Supreme Court denied him leave to appeal.  People v. Kemp, 936   
N.W.2d 303 (Mich. 2019).                                                  
    Kemp filed a timely federal habeas petition, raising the following grounds 

for relief:                                                               
     I.  The trial court reversibly erred by allowing the preliminary    
         examination testimony of the key prosecution witness to be      
         read at trial.  The trial court found police exercised due-     
         diligence, and Mr. Kemp was thereby denied the missing-         
         witness instruction [as found in Michigan Criminal Jury         
         Instruction 5.12], and his state and federal constitutional rights 
         to a fair trial by a properly-instructed jury, Sixth Amendment  
         right of confrontation, and Fourteenth Amendment due process    
         right to defend against the charges.                            

     II.  The trial court reversibly erred in denying Appellant his due  
         process right to present a defense under US Const, Am V, XIV;   
         and [Michigan] Const. 1963, Art I, §§ 17, 20, when the court    
         precluded the defense from impeaching the sole eyewitness –     
         who had been declared unavailable by the trial court and whose  
         preliminary examination testimony was read into the record –    
         with a prior inconsistent statement.                            

    III.  The evidence was not legally sufficient to prove beyond a      
         reasonable doubt a premeditated and deliberate intent to kill.  
         Mr. Kemp’s guarantees of due process under the 14th             
         Amendment and Const. 1963, Art. I, § 17, require that the first-
         degree murder conviction be reversed.                           

(ECF No. 1 at PageID 15.)                                                 

                     II.  Standard of Review                             
    The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) sets 
forth the standard of review federal courts must use when considering habeas 
petitions brought by prisoners challenging their state court convictions.  AEDPA 
provides in relevant part:                                                
      An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in 
      custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be     
      granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the      
      merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the   
      claim–                                                             

         (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 
         unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as 
         determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or        
         (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable    
         determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in 
         the State court proceeding.                                     

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).                                                      
    “A state court’s decision is ‘contrary to’ . . . clearly established law if it 
‘applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court 
cases]’ or if it ‘confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a 
decision of [the Supreme] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from 
[that] precedent.’”  Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 15-16 (2003) (per curiam) 
(quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000)); see also Bell v. Cone, 

535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002).  “[T]he ‘unreasonable application’ prong of     
§ 2254(d)(1) permits a federal habeas court to ‘grant the writ if the state court 
identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court but 

unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the petitioner’s case.”  Wiggins v. 
Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520 (2003) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413); see also Bell, 
535 U.S. at 694.  However, “[i]n order for a federal court to find a state court’s 
application of [Supreme Court] precedent ‘unreasonable,’ the state court’s decision 

must have been more than incorrect or erroneous.  The state court’s application 
must have been ‘objectively unreasonable.’”  Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 520-21 (quoting 
Williams, 529 U.S. at 409).  “AEDPA thus imposes a ‘highly deferential standard 

for evaluating state-court rulings,’ and ‘demands that state-court decisions be given 
the benefit of the doubt.’”  Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010) (quoting Lindh 
v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333, n.7 (1997); Woodford v. Viscotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 

(2002) (per curiam)).                                                     
    A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit “precludes federal 
habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the 

state court’s decision.”  Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting 
Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)).  The Supreme Court has 
emphasized “that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s 
contrary conclusion was unreasonable.”  Id. (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 

63, 75 (2003)).  To obtain habeas relief in federal court, a state prisoner must show 
that the state court’s rejection of a claim “was so lacking in justification that there 
was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any  

possibility for fairminded disagreement.”  Id.; see also White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 
415, 419-20 (2014).  Federal judges “are required to afford state courts due respect 
by overturning their decisions only when there could be no reasonable dispute that 
they were wrong.”  Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312, 316 (2015).             

    Pursuant to § 2254(d), “a habeas court must determine what arguments or 
theories supported or . . . could have supported, the state court’s decision; and then 
it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those 

arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision” of the 
Supreme Court.  Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101.  Because the requirements of clearly 
established law are to be determined solely by Supreme Court precedent, “circuit 

precedent does not constitute ‘clearly established Federal law as determined by the 
Supreme Court’” and it cannot provide the basis for federal habeas relief.  Parker 
v. Matthews, 567 U.S. 37, 48-49 (2012) (per curiam) (quoting 28 U.S.C.    

§ 2254(d)(1)); see also Lopez v. Smith, 574 U.S. 1 (2014) (per curiam).  The 
decisions of lower federal courts, however, may be useful in assessing the 
reasonableness of the state court’s resolution of an issue.  Stewart v. Erwin, 503 
F.3d 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Williams v. Bowersox, 340 F.3d 667, 671 (8th 

Cir. 2003)); Dickens v. Jones, 203 F. Supp. 354, 359 (E.D. Mich. 2002).   
    “[T]he state court’s factual findings are presumed correct unless rebutted by 
clear and convincing evidence.”  Moore v. Mitchell, 708 F.3d 760, 775 (6th Cir. 

2013) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); McAdoo v. Elo, 365 F.3d 487, 493-94 (6th 
Cir. 2004)).  Finally, habeas review is “limited to the record that was before the 
state court.”  Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011).            
                         III.  Analysis                                  

         A.   Admission of missing witness’s prior testimony             
    Kemp argues first that the trial court erred in admitting Baldwin’s  
preliminary examination testimony into the record and in finding that the 
prosecution exercised due diligence searching for Baldwin.  Kemp asserts these 
decisions violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth 
Amendment, as well as his rights to a fair trial and a properly instructed jury. 

    The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to confront 
witnesses against them, which requires “testing in the crucible of cross- 
examination.”  Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 61 (2004).  To that end, the 

Supreme Court has observed that “the Framers would not have allowed admission 
of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless [the 
witness] was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity 
for cross-examination.”  Id. at 53-54.  “[A] witness is not ‘unavailable’ for 

purposes of the confrontation requirement unless the prosecutorial authorities have 
made a good-faith effort to obtain [the witness’] presence at trial.”  Hardy v. Cross, 
565 U.S. 65, 69 (2011) (quoting Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719, 724-725 (1968)) 

(ellipsis omitted).                                                       
    Regarding that effort, “the Sixth Amendment does not require the     
prosecution to exhaust every avenue of inquiry . . ..”  Id. at 71.  Notably, Hardy 
was a habeas case.  That status led the Supreme Court to conclude that “the 

deferential standard of review set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) does not permit a 
federal court to overturn a state court’s decision on the question of unavailability 
merely because the federal court identifies additional steps that might have been 

taken [to secure the witness’s attendance at trial].”  565 U.S. at 72.    
    In Kemp’s case, the Michigan Court of Appeals reviewed the efforts taken to 
obtain Baldwin’s presence at trial.  Kemp, 2019 WL 3244092, at *2-3.  These 

included a police detective making multiple attempts to locate Baldwin, the 
issuance of a witness detainer, and the expenditure of “over forty man hours or 
more of . . . police officers” attempting to find him “despite Baldwin’s repeated 

statements that he would not appear to testify at trial.”  Id.  The court concluded 
Baldwin was correctly deemed an “unavailable witness” and that “the prosecution 
had exercised due diligence[.]”  Id. at *2.                               
    In addition to establishing a witness’s unavailability, to avoid constitutional 

injury the defense must have had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness.  
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 54.  The admission of a witness’s testimony from a  
preliminary hearing may be found constitutional, especially where “the witness 

was under oath; the defendant ‘was represented by counsel . . . [who] had every 
opportunity to cross-examine [the witness] as to his statement;’ and ‘the 
proceedings were conducted before a judicial tribunal equipped to provide a 
judicial record of the hearings.’”  Al-Timimi v. Jackson, 379 F. App’x 435, 438-39 

(6th Cir. 2010) (quoting California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970)).       
    Here, the preliminary examination transcript as read into the trial court 
record reflects that defense counsel questioned Baldwin during cross-examination, 

including about having been in prison and on parole.  (ECF No. 8-9 at PageID 550-
54.)  Defense counsel also impeached Baldwin over his initial lies to police, 
bringing out that Baldwin initially told the police that he did not know what had 

happened and that Kemp had not shot the victim.  (Id. at PageID 552-53.)  Counsel 
also challenged Baldwin’s ability to observe the shooting, questioning Baldwin 
about a large truck which separated him from the victim and Kemp.  (Id. at PageID 

553-54.)  All the factors listed in Al-Timimi are present here, including Kemp’s 
representation by the same attorney at the preliminary examination and at trial.  
See Al-Timimi, 379 F. App’x at 438.                                       
    The state court thus reasonably found that the prosecution was duly diligent, 

and that Kemp “had an opportunity to cross examine Baldwin at the preliminary 
examination.”  Kemp, 2019 WL 3244092, at *2-3.  Kemp was not denied his   
confrontation rights.                                                     

    Kemp’s final argument in his first ground for relief is that a “missing 
witness” instruction was wrongfully omitted from his trial.  That instruction 
informs the jury “that it may infer that the missing witness’s testimony would have 
been unfavorable to the prosecution’s case.”  People v. Eccles, 677 N.W.2d 76, 83 

(Mich. Ct. App. 2004) (citation omitted).  The instruction should be given when 
the prosecutor failed to exercise due diligence to produce a witness.  Id. 
    But again, “[d]ue diligence is the attempt to do everything reasonable, not 

everything possible, to obtain the presence of res gestae witnesses.”  People v. 
George, 342 N.W.2d 908, 910 (Mich. Ct. App. 1983); see also Hardy, 565 U.S. at 
72.  This Court cannot conclude that the state appellate court unreasonably found 

that the prosecution was duly diligent.                                   
    Finally, no clearly-established Supreme Court precedent obligates a trial 
court to provide a missing witness instruction as a matter of federal due process 

when a potential witness is unavailable for trial.  See Stadler v. Curtin, 682 F. 
Supp. 2d 807, 821-822 (E.D. Mich. 2010).  Kemp is not entitled to habeas relief on 
this issue.                                                               
          B.  Lack of opportunity to impeach the eyewitness              

    Kemp next argues that his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to   
present a defense were violated when the trial court ruled he could not impeach 
Baldwin, the sole eyewitness, with his prior inconsistent statement to police.  
When defense counsel asked police officer Tracy Weinert at trial about Baldwin’s 

first statement to her, in which Baldwin denied being present during the shooting, 
the trial court precluded the statement as inadmissible hearsay.  (ECF No. 8-10 at 
PageID 676-67.)  Evaluating this type of claim in the habeas context, the Sixth 

Circuit explained that “[a] criminal defendant states a violation of the  
Confrontation Clause by showing that he was prohibited from engaging in   
otherwise appropriate cross-examination designed to show a prototypical form of 
bias on the part of the witness.”  Miller v. Genovese, 994 F.3d 734, 742 (6th Cir. 
2021) (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 680 (1986)).        

    In determining that the trial court did not err in excluding the hearsay 
evidence, the Michigan Court of Appeals reasoned:                         
    Baldwin’s initial statement to P.O. Weinert . . . already was presented 
    to the jury when the prosecutor and defendant’s trial attorney       
    questioned Baldwin about it at the preliminary examination and       
    Baldwin admitted that what he told P.O. Weinert on February 17,      
    2017, was not the truth.  As such, when defendant’s trial attorney   
    questioned P.O. Weinert about Baldwin’s February 17, 2017,           
    comments regarding Conner’s shooting, the evidence was cumulative    
    because the jury had already been presented with evidence of         
    Baldwin’s inconsistent statements through his preliminary            
    examination testimony which had been read to the jury.               

Kemp, 2019 WL 3244092, at *4.  As explained in the prior section, Kemp was not 
prevented from impeaching Baldwin’s testimony.  Therefore, the state court was 
not unreasonable in finding no violation of his right to present a defense.  Kemp is 
not entitled to habeas relief on this issue.                              
                  C.   Sufficiency of the evidence                       
    In his third and final ground in support of his request for habeas relief, Kemp 
argues that the evidence admitted at trial was legally insufficient to prove 
premeditation and deliberation to support his first-degree murder conviction. 
    “The Constitution prohibits the criminal conviction of any person except 
upon proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”  Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 
307, 309 (citing In Re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)).  Under AEDPA, however, a 
habeas court’s “review of a state-court conviction for sufficiency of the evidence is 
very limited.”  Thomas v. Stephenson, 898 F.3d 693, 698 (6th Cir. 2018).  

Sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims “face a high bar in habeas proceedings because 
they are subject to two layers of deference[.]”  Tackett v. Trierweiler, 956 F.3d 
358, 366 (6th Cir. 2020).                                                 

    The first layer is direct appeal, where the critical inquiry is “whether, after 
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational 
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 
reasonable doubt.”  Smith v. Nagy, 962 F.3d 192, 205 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting 

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319) (emphasis in original).  “This standard ‘must be applied 
with explicit reference to the substantive elements of the criminal offense as 
defined by state law.’”  Id. (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324, n. 16).  AEDPA 

provides the second layer of deference:  “[O]n habeas review, a federal court 
may . . . overturn a state court decision . . . only if the state court decision was 
objectively unreasonable.”  Tackett, 956 F.3d at 367 (quoting Coleman v. Jackson, 
566 U.S. at 651).                                                         

    When evaluating sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, the habeas court “is not 
at liberty to reweigh the evidence or reassess the credibility of witnesses.”  Smith, 
962 F.3d at 205 (citing Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d 191, 205 (6th Cir. 2009)).  

“Attacks on witness credibility are simply challenges to the quality of the 
government’s evidence and not to the sufficiency of the evidence.”  Id. (quoting 
Martin v. Mitchell, 280 F.3d 594, 618 (6th Cir. 2002)).  Finally, it is the job of the 

factfinder at trial, not a federal habeas court, to resolve evidentiary conflicts.  
Cavazos v. Smith, 565 U.S. 1, 7 (2011); Martin, 280 F.3d at 618; see also Walker 
v. Engle, 703 F.2d 959, 969-70 (6th Cir. 1983) (“A federal habeas corpus court 

faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences must 
presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of 
fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that 
resolution.”).                                                            

    To convict a defendant of first-degree murder in Michigan, the state must 
prove that the defendant’s intentional killing of another was deliberate and 
premeditated.  See Scott v. Elo, 302 F.3d 598, 602 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing People v. 

Schollaert, 486 N.W.2d 312, 318 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992)).  The Michigan courts 
give “premeditation and deliberation” their “ordinary meaning”: “to premeditate is 
to think about beforehand; to deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major facets 
of a choice or problem.”  People v. Oros, 917 N.W.2d 559, 565 (Mich. 2018) 

(brackets omitted) (quoting People v. Woods, 331 N.W.2d 707, 715 n.2 (Mich. 
1982)).  Whether these elements have been satisfied must be decided by the fact 
finder “from all facts of the case.”  Id. (emphasis in original) (quotation marks and 

citation omitted).                                                        
    “Premeditation and deliberation may be established by an interval of time 
between the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would allow a 

reasonable person time to subject the nature of his or her action to a ‘second 
look.’”  Id. at 566 (quoting People v. Gonzalez, 664 N.W.2d 159, 163 (Mich. 
2003); People v. Tilley, 273 N.W.2d 471, 474 (Mich. 1979)).  The interval of time 

required for premeditation and deliberation can be as small as a few seconds, “but 
it is within the province of the fact-finder to determine whether there was sufficient 
time for a reasonable person to subject his or her action to a second look.”  Id. 
    Here, the Michigan Court of Appeals “explicit[ly] refer[red]” to the elements 

of first-degree murder, as Jackson requires.  Smith, 962 F.3d at 205.  Those 
elements are “(1) the intentional killing of a human (2) with premeditation and 
deliberation.”  Kemp, 2019 WL 3244092, at *5 (citing Oros, 917 N.W.2d at 565).  

The state court found sufficient evidence to support the second element, reasoning: 
    When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the         
    prosecution, defendant and Conner argued about whether defendant     
    put enough gas in Conner’s truck.  During the course of this argument 
    defendant took out a gun and shot at Conner five times.  Three of    
    those shots struck Conner and two of them were independently fatal.  
    Baldwin did not see the first shots, but he did see defendant shoot at 
    Conner after Conner fell to the ground.  Defendant clearly had the   
    intent to shoot at Conner and continued to shoot at Conner after     
    Conner fell to the ground.  Because defendant shot at Conner multiple 
    times, he had an opportunity to take a “second look” at his actions  
    after he drew his gun and after each shot he took at Conner.  See Oros, 
    502 Mich. at 240-243.  Defendant had multiple opportunities to       
    consider what he was doing and a rational jury could have found      
    beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s actions were premeditated 
    and deliberate.                                                      

Id. (citations omitted).  The state court’s reasoning is problematic given the paucity 
of evidence regarding a time interval between the shots fired, and the state court’s 
misapprehension of Oros to conclude multiple shots provided Kemp an       
opportunity for a series of “second look[s].”  Nevertheless, for the reasons 
discussed infra, this Court must find its conclusion not unreasonable and conclude 

that Kemp is not entitled to habeas relief on this claim.                 
    The “second look” interval may be “mere[] seconds[,]” Peoples v. Lafler, 
734 F.3d 503, 518 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting People v. Berthiaume, 229 N.W.2d 
497, 500 (Mich. Ct. App. 1975)), or “even . . . as short as ‘one second[,]’” Id. 

(quoting People v. Tilley, 273 N.W.2d 471, 474 (Mich. 1979)).  However, at 
Kemp’s trial, no evidence was admitted as to the interval(s) between the multiple 
shots fired at the victim.  Moreover, in Oros, the Michigan Supreme Court did not 

find that multiple shots or other fatal wounds alone provide an opportunity for a 
“second look,” as suggested by the state court in Kemp.  In fact, to illustrate 
insufficient evidence to show premeditation and deliberation, the Court used a case 
where the only evidence presented was the number of stab wounds.  Oros, 917 

N.W.2d at 567 (citing People v. Hoffmeister, 229 N.W.2d 305, 308 (Mich. 1975)); 
see also id. at 569-70 (quoting Hoffmeister, 229 N.W.2d at 307) (“The mere fact 
that the killing was attended by much violence or that a great many wounds were 
inflicted is not relevant (on the issue of premeditation and deliberation), as such a 
killing is just as likely (or perhaps more likely) to have been on impulse.”) (internal 

quotation marks and footnote omitted).                                    
    Nonetheless, any error in the appellate court’s interpretation or application 
of Michigan law is not a basis for finding its decision unreasonable.  “[I]t is not the 

province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-
law questions.”  Seaman v. Washington, 506 F. App’x 349, 358 (6th Cir. 2012) 
(quoting Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991)).  Instead, the Court must 
determine whether the conviction violated the Constitution.  Estelle, 502 U.S. at 

68.  Applying Jackson to a habeas challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, 
“the minimum amount of evidence that the Due Process Clause requires to prove 
the offense is purely a matter of federal law.”  Coleman v. Johnson, 566 U.S. 650, 

655 (2012) (emphasis added).                                              
    Here, the jury heard testimony that Kemp and Conner were discussing the 
lack of gas in the truck Kemp returned to Conner when, as Conner approached 
Kemp, Kemp began shooting Conner.  (ECF No. 8-9 at PageID 539.)  Baldwin  

testified that the conversation was not loud.  (ECF No. 8-9 at PageID 556.)  Kemp 
testified there was no argument, and the conversation was cordial.  (ECF No. 8-10 
at PageID 790.)  Baldwin recalled several (probably four) shots (ECF No. 8-9 at 

PageID 438); witnesses heard five shots (id. at PageID 437-38, 593) and police 
located five 40 caliber shell casings, weathered the same, at the scene (id. at 
PageID 500, 503, 507).                                                    

    Two shots were fired by Kemp after Conner fell to the ground.  (Id. at 
PageID 540.)  Three of the bullets struck Conner.  (Id. at PageID 471.)  One of the 
bullets entered on the left side of Conner’s chest, just above the nipple, which 

struck only soft tissue.  (Id. at PageID 472.).  Another bullet entered Conner’s left 
upper back, went through his left lung, and perforated his jugular vein.  (Id. at 
PageID 474, 478.)  The third bullet entered higher in Conner’s left upper back, 
towards his shoulder, and went through his heart.  (Id. at PageID 475).  The two 

bullets that entered Conner’s back were consistent with him being shot while he 
was turned from Kemp and were fatal.  (Id. at PageID 477-78.)  Kemp immediately 
fled the scene after shooting Conner.  (Id. at PageID 547.)               

    Viewing all the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, this 
Court is unable to conclude that no rational jury would find the elements of first-
degree murder proven beyond a reasonable doubt.  See James v. Corrigan, 85 F.4th 
392, 395 (6th Cir. 2023) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 317-19) (“Evidence is only 

‘insufficient’ when, viewing it in the light most favorable to the state, no rational 
juror would find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”).  Kemp not only fired multiple 
shots at Conner, but two shots were fired even after Conner fell to the ground, 

those shots were directed and struck Conner in the left chest where they were 
likely to strike—and did strike—vital organs, and they were fired while Conner 
had his back to Kemp.  See Thomas v. Tribley, No. 13-cv-11877, 2015 WL    

3650991, at *4-5 (E.D. Mich. June 11. 2015) (finding the petitioner’s intent to kill, 
including premeditation and deliberation, based on the circumstances, including his 
use of a deadly weapon, the fact that he shot the victim multiple times, including 

once in the chest); Johnson v. Rapelje, No. 10-cv-12529, 2012 WL 2359947, at *5 
(E.D. Mich. June 21, 2012) (finding the petitioner’s intent to kill, including 
premeditation and deliberation, from the fact that he shot the victim in the chest 
with a deadly weapon); Haywood v. Booker, No. 06-cv-10927, 2009 WL 817647, 

at *3 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 27, 2009) (fact that the petitioner fired at the victim after 
the victim fell to the floor supports an inference of premeditation and deliberation); 
see also Hills v. Michigan, No. 17-1410, 2017 WL 11606785, at *3 (6th Cir. Oct. 

11, 2017) (finding sufficient facts to show premeditation and deliberation including 
that the petitioner shot a victim multiple times in the back as the victim staggered 
away).  Further, the fact that Kemp began shooting when Conner was turned 
toward Kemp, but other shots were fired when Conner was turned away, could lead 

a jury to find that there was time between the shots for Kemp to take a “second 
look.”  See Hill supra.  Lastly, Kemp fled the scene after shooting Conner.  See 
Carter v. Vashaw, 627 F. Supp. 3d 853, 866 (E.D. Mich. 2022) (citing Marsack v. 

Howes, 300 F. Supp. 3d 483, 492 (E.D. Mich. 2003)) (flight from the scene 
supports a finding of premeditation and deliberation); Thomas, 2015 WL 3650991, 
at *5 (listing the petitioner’s flight from the scene as a factor supporting jury’s 

finding of premeditation and deliberation).                               
    Again, a federal habeas court may only reverse a state court decision “if the 
state court decision was objectively unreasonable.”  Tackett, 956 F.3d at 367.  To 

meet that standard, a state court must apply a rule that contradicts Supreme Court 
precedent or “confront[] facts that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant 
Supreme Court precedent and arrive[] at a result opposite to [that decision].”  Bell 
v. Cone, 543 U.S. 447, 452-53 (2005) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 

405 (2000)).  A misinterpretation of state law is not “objectively unreasonable” for 
purposes of AEDPA.  See Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 780 (1990) (explaining 
that “federal habeas corpus relief does not lie for errors of state law”); King v. 

Trippett, 27 F. App’x 506, 510 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-78) 
(finding “that the trial court’s alleged misapplication of state law was not 
cognizable in a federal habeas corpus proceeding”).  The Michigan Court of 
Appeals’ decision is not “contrary to . . . clearly established Federal law[.]”  28 

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).  Finally, no such “materially indistinguishable” Supreme 
Court precedent mirrors the circumstances of Kemp’s case.  Kemp is not entitled to 
habeas relief on this issue.                                              

       IV.  Certificate of Appealability and Leave to Proceed In Forma   
                       Pauperis on Appeal                                
    Before Kemp may appeal the Court’s decision, a certificate of appealability 
must issue.  See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(a); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b).  A federal 
district court must decide whether to issue a certificate of appealability when it 

issues a ruling on the habeas petition.  Castro v. United States, 310 F.3d 900, 901 
(6th Cir. 2002).  A certificate of appealability may issue “only if the applicant has 
made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.”  28 U.S.C. 

§ 2253(c)(2).  To demonstrate such a denial, a petitioner must show that reasonable 
jurists could debate whether, or agree that, the petition should have been resolved 
in a different manner, or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve 
encouragement to proceed further.  Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483-84 

(2000); see also Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003).         
    For the reasons stated in this opinion, the Court is denying Kemp a  
certificate of appealability with respect to his first two grounds for relief because 

he fails to make a substantial showing of the denial of a federal constitutional right.  
Reasonable jurists would not find it debatable whether Kemp’s constitutional 
rights were violated by admitting Baldwin’s preliminary examination testimony at 
trial, not providing a missing-witness instruction, or precluding Kemp’s counsel 

from asking duplicative questions to impeach Baldwin’s testimony.  Resolution of 
Kemp’s third ground is a closer call, however.  Therefore, the Court is granting 
him a certificate of appealability on this issue.                         
    An appeal could be made in good faith.  Therefore, the Court is granting 
Kemp leave to appeal in forma pauperis.  28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3); Fed. R. App. P. 

24(a)(3)(A).                                                              
    For the reasons stated above, the Court concludes Kemp is not entitled to 
federal habeas relief on his claims.                                      

    Accordingly,                                                         
    IT IS ORDERED that Petitioner’s application for the writ of habeas corpus 
is DENIED.                                                                
    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability is         

DENIED with respect to Grounds I and II of the petition but GRANTED with  
respect to Ground III (whether there was sufficient evidence supporting   
Petitioner’s first-degree murder conviction).                             

    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that leave to proceed in forma pauperis on     
appeal is GRANTED.                                                        
                                   s/ Linda V. Parker                    
                                   LINDA V. PARKER                       
                                   U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE                   
Dated: February 22, 2024                                                 
I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of 
record and/or pro se parties on this date, February 22, 2024, by electronic and/or 
U.S. First Class mail.                                                   

                                   s/Aaron Flanigan                      
                                   Case Manager