Lowe v. Swanson

 MEMORANDUM OPINION DONALD C. NUGENT, District Judge. This matter is before the Court upon the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge James S. Gallas (Document # 16) recommending that the Court deny Petitioner, Paul D. Lowe’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Docket # 1); deny Petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket # 15); and, dismiss the Petition in its entirety. The factual and procedural history of this case, as set forth by the Magistrate Judge, is as follows: Paul D. Lowe was convicted of “sexual battery” under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03(A)(5) due to his admitted illicit, but consensual relationship, with his 22-year old adult step-daughter, who was neither related by blood nor adoption: The crime, a third degree felony, is set out as: A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse *859 of the offender, when any of the following apply: ... (5) The offender is the other person’s natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person. See Ohio Rev.Code § 2907.03(A). Its purpose is “quite obviously designed to be Ohio’s criminal incest statute.” State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St.3d 31, 33 , 615 N.E.2d 1040 , 1993-Ohio-189 (1993). Lowe exhausted his state court appeals, and was unable to convince the Ohio Supreme Court that he has a federally-protected constitutional right to a sexual relationship with his step-daughter. See State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507 , 861 N.E.2d 512 , 2007-Ohio-606 (2007). His state sentence of 120 days incarceration to be followed by 3 years of community control has been stayed by the state trial court and this suspension remains in effect pending the outcome of federal habeas review. (See Petitioner’s Memorandum in Support, ECF # 1-3). Lowe now petitions for federal habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to overturn his sexual battery conviction challenging the constitutionality of the application of Ohio’s incest statute to his circumstances as infringing on his fundamental right to consensual sexual relationships within the privacy of the home. Lowe contends that his incestuous relationship is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment based upon Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003), and subject to review under the doctrine of strict scrutiny to be overcome by only a compelling state interest. His case is before the district court on his petition for federal habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and his unopposed motion for summary judgment. (See ECF # 1, 15) (Footnotes omitted.) After a thorough review and discussion regarding applicable State and Federal law, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner has not demonstrated that he is in custody pursuant to a judgment of the State court which resulted in a decision that was an unreasonable application of Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, and that the State court decision was not “contrary to” precedent for the U.S. Supreme Court. As stated above, the Magistrate Judge recommends that Petitioner’s Petition for Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 be denied; that Petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment be denied; and, that the Petition be dismissed in its entirety. On June 11, 2009, Petitioner filed his Objection to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, challenging the Magistrate Judge’s analysis of Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 564 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003), and arguing that Lawrence sets forth “clearly established” law — specifically, the principle that the government may not, absent a narrowly tailored compelling interest, regulate the actions for which Mr. Lowe was convicted. (Docket # 17.) Standard of Review for a Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation The applicable district court standard of review for a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation depends upon whether objections were made to the report. When objections are made to a report and recommendation of a magistrate judge, the district court reviews the case de novo. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b) provides: The district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s *860 -disposition that has been properly objected to. The district judge may accept, reject, or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions. Discussion The Court has reviewed the Report and Recommendation de novo, as well as the Objection filed by Petitioner. The Court hereby agrees with, and adopts, the findings and conclusions of the Magistrate Judge as its own. The Magistrate Judge correctly determined that Petitioner has not demonstrated that he is in custody pursuant to a judgment of the State court which resulted in a decision that was an unreasonable application of Federal law and, that the State court decision was not “contrary to” precedent for the U.S. Supreme Court. As thoroughly analyzed by the Magistrate Judge, there is no “clearly established” principle set out in the holding of Lawrence v. Texas which would apply to incestuous relationships of opposite sex partners and the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision to apply rational basis scrutiny to the State prohibition of sexual relations between a step-father and adult step-child is not an objectively unreasonable application of Lawrence , or any other relevant Supreme Court rulings. Conclusion The Court hereby ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation issued by Magistrate Judge Gallas. (Docket # 16.) The Petition for Writ Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 filed by Petitioner, Paul D. Lowe, is hereby DENIED; Petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket # 15) is hereby DENIED. The Petition is hereby DISMISSED in its entirety. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253 , the Court must determine whether to grant a certificate of appealability as to any of the claims presented in the Petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2253 provides, in part, as follows: (c)(1) Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from—■ (A) the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding in which the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court; or (B) the final order in a proceeding under section 2255. (2) A certificate of appealability may issue under paragraph (1) only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. (3) The certificate of appealability under paragraph (1)' shall indicate which specific issue or issues satisfy the showing required by paragraph (2). In order to make “substantial showing” of the denial of a constitutional right, as required under 28 U.S.C. § 2253 (c)(2), a habeas prisoner must demonstrate “that reasonable jurists could debate whether ... the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issue presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’ ” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473 , 120 S.Ct. 1595 , 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 , 893 n. 4, 103 S.Ct. 3383 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983)) Where a district court has rejected the constitutional claims on the merits, the petitioner must demonstrate only that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or "wrong. Slack, 529 U.S. at 484 , 120 S.Ct. 1595 . Where the petition has been denied on a procedural ground without reaching the underlying constitutional claims, the court must find that the petitioner has demonstrated that reasonable jurists could debate whether *861 the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that reasonable jurists could debate whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling. Id. “Where a plain procedural bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the case, a reasonable jurist could not conclude either that the district court erred in dismissing the petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Id. For the reasons stated in the Report and Recommendation, the Court concludes that Petitioner has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. Accordingly, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability. IT IS SO ORDERED. JUDGMENT For the reasons stated in the Memorandum Opinion filed contemporaneously herewith, the Court hereby ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation issued by Magistrate Judge Gallas. (Docket # 16.) The Petition for Writ Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 filed by Paul D. Lowe, is hereby DENIED; Petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket # 15) is hereby DENIED. The Petition is hereby DISMISSED in its entirety. The Court hereby certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (a)(3), that an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith, and there is no basis upon which to issue a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253 (c); Fed. R.App. P. 22(b). IT IS SO ORDERED. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE (Regarding ECF # 1, 15) JAMES S. GALLAS, United States Magistrate Judge. Paul D. Lowe was convicted of “sexual battery” under Ohio Rev.Code § 2907.03(A)(5) due to his admitted illicit, but consensual relationship, with his 22-year old adult step-daughter, who was neither related by blood nor adoption: The crime, a third degree felony, is set out as: A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of the offender, when any of the following apply: ... (5) The offender is the other person’s natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person. See Ohio Rev.Code § 2907.03(A). Its purpose is “quite obviously designed to be Ohio’s criminal incest statute.” State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St.3d 31, 33 , 615 N.E.2d 1040 , 1993-Ohio-189 (1993). Lowe exhausted his state court appeals, and was unable to convince the Ohio Supreme Court that he has a federally-protected constitutional right to a sexual relationship with his step-daughter. See State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507 , 861 N.E.2d 512 , 2007-Ohio-606 (2007). His state sentence of 120 days incarceration to be followed by 3 years of community control has been stayed by the state trial court and this suspension remains in effect pending the outcome of federal habeas review. (See Petitioner’s Memorandum in Support p. 1, ECF # 1-3). 1 *862 Lowe now petitions for federal habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to overturn his sexual battery conviction challenging the constitutionality of the application of Ohio’s incest statute to his circumstances as infringing on his fundamental right to consensual sexual relationships within the privacy of the home. Lowe contends that his incestuous relationship is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment based upon Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003), and subject to review under the doctrine of strict scrutiny to be overcome by only a compelling state interest. 2 His case is before the district court on his petition for federal habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and his unopposed motion for summary judgment. (See ECF # 1,15) Summary Judgment: Summary judgment is appropriate in this matter. “The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply in the habeas context to the extent that they are not inconsistent with Habeas Corpus Rules.” Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 208 , 123 S.Ct. 1398 , 155 L.Ed.2d 363 (2003); and see Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases; Fed.R.Civ.P. 81(a)(4)(A) & (B). Summary judgment has been recognized as a measure to avoid the need for an evidentiary hearing. See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 81-82 , 97 S.Ct. 1621 , 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977). Consistent with this, the federal courts have recognized that summary judgment procedures may be appropriate in federal habeas corpus cases. See Clark v. Johnson, 202 F.3d 760, 764-65 (5th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 831 , 121 S.Ct. 84 , 148 L.Ed.2d 46 (2000) (“As a general principle, Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, relating to summary judgment, applies with equal force in the context of habeas corpus eases.”); Whitaker v. Meachum, 123 F.3d 714, 715-16 (2nd Cir.1997) (cross-motions for summary judgement); Gentry v. Sinclair, 576 F.Supp.2d 1130, 1138 (W.D.Wash.2008). There are no disputes concerning the facts leading to conviction in this matter. “Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials and affidavits show that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 , 106 S.Ct. 2548 , 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).” In re Wells, 561 F.3d 633, 634 (6th Cir.2009). Rule 56 requires a court, even where the motion is unopposed, to determine whether the moving party has established a right to relief as a matter of law before the court may enter summary judgment. See Donlin v. Watkins, 814 F.2d 273, 277 (6th Cir.1987); Kendall v. Hoover Co., 751 F.2d 171, 173-74 (6th Cir.1984). Incest with stepchildren: “[Hjistory and tradition are the starting point but not in all cases the ending point of the substantive due process inquiry.” Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. at 572 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 (quoting County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 857 , 118 S.Ct. 1708 , 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998)) (Kennedy, J., concurring). In order to appreciate the extent of the liberty at stake, some historical consideration is necessary. Id., 539 U.S. at 567-71 , 123 S.Ct. at 2478-2479. *863 Incest was not a crime under the common law. See Grossenbacher v. State, 49 Ohio App. 451, 454 , 3 O.O. 313 , 197 N.E. 382 (1934); People v. Tobias, 25 Cal.4th 327, 331 , 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 80 , 21 P.3d 758, 760 (2001) (citing People v. Baker, 69 Cal.2d 44, 49 , 69 Cal.Rptr. 595 , 442 P.2d 675 (1968)); State v. Sauls, 190 N.C. 810 , 130 S.E. 848 (1925) (citing State v. Keesler, 78 N.C. 469 (1878) (dismissing indictment for defendant’s improper intercourse with his daughter as not contrary to any statutory offense and unindictable under the common law)). 3 It is a statutory offense. Ibid. Early American jurisprudence as exemplified in South Carolina, applied the statute of 32 H.VIII, ch. 38, which declared “all persons to be lawful that be not prohibited by God’s law to marry” with God’s law supplied by the 18th chapter of the Book of Leviticus. While marriage contrary to God’s law was unlawful, the act of incest itself was not criminal. See State v. Barefoot, 2 Rich. 209 , 31 S.C.L. 209 , 1845 WL 2580 at * 3 (App.Ct.1845). The State of Ohio criminalized the offense of incest in 1835. 4 See Grossenbacher, 49 Ohio App. at 454 , 197 N.E. 382 . Beginning in 1835, “sexual intercourse between a stepfather and a stepdaughter, who had knowledge of their relationship, was incestuous.” Id. As is the situation today, there was a “simpl[e] designation of] the persons by the relationships in which they stood between whom sexual intercourse was punished as an offense, (1 Swan & C. 405;)” and these relationships were “those arising from marriage, as step-father and step-daughter, step-mother and step-son, ... between one party to the marriage and a blood relative of the other[.]” Chinn v. State, 47 Ohio St. 575 , 580, 26 N.E. 986 , 987 (1890). In 1877 the definition of incest was amended to fornication between persons “nearer of kin by consanguinity or affinity than cousins.” Grossenbacher, 49 Ohio App. at 452 , 197 N.E. 382 ; Chinn, 47 Ohio St. at 580, 26 N.E. 986 . Persons related by affinity included stepchildren. Compare Commonwealth v. Rahim, 441 Mass. 273 , 805 N.E.2d 13 (2004) (State’s incest statute criminalized only relationships by consanguinity, so there was no incest between step-father and step-daughter) 5 ; Beam v. *864 State, 1 So.Sd 331, 335 & n. 2(Fla.App.5 2009) (distinguishing Connecticut law which did not limit incest to strictly blood relations but extended the prohibition to step-relations). Under this affinity definition a state appellate court in Grossenbacher affirmed that sexual intercourse between a step-daughter and her step-father was prohibited. See Grossenbacher, 49 Ohio App. at 452-456 , 197 N.E. 382 . That decision marks an apparently rare event when such conduct was prosecuted under this “affinity” definition of incest. Grossenbacher is consistent with State v. Youst, another decision based on the “affinity” definition of incest which held that sexual intercourse between a father and his adopted daughter, who was not a blood relation of either parent, was not incest. See State v. Youst, 74 Ohio App. 381 , 29 O.O. 578 , 59 N.E.2d 167 (1943) (syllabus). In Grossenbacher , the step-daughter was a blood relation of the wife. See Grossenbacher, 49 Ohio App. at 452 , 197 N.E. 382 . Ohio returned to the former statutory format of defining incest by designation of relationships in 1972. See 1972 H 511. With this clarification and removal of obscure language, prosecutions recommenced with more vigor against stepparents. See State v. Dush, 1978 WL 215125 (Ohio App. 9 Dist.); State v. Riley, 1980 WL 353434 , (Ohio App. 10 Dist.); State of Ohio v. Hargrove, 1982 WL 4697 (Ohio App. 1 Dist.) (“R.C.2907.03(A)(5) is unambiguous and conveys a clear and definite meaning; 1.e., that a person is prohibited from engaging in sexual conduct with another where the offender is the other person’s stepparent.”). Of course, Ohio’s statutory prohibition against sexual conduct between step-father and step-daughter “terminates with the death or divorce of the mother.” Noble v. State, 22 Ohio St. 541 (1872). In contrast, consensual stepparent / adult stepchild relationships are not criminalized in the incest statute that “[cjonsent is a defense under this section to incest with or upon a stepson or stepdaughter, but consent is ineffective if the victim is less than 18 years old.” In the State of Washington, age, not consent, is the crucial factor against its prohibition of sexual intercourse with a “descendant,” defined as “stepchildren and adopted children under eighteen years of age.” See West’s Rev.Code of Wash. § 9A.64.020(3)(a); State v. Farrington, 35 Wash.App. 799 , 669 P.2d 1275 (1983) (consent is not an issue in an incest charge). In the State of Nebraska, incest with stepchildren occurs only when the child is a “minor” under Neb. Rev. St. § 28-703 (“any person who engages in sexual penetration with his or her minor stepchild commits incest.”). The Supreme Court of Massachusetts has provided a thorough statutory comparison of state laws noting 20 states do not punish any form of affinal incest and seven states plus Massachusetts punish affinal incest only with children or when nonconsensual. See Commonwealth v. Rahim, 441 Mass, at 278-79 & n. 7-8, 805 N.E.2d at 17-18 . Further, the Model Penal Code does not criminalize affinal incest. See ULA Model Penal Code § 230.2 (and see explanatory note at Pt. II Art. 230); Rahim , 441 Mass, at 280, 805 N.E.2d at 19 . But in minority jurisdictions, as Ohio, neither age nor consent will negate the crime of incest. E.g., McCaskill v. State, 55 Fla. 117 , 45 So. 843 , 845 (1908); Smith v. State, 6 S.W.3d 512 (Tenn.Crim.App.1999); State v. Benson, 81 Ohio App.3d 697 , 612 N.E.2d 337 (1992); State v. Freeman, 155 Ohio App.3d 492 , 801 N.E.2d 906 (2003); People v. Facey, 115 A.D.2d 11, 16 , 499 N.Y.S.2d 517, 520 (N.Y.A.D. 4 Dept.1986) (“Prosecutions involving consenting adults are rare.”). With the overthrow of Cromwell’s Roundheads, Englishmen regained the disreputable Constitution and Bill of Rights. The State of Ohio continues to enforce a law historically rooted in 1835, outlawing *865 conduct which is not criminal in the majority of this nation’s jurisdictions. Lowe’s ground for federal habeas corpus review: GROUND ONE: The State of Ohio violated Petitioner Lowe’s fundamental right to privacy to engage in adult consensual sexual activities in the home as guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when it convicted Petitioner Lowe for sexual battery, per R.C. § 2907.03(A)(5), on the sole basis of his status as a stepparent. A. The United States Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003), recognized a fundamental right to privacy to engage in adult consensual sex. B. The Ohio Supreme Court unreasonably applied the holding of Lawrence v. Texas by failing to recognize that Lawrence established a fundamental right to privacy in adult consensual sex and therefore strict scrutiny should have been applied when review R.C. § 2907.03(A)(5). This ground presents a substantive due process claim springing from the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and their guarantee of a “fundamental” liberty interest that no government may infringe “at all, no matter what process is provided, unless the infringement is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest, (emphasis in original)” Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 301-02 , 113 S.Ct. 1439, 1447 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (citing Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 191 , 106 S.Ct. 2841, 2844 , 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986)); and see Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 847 , 112 S.Ct. 2791, 2804 , 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992) (“all fundamental rights comprised within the term liberty are protected by the Federal Constitution from invasion by the States.”). Adjudicating such claims requires “a careful description of the asserted right,” which is the first issue in this area. Reno, 507 U.S. at 302 , 113 S.Ct. at 1447 ; Blau v. Fort Thomas Public School District, 401 F.3d 381, 393 (6th Cir.2005). The State of Ohio has outlawed sexual conduct between a step-father and adult consenting step-daughter and thereby intruded into Lowe’s private life. Lawrence v. Texas overview: In Lawrence v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that a Texas statute criminalizing sodomy between persons of the same sex constituted a violation of substantive Due Process, and in so doing overruled Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 , 106 S.Ct. 2841 , 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986). See Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003). Bowers had held that homosexuals did not possess fundamental rights to engage in sodomy, and that a rational basis existed that homosexual sodomy was immoral and unacceptable based on the presumed belief of a majority of the electorate in Georgia. In Lawrence , the Supreme Court certified an Equal Protection argument and a Due Process argument, but resolved the case as a violation of substantive Due Process under the Fourteenth Amendment, stating that “[t]he Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual.” See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 564, 578 , 123 S.Ct. at 2476, 2484 . The question certified and answered positively in Lawrence v. Texas was “[wjhether petitioner’s criminal convictions for adult consensual intimacy in the home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id., 539 U.S. at 564 , 123 S.Ct. at 2476. This expansive phrasing extends well beyond same sex relationships. How *866 ever, the Supreme Court reviewed only a Texas statute which applied to same sex partners. Consideration of the issue as a matter of Equal Protection was bypassed because the Court did not wish to commence a debate over whether redrafting the statute to expand the prohibition against same sex partners to include partners of different sexes would cure a denial of Equal Protection (as was the case in the Georgia sodomy statute scrutinized in Bowers). Id., 539 U.S. at 574-75,123 S.Ct. at 2482. Bowers v. Hardwick had framed the issue before the Court as “whether the Federal Constitution confers a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy and hence invalidates the laws of the many States that still make such conduct illegal and have done so for a very long time.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 567 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 (citing Bowers, 478 U.S. 186, 190 , 106 S.Ct. 2841 , 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986)). Lawrence stated that Bowers’ framing of the issue “discloses the Court’s own failure to appreciate the extent of the liberty at stake.” Id., 539 U.S. at 567 , 123 S.Ct. at 2478. At first blush it might appear that Lawrence has no relevance since the statute at issue in Lawrence outlawed only one form of sexual conduct, sodomy, between partners of the same sex. Justice Scalia’s dissenting opinion concluded that “nowhere does the Court’s opinion declare that homosexual sodomy is a ‘fundamental right’ under the Due Process Clause”. Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 586 , 123 S.Ct. at 2488. However, the majority in Lawrence read Casey as confirming a constitutional protection to “personal decisions relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education”. See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 573-74 , 123 S.Ct. at 2481 . This liberty was defined with aspirational language as “the right to define one’s own concept of existence, of meaning of the universe, and of the mystery of human life. Beliefs about these matters could not define the attributes of personhood were they formed under compulsion of the State” Id., 539 U.S. at 574 , 123 S.Ct. at 2481 (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 851 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ). With this preamble, the decision in Bowers was found to deny “this right” of autonomy, which the Supreme Court stated was conferred on homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 574 , 123 S.Ct. at 2482 . Further, the Supreme Court quoted Justice Stevens’ dissent from Bowers , for the proposition that “individual decisions by married persons concerning the intimacies of their physical relationship ... are a form of ‘liberty’ protected by the Due Process Clause” and “this protection extends to intimate choices by unmarried as well as married persons.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 578 , 123 S.Ct. at 2483 (quoting Bowers, 478 U.S. at 216 , 106 S.Ct. 2841 ). Thus, “[t]he State cannot demean [petitioners’] existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 579 , 123 S.Ct. at 2484 . In his dissent in Lawrence , Justice Scalia expressed that the State need only a rational basis to sustain the prohibition against same sex sodomy as well as adult incest: No purpose to discriminate against men or women as a class can be gleaned from the Texas law, so rational-basis review applies. That review is readily satisfied here by the same rational basis that satisfied it in Bowers-society’s belief that certain forms of sexual behavior are “immoral and unacceptable,” 478 U.S., at 196 , 106 S.Ct. 2841 , 92 L.Ed.2d 140 . This is the same justification that supports many other laws regulating sexual behavior that make a distinction based upon the identity of the partner-for example, laws against adultery, fornica *867 tion, and adult incest, and laws refusing to recognize homosexual marriage (emphasis supplied). Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. at 600 , 123 S.Ct. at 2495-2496 (Scalia, J. dissenting). Lowe’s argument that Lawrence set out a fundamental right of privacy subject to the doctrine of strict scrutiny is the converse of Judge Scalia’s reasoning. However, following Lawrence , the question which is confronting this court and has confronted other courts is what are the contours of the “liberty at stake” from Lawrence . The Ohio Supreme Court’s Decision: The Ohio Supreme Court held that Ohio Rev.Code § 2907.03(A)(5) was “constitutional as applied to consensual sexual conduct between a stepparent and adult stepchild, since it bears a rational relationship to the state’s legitimate interest in protecting the family.” State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507 , 861 N.E.2d 512 , 2007-Ohio-606 (2007) (syllabus). In reaching this conclusion the Court began with the rules of statutory construction to find that the statute’s plain meaning criminalized “all sexual conduct falling within its purview regardless of a victim’s age or consent.” Id., 112 Ohio St.3d at 509 , 861 N.E.2d 512 . In assessing the state’s diminishment of the “liberty” of incestuous relationships under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Ohio Supreme Court acknowledged the two available tests under the Due Process Clause of either strict scrutiny or rational basis, but found that incest was not a fundamental right and consequently applied the rational basis test. With reference to Lowe’s assertion of such a liberty in light of Laurrence v. Texas, the Ohio Supreme Court reasoned: Lowe cites Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 , 156 L.Ed.2d 508 , to argue that he has a constitutionally protected liberty interest to engage in private, consensual, adult sexual conduct with his stepdaughter when that activity does not involve minors or persons who may be easily injured or coerced. In Lawrence , a Texas statute criminalizing homosexual conduct was held to be unconstitutional as applied to adult males who had engaged in private and consensual acts of sodomy. Lowe contends that Lawrence named a new fundamental right to engage in consensual sex in the privacy of one’s home. However, the statute in Lawrence was subjected to a rational-basis rather than a strict-scrutiny test, with the court concluding that the Texas statute furthered no legitimate state interest that could justify intrusion into an individual’s personal and private life. Id. at 578 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 . In using a rational-basis test to strike down the Texas statute, the court declined to announce a new fundamental right arising from the case. In addition to emphasizing that the court in using a rational-basis test did not name a new fundamental right, the state in this case distinguishes Lawrence as being limited to consensual sexual conduct between unrelated adults. Lowe and his stepdaughter were not unrelated. The state argues that since Lowe has no fundamental right in this case, and the state has a legitimate interest in prohibiting incestuous relations and in protecting the family unit and family relationships, the rational-basis test should apply. Lowe argues for strict scrutiny of R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) and contends that Ohio’s incest statute is not the least restrictive means for protecting the state’s interest. We agree with the state that a rational-basis test should be used to analyze the statute. Lawrence did not announce a “fundamental” right to all consensual adult sexual activity, let alone consensual sex with one’s adult children or stepchildren. Because Lowe’s claimed liberty interest in sexual activity with his *868 stepdaughter is not a fundamental right, the statute affecting it need only have a reasonable relationship to some legitimate governmental interest. Using the rational-basis test, we conclude that, as applied in this case, Ohio’s statute serves the legitimate state interest of protecting the family unit and family relationships. While it is not enough under the rational-basis test for the government to just announce a noble purpose behind a statute, the statute will pass if it is reasonably related to any legitimate state purpose. Arrington v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 109 Ohio St.3d 539 , 2006-Ohio-3257 , 849 N.E.2d 1004, ¶ 38 . Ohio has a tradition of acknowledging the “importance of maintaining the family unit.” In re Cunningham (1979), 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 104 , 13 O.O.3d 78 , 391 N.E.2d 1034 . A sexual relationship between a parent and child or a stepparent and stepchild is especially destructive to the family unit. R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) was designed to protect the family unit by criminalizing incest in Ohio. Stepchildren and adopted children have been included as possible victims of the crime of incest because society is concerned with the integrity of the family, including step and adoptive relationships as well as blood relationships, and sexual activity is equally disruptive, whatever the makeup of the family. See Camp v. State (1986), 288 Ark. 269 , 704 S.W.2d 617 . As the “traditional family unit has become less and less traditional, * * * the legislature wisely recognized that the parental role can be assumed by persons other than biological parents, and that sexual conduct by someone assuming that role can be just as damaging to a child.” State v. Noggle (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 31, 33 , 615 N.E.2d 1040 . This reasoning applies not only to minor children, but to adult children as well. Moreover, parents do not cease being parents-whether natural parents, stepparents, or adoptive parents-when their minor child reaches the age of majority. Accordingly, as applied in this case, R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) bears a rational relationship to the legitimate state interest in protecting the family, because it reasonably advances its goal of protection of the family unit from the destructive influence of sexual relationships between parents or stepparents and their children or stepchildren. If Lowe divorced his wife and no longer was a stepparent to his wife’s daughter, the stepparent-stepchild relationship would be dissolved. The statute would no longer apply in that case. State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d at 511-12 , 861 N.E.2d at 517-18 . Standard of Review under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d): Federal habeas corpus review is conducted under Congressionally circumscribed rules set out in § 2254(d) which allow the writ to be granted in situations where the state court decision is “contrary to” or “an unreasonable application” of “clearly established” Federal law as set forth by the Supreme Court of the United States or when there is an unreasonable determination of the facts. I. There is no “dearly established Federal law” of a fundamental right to consensual adult sex: The phrase “clearly established Federal law” refers to holdings, as opposed to dicta, of the U.S. Supreme Court at the time of the relevant state court decision. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71-72 , 123 S.Ct. 1166, 1172 , 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 , 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1523 , 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000); Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 698 , 122 S.Ct. 1843, 1852 , 152 L.Ed.2d *869 914(2002). “[I]t is not ‘an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law1 for a state court to decline to apply a specific legal rule that has not been squarely established by [the Supreme] Court.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct.1411, 1419, 173 L.Ed.2d 251 (2009) (quoting Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120 , 128 S.Ct. 743, 746-47 , 169 L.Ed.2d 583 (2008) (per curiam); Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 478 , 127 S.Ct. 1933 , 167 L.Ed.2d 836 (2007); Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 76-77 , 127 S.Ct. 649, 654 , 166 L.Ed.2d 482 (2006)). One would think then that the application of “clearly established” Federal law should be simple; no holding or specific legal rule on point, therefor no unreasonable application. The Sixth Circuit, though, has stated that “clearly established law” “encompasses more that just bright-line rules laid down by the [Supreme] Court,” and “includes legal principles and standards enunciated in the Court’s decisions.” Awkal v. Mitchell, 559 F.3d 456, 462 (6th Cir.2009) (quoting Taylor v. Withrow, 288 F.3d 846, 850 (6th Cir.2002)). As the U.S. Supreme Court has stated that “clearly established” law is “the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decision.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. at 71-72, 123 S.Ct. at 1172-1173 (citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 405, 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495 , 146 L.Ed.2d 389 ; Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. at 698 , 122 S.Ct. 1843 , 152 L.Ed.2d 914 ). But then, what is the squarely established legal principle? Justice Stevens’ concurrence in Carey v. Musladin lends uncertainty with his criticism that the Supreme Court was relegating guiding principles to the category of dicta, so that the definition of “clearly established” law had shifted from guiding principles to the narrow holding in the case. 6 In an effort to answer that question of what constitutes the governing legal principle, the Supreme Court in Wright v. Van Patten, restressed a same test or standard of review criterion. Id., 552 U.S. 120 , 128 S.Ct. 743 , 169 L.Ed.2d 583 (2008). Wright involved a question over whether the right to counsel was violated when defense counsel appeared via speaker phone at a plea hearing, and that “although the [Supreme] Court articulated the test for inherent prejudice” it had never applied that test before to the circumstances presented. Id., 552 U.S. 120 , 128 S.Ct. at 745 , 169 L.Ed.2d 583 (quoting Musladin , 549 U.S. *870 at 70, 127 S.Ct. at 654). 7 Therefore, one could conclude that the same standard or test used in Supreme Court review plus similar circumstances equals the squarely established legal principle, hence “clearly established” law. What is “clearly established” Federal law becomes a prominent issue in this matter. The Supreme Court in Lawrence reviewed a narrowly circumscribed set of facts, but in so doing clothed its decision with ethereal statements which have been a source of debate among jurists. Recognizing Lawrence as setting out a legal principle of a broad “fundamental” right, the dissenting opinion in Williams v. Attorney General of Ala., interpreted the legal principle to be derived as a correlate with the certified question over adult consensual sexual intimacy. See id., 378 F.3d 1232, 1252 (11th Cir.2004) (Barkett, J. dissenting). Doe v. Miller, 298 F.Supp.2d 844, 871 (S.D.Iowa 2004), held that Iowa’s sex offender registration requirements were unconstitutional, and listed Lawrence together with Griswold v. Connecticut as establishing a fundamental right to privacy and choice in one’s personal and sexual relationships. 8 Other jurists, however, have read Lawrence to set out a narrow principle limited to same sex conduct. See Muth v. Frank, 412 F.3d 808, 819 (7th Cir.2005) (Evans, J. concurring) (“To argue that Lawrence v. Texas renders laws prohibiting sex between a brother and a sister unconstitutional demeans the importance of its holding which deals a fatal blow to criminal laws aimed at punishing homosexuals”); U.S. v. Thompson, 458 F.Supp.2d 730 , (N.D.Ind.2006) (“Lawrence held only that a state cannot enact laws that criminalize homosexual sodomy”); Fields v. Palmdale Sch. Dist., 271 F.Supp.2d 1217, 1221 (C.D.Cal.2003) {Lawrence established “right to engage in private homosexual conduct”). There is no consensus on the legal principle to be derived from Lawrence v. Texas. Jurists have made choices on whether *871 Lawrence sets out a broad or narrow legal principle in overruling Bowers v. Hard-wick, but this divergence of opinion alone establishes that there is no “clearly established” Federal law on the state’s ability to proscribe sexual conduct. If a choice needs to be made then it would be more correct to narrowly construe Lawrence , so as not to unnecessarily disturb the prohibitions which were not before the Supreme Court in Lawrence , such as adultery, 9 prostitution 10 , polygamy 11 , or incest (heterosexual or homosexual). 12 The scrutiny of the Texas anti-sodomy statute in Lawrence did not involve similar circumstances of prohibited sexual conduct due to familial relationship. Justice Scalia’s expansive language in his dissent with reference to adult incest as one of the forms of prohibited sexual conduct which he believed should be reviewed under a rational basis standard, does not lead to the conclusion that the majority’s opinion expressed the opposite view and conferred “fundamental liberty” status to adult incest. Further, as Musladin and Wright instruct, the district court must look to precedential application of the constitutional test or standard used in Lawrence for violations of Due Process. As shall be explained later, jurists are unsure which test was applied, strict scrutiny, rational basis or a third type of test, one of “intermediate scrutiny.” 13 This uncertainty alone supports a conclusion that there is no “clearly established” Federal law to apply to this instance of adult incest, contrary to Lowe’s argument that there is a broad privacy umbrella for nearly all sexual activity among consenting adults. *872 So, the quick answer is that the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Lowe, was not an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law, since there is no “clearly established” principle set out in the holding of Lawrence v. Texas, let alone a clear principle applicable to incestuous relationships of opposite sex partners. This lack of “clearly established” law is buttressed by the lack of multiple applications of the same standard of review to the circumstances presented. II. Ohio Supreme Court decision is not an unreasonable application of Lawrence v. Texas: A. Unreasonable application standard of review for Habeas Corpus: Lowe anticipated that the “unreasonable application” standard of habeas review would apply to his ground, and maintains that in Lawrence , as in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 , 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court recognized a “fundamental right” within the domain of privacy, procreation, reproduction and sexual activity, which the Ohio Supreme Court unreasonably applied in upholding Ohio’s prohibition against consensual sexual conduct between adults related only by affinity. 14 Assuming that a narrow legal principle applicable to sodomites is incomplete, and Lawrence v. Texas sets out a broad legal principle correlate with the question certified of adult consensual sexual intimacy, then the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision is nonetheless not an unreasonable application of Lawrence v. Texas, because Lawrence did not define the appropriate standard of review for this fundamental right, and did not clearly apply strict scrutiny review. “A state-court decision involves an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent ‘if the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from [the Supreme] Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular ... case’ or if the state court either unreasonably extends or unreasonably refuses to extend a legal principle • from Supreme Court precedent to a new context.” Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 549 (6th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 989 , 121 S.Ct. 1643 , 149 L.Ed.2d 502 (2001) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407-08 , 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1520 , 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000)). When the state court has rendered a decision applying the correct federal standard, the federal reviewing court may not grant the writ in its “independent review of the legal question.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75-76 , 123 S.Ct. 1166, 1175 , 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003). Lowe must show an “unreasonable application” of clearly established Federal law in the state decision. See Rompilla v. Beard,, 545 U.S. 374, 380 , 125 S.Ct. 2456, 2462 , 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 , 120 S.Ct. 1495 , 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520-21 , 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2535 , 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003). The unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent must, moreover, be “objectively unreasonable.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 409 , 120 S.Ct. at 1521 ; Wiggins, supra, at 520-21 , 123 S.Ct. 2527 . *873 B. Rational basis standard of review was not Unreasonable Application of Lawrence: The Ohio Supreme Court framed the issue before it as whether Ohio’s incest statute is constitutional as applied to the consensual sexual conduct between a stepparent and adult stepchild. See State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d at 507 , 861 N.E.2d at 514 . Lowe has no dispute over this description of the right asserted. The Ohio Supreme Court read the decision in Lawrence as involving an application of the “rational basis test,” which is associated with non-fundamental rights. See State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d at 511 , 861 N.E.2d at 517 . As Justice Scalia pointed out in the dissenting opinion, the majority had not applied the “strict scrutiny” test associated with “fundamental rights.” See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 586 , 123 S.Ct. at 2488 . 15 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, held that “limitations on the right of privacy are permissible only if they survive ‘strict’ constitutional scrutiny-that is, only if the governmental entity imposing the restriction can demonstrate that the limitation is both necessary and narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest.” Id., 505 U.S. at 929 , 112 S.Ct. at 2847 (J. Blackmun, concurring in part) (citing Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 485 , 85 S.Ct. 1678, 1682 , 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965)). This doctrine arose to protect “discrete and insular minorities” from legislative prejudice. See Montgomery v. Carr, 101 F.3d 1117, 1121 (6th Cir.1996) (citing U.S. v. Carotene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144 , 58 S.Ct. 778 , 82 L.Ed. 1234 (1938)). On the other hand, a state law generally passes constitutional muster under the Due Process Clause when it has a rational relationship to its purpose or is not arbitrary government conduct. See Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, 348 U.S. 483 , 490 & n. 4, 75 S.Ct. 461 , 466-66 & n. 4, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955); City of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio v. Buckeye Community Hope Foundation, 538 U.S. 188, 198-99 , 123 S.Ct. 1389, 1396 , 155 L.Ed.2d 349 (2003). Then, there is the intermediate approach used to protect less discrete and insular groups, such as women. See Montgomery v. Carr, 101 F.3d at 1121-22 . Since the Supreme Court’s review is, at least in theory, restricted to one of these standards of review, this opens the way to the possibility of “reverse engineering” Lawrence v. Texas to determine whether a “fundamental liberty” was at stake by the type of standard this liberty was measured by: strict scrutiny; rational basis; or, intermediate scrutiny. Alas, there is no consensus on which standard of review had been used by the Supreme Court in Lawrence . In Cook v. Gates, the First Circuit collected cases and law review articles which discussed Lawrence v. Texas, and divided them between rational basis, strict construction, or intermediate standards of review. Id., 528 F.3d 42 , 51 (1st Cir.2008), pet. for cert. filed Dec. 23, 2008. The First Circuit supported the conclusion that “Lawrence’s doctrinal approach is ‘difficult to pin down’ ” (Id., 528 F.3d at 52), with erudite authority, citing Nan D. Hunter, Living with Lawrence, 88 Minn. L.Rev. 1103 (2004). Under the category of cases and law reviews which interpreted Lawrence as an application of strict scrutiny, Cook listed: Williams [v. Attorney General of Ala.], 378 F.3d at 1252 (Barkett, J., dissenting); Fields v. Palmdale Sch. Dist., 271 *874 F.Supp.2d 1217, 1221 (C.D.Cal.2003); Doe v. Miller, 298 F.Supp.2d 844, 871 (S.D.Iowa 2004), rev’d on other grounds, 405 F.3d 700 (8th Cir.2005); Hudson Valley Black Press v. IRS, 307 F.Supp.2d 543, 548 (S.D.N.Y.2004); see also Donald H.J. Hermann, Pulling the Fig Leaf Off the Right of Privacy: Sex and the Constitution, 54 DePaul L.Rev. 909, 969 (2005); Laurence H. Tribe, Lawrence v. Texas: The Fundamental Right that Dare Not Speak Its Name, 117 Harv. L.Rev. 1893, 1917 (2004). Cook v. Gates, 528 F.3d at 51 n. 6. Next, under the category of federal and state cases which have interpreted Lawrence as an application of the rational basis approach, Cook listed the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Lowe, and: Sylvester v. Fogley, 465 F.3d 851, 858 (8th Cir.2006); Muth v. Frank, 412 F.3d 808, 818 (7th Cir.2005); Williams v. Att’y Gen. of Ala., 378 F.3d 1232, 1238 (11th Cir.2004); Lofton v. Sec’y of Dept. of Children & Family Servs., 358 F.3d 804 (11th Cir.2004); Witt v. U.S. Dept. of Air Force, 444 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1143 (W.D.Wash.2006); United States v. Extreme Assocs., Inc., 352 F.Supp.2d 578, 591 (W.D.Pa.2005); Conaway v. Deane, 401 Md. 219, 310 , 932 A.2d 571 (Md.2007); Ex parte Morales, 212 S.W.3d 483, 493 (Tex.App.2006); State v. Limon, 280 Kan. 275 , 122 P.3d 22, 29 (2005); Martin v. Ziherl, 269 Va. 35 , 607 S.E.2d 367, 370 (2005); State v. Clinkenbeard, 130 Wash.App. 552 , 123 P.3d 872, 878 (2005). Cook v. Gates, 528 F.3d at 51 n. 5. The First Circuit itself rejected both doctrinal approaches and opted for the intermediate approach of balancing state and individual interests. Cook, 528 F.3d at 52-53. However, these cases have not been cited in order to weigh which standard of review is correct, but for the point that an application of any of the three standards of review is objectively reasonable. Presuming that a broad legal principle that protects adult incest is to be derived from Lawrence , that liberty is not necessarily entitled to strict scrutiny review against a compelling state interest. Furthermore, there are liberties and then there are “fundamental” liberties. For a liberty to be fundamental it must be “objectively, ‘deeply rooted in the Nation’s history and tradition’ ” and “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty” so “neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed.” Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258, 2268 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997) (quoting Moore v. City of East Cleveland, Ohio, 431 U.S. 494, 503 , 97 S.Ct. 1932, 1938 , 52 L.Ed.2d 531 (1977); Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 , 54 S.Ct. 330, 332 , 78 L.Ed. 674 (1934); Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325, 326 , 58 S.Ct. 149, 152 , 82 L.Ed. 288 (1937)). There is absolutely no indication in Lawrence that sodomy is deeply rooted in history and tradition. Although Lawrence placed in its historical context- it was tolerated in the early portion this nation’s history. There is no indication in Lawrence that sodomy is a fundamental to ordered liberty. The same can certainly be said about adult incest. It was not banned under common law, but that does not raise its status to a celebrated event deeply rooted in history and tradition. Ohio’s declaration of its unlawfulness does not disrupt the functioning of society and deny justice. Incest, like sodomy and abortion, can be reasonably viewed as a lesser liberty deserving of lesser protection. See Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. at 966 , 112 S.Ct. at 2867 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting in part) (“[A]bortion is a form of liberty protected by the Due Process Clause, but States may regulate abortion procedures in ways rationally related to a legitimate state interest.”). The Ohio Supreme Court’s deci *875 sion to subject the state prohibition of sexual relations between a step-father and adult step-child to rational basis scrutiny is not an unreasonable application of Lawrence or other Supreme Court rulings regarding intimate sexually-related matters. 16 As of yet, the Supreme Court has not concretely defined “objectively unreasonable,” but it has criticized the Fourth Circuit’s interpretation of the phrase as requiring an application of federal law “in a manner that reasonable jurists would all agree is unreasonable.” See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 409-11, 120 S.Ct. at 1521-22 . 17 Post-Williams, the Second Circuit has concluded that an objectively unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent “falls somewhere between ‘merely erroneous and unreasonable to all reasonable jurists’.” Henry v. Poole, 409 F.3d 48, 68 (2d. Cir.2005); Francis v. Stone, 221 F.3d 100 , 109 (2d. Cir.2000). In the Sixth Circuit, the panels have on occasion applied a definition of “not debatable among reasonable jurists or used similar wording”. See Joshua v. DeWitt, 341 F.3d 430, 436-37 (6th Cir.2003); Herbert v. Billy, 160 F.3d 1131 , 1135 (6th Cir.1998); Casnave v. Lavigne, 169 Fed.Appx. 435, 442 (6th Cir. Feb.9, 2006). This standard, though, resonates closely to the Fourth Circuit’s criticized definition which tends to lean toward a subjective standard of review. See Miller v. Webb, 385 F.3d 666, 671-72 (6th Cir.2004); Staley v. Jones, 239 F.3d 769 , 774 n. 1 (6th Cir.2001); Harris v. Stovall, 212 F.3d 940, 943 (6th Cir.2000). In Staley and Harris district courts were left to their own devices in applying the nebulous Williams standard of “unreasonable application” of federal law. Granted, the Supreme Court has counseled against, “transforming] the inquiry into a subjective one by resting its determination instead on the simple fact that at least one of the Nation’s jurists has applied the relevant federal law in the same manner the state court did in the habeas petitioner’s case.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 409-410, 120 S.Ct. at 1521-1522 . However, federal and state courts cannot agree on the standard of review to be applied under Lawrence , so looking at this matter objectively, the Ohio Supreme Court’s construction of Lawrence as an application of the rational basis test to determine whether a substantive Due Process right has been violated is not unreasonable. The Ohio Supreme Court noted that Lawrence set out a standard of a “legitimate state interest that could justify intrusion into an individual’s personal and private life,” which it equated with a rational basis. The Supreme Court did not specify whether it was referring to a clas *876 sification that was rationally-related to the legitimate state interest. However, the conclusion that a liberty is protected under the rational basis doctrine is in accord with Supreme Court precedent. 18 Lowe’s challenge to the Ohio Supreme Court’s reading of O.R. C. § 2907.08(A)(5): Lowe reaches into other descriptions of battery covered by Ohio Rev.Code § 2907.03(A)(5) as in loco parentis relationships, as well as guardian and custodial relationships, for his point that the purpose of the statute is to protect children, not adults. The federal courts, though, cannot reconstruct the state court’s construction of the statute. See Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 , 126 S.Ct. 602 , 163 L.Ed.2d 407 (2005) (“[A] state court’s interpretation of state law, including one announced on direct appeal of the challenged conviction, binds a federal court sitting in habeas corpus.”). Federal collateral review is, as stated previously, circumscribed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). The Ohio Supreme Court has rendered its finding under Laurrence, that Ohio’s incest law does not infringe on Lowe’s substantive Due Process right of privacy. The federal district court is relegated to determining whether that finding was an objectively unreasonable application of Lawrence . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Petitioner, Paul D. Lowe, has not demonstrated that he is in custody pursuant to a judgment of the state court which resulted in a decision that was an unreasonable application of Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States. Nor was the state court decision “contrary to” precedent from the U.S. Supreme Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1) and (2). There has been no demonstrated need for an evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, it is recommended that this application for habeas corpus be denied, that Lowe’s motion for summary judgment be denied because he has not established a right to relief as a matter of law (ECF # 1, 15), and that the petition be dismissed in its entirety. May 28, 2009. 1 . Conviction followed by release on bail while under a stay of sentence satisfies the "in custody” requirement of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 . See Hensley v. Municipal Court, 411 U.S. 345 , 93 S.Ct. 1571 , 36 L.Ed.2d 294 (1973); Justices of Boston Mun. Court v. Lydon, 466 U.S. 294, 300-02 , 104 S.Ct. 1805 , 80 L.Ed.2d 311 (1984); Lawrence v. 48th Dist. Court, 560 F.3d 475, 480-81 (6th Cir.2009). On August 19, 2004 the state trial court ordered a stay of execution of Lowe's sentence with continuation of bond. The stay was continued on September 9, 2005 and again on March 22, 2007. Finally the stay of execution was continued on November 29, 2007 by the state trial court pending the outcome of Lowe's federal habeas corpus proceedings. See Docket in Case No.2004 CR 0547 at http:// www.starkcourt.org/docket/index.html. Judi *862 cial notice may be taken of public records. See FRE 201; Jackson v. City of Columbus, 194 F.3d 737 (6th Cir.1999), abrogated on other grounds Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506 , 122 S.Ct. 992 , 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002). 2 . The pertinent portion of the Fourteenth Amendment in issue reads, "[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const., Amdt. 14, § 1. 3 . “It is related that in the time of the Commonwealth in England, when the ruling powers found it for their interest to put on the semblance of extraordinary strictness and purity of morals, incest and wilful adultery were made capital crimes; but at the Restoration, when men from the abhorrence of the hypocrisy of the late times fell into a contrary extreme of licentiousness, it was not thought proper to renew the law of such unfashionable rigor; and these offences have been ever since left to the feeble coercion of the Spiritual Court according to the canon law. 4 Bl. 64 ; 2 Tomlin L.D. 160; Bish. Stat. Cr., §§ 725, 728; Bish. Mar. & Div. §§ 313, 315. In most of the States of the Union incest is made an indictable offence by statute. Perhaps its rare occurrence in this State has caused the revolting crime to pass unnoticed by the Legislature.” State v. Keesler, 78 N.C. at 469 . 4 . This coincides with the same year Great Britain enacted a statute prohibiting incest. See State v. Barefoot, 2 Rich. 209, 31 S.C.L. 209 , 1845 WL 2580 at *3. 5 .The meaning of the term "consanguinity” is uncontroverted: it is defined as a "relationship by blood.” 2 C. Torcía, Wharton’s Criminal Law § 242 (15th ed.1994). See 3 Oxford English Dictionary 753 (2d ed.1989) ("condition of being of the same blood; relationship by descent from a common ancestor; blood-relationship [Opposed to affinity, i.e., relationship by marriage]”); Black’s Law Dictionary 299 (7th ed.1999) ("relationship of persons of the same blood or origin”). The meaning of "consanguinity” is distinguished from "affinity:” consanguinity is a blood relationship, while affinity is a nonblood relationship acquired through marriage. See 3 Oxford English Dictionary, supra. Com. v. Rahim, 441 Mass, at 275-276, 805 N.E.2d at 16 . 6 . "Virtually every one of the Court’s opinions announcing a new application of a constitutional principle contains some explanatory language that is intended to provide guidance to lawyers and judges in future cases”. See, e.g., Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004); Strickland, 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ; Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966); see also Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 , 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). It is quite wrong to invite state court judges to discount the importance of such guidance on the ground that it may not have been strictly necessary as an explanation of the Court’s specific holding in the case. Cf. County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 668 , 109 S.Ct. 3086 , 106 L.Ed.2d 472 (1989) (KENNEDY, J„ concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part) ("As a general rule, the principle of stare decisis directs us to adhere not only to the holdings of our prior cases, but also their explications of the governing rules of law”); Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC, 478 U.S. 421, 490 , 106 S.Ct. 3019 , 92 L.Ed.2d 344 (1986) (O’Connor, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) ("Although technically dicta, ... an important part of the Court's rationale for the result that it reache[s] is entitled to greater weight ...”). The text of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 itself "provides sufficient obstacles to obtaining habeas relief without placing a judicial thumb on the warden's side of the scales.” Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. at 79 , 127 S.Ct. at 655 (Stevens J., concurring). 7 . "No decision of this Court, however, squarely addresses the issue in this case”, see Deppisch, supra, at 1040 (noting that this case "presents [a] novel ... question”), or clearly establishes that Cronic should replace Strickland in this novel factual context. Our precedents do not clearly hold that counsel’s participation by speaker phone should be treated as a "complete denial of counsel,” on par with total absence. Even if we agree with Van Patten that a lawyer physically present will tend to perform better than one on the phone, it does not necessarily follow that mere telephone contact amounted to total absence or "prevented [counsel] from assisting the accused,” so as to entail application of Cronic. The question is not whether counsel in those circumstances will perform less well than he otherwise would, but whether the circumstances are likely to result in such poor performance that an inquiry into its effects would not be worth the time. Cf. United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 148 , 126 S.Ct. 2557, 2563 , 165 L.Ed.2d 409 (2006) (Sixth Amendment ensures "effective (not mistake-free) representation” (emphasis in original)). Our cases provide no categorical answer to this question, and for that matter the several proceedings in tills case hardly point toward one. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals held counsel's performance by speaker phone to be constitutionally effective; neither the Magistrate Judge, the District Court, nor the Seventh Circuit disputed this conclusion; and the Seventh Circuit itself stated that "[u]nder *747 Strickland, it seems clear Van Patten would have no viable claim.” Deppisch, 434 F.3d, at 1042. Because our cases give no clear answer to the question presented, let alone one in Van Patten's favor, "it cannot be said that the state court unreasonabl[y] appli[ed] clearly established Federal law.’ " Musladin, 549 U.S., at 76 , 127 S.Ct. 649, 654 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1)). Under the explicit terms of § 2254(d)(1), therefore, relief is unauthorized. Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120 , 128 S.Ct. 743, 746-747 , 169 L.Ed.2d 583 (2008) 552 U.S. 120 , 128 S.Ct. 743 , 169 L.Ed.2d 583 8 . Judgment reversed by Doe v. Miller, 405 F.3d 700 (8th Cir.2005). 9 . Beecham v. Henderson County, Tenn., 422 F.3d 372 (6th Cir.2005). 10 . U.S. v. Thompson, 458 F.Supp.2d 730 , (N.D.Ind.2006). And see Lawrence v. Texas,: The present case does not involve minors. It does not involve persons who might be injured or coerced or who are situated in relationships where consent might not easily be refused. It does not involve public conduct or prostitution. Id., 539 U.S. at 578, 123 S.Ct. at 2484. 11 . Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099 (10th Cir.2007) (Challenge to Utah’s anti-polygamy statute dismissed for lack of standing due to lack of credible threat of prosecution of husband, wife, and his fiancee). 12 . Muth v. Frank, 412 F.3d 808 (7th Cir.2005); People v. Scott, 157 Cal.App.4th 189 , 68 Cal.Rptr.3d 592 (2007); State v. John F.M., 285 Conn. 528 , 940 A.2d 755 (2008) (stepparent). Further, Lowe does not advance an argument, nor is there any reason to consider whether Ohio’s sexual battery statute would be unconstitutionally applied in light of Lawrence in the instance of consensual sexual conduct between a step-father and his adult step-son. That situation is readily distinguishable since the State’s prohibition is not simply a matter of sexual conduct based on sex, but a prohibition based on familial relationship. 13 . See Montgomery v. Carr, 101 F.3d 1117, 1121-1122 (6th Cir.1996): Intermediate scrutiny, as its name suggests, was the most recent tier of constitutional review to develop. Its genesis lies in the Supreme Court’s desire to fashion constitutional protections for women, a group that has been historically victimized by intense and irrational discrimination, but that cannot properly be called either "discrete” or "insular.” A trilogy of cases taken together is generally regarded as having created the intermediate tier of scrutiny. See Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 , 92 S.Ct. 251 , 30 L.Ed.2d 225 (1971) (striking down Idaho statute that gave males preference over females in appointment as administrators of estates); Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 , 93 S.Ct. 1764 , 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973) (plurality) (Brennan, J.) (discrimination in the provision of fringe benefits to spouses of female armed services members was unconstitutional); Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 , 97 S.Ct. 451 , 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) (statute prohibiting the sale of "nonintoxicating” 3.2% beer to males under 21 and females under 18 was unconstitutional). 14 . Not in contention is the right of intimate association guaranteed under the penumbra of First Amendment protected privacy. See Beecham v. Henderson County, Tenn., 422 F.3d 372, 375 (6th Cir.2005); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484 , 85 S.Ct. 1678 , 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965); compare Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, 195-96 , 106 S.Ct. 2841, 2846 , 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986) (Explaining with regard to the First Amendment privacy, "it would be difficult, except by fiat, to limit the claimed right to homosexual conduct while leaving exposed to prosecution adultery, incest, and other sexual crimes even though they are committed in the home.”). 15 . "Instead the Court simply describes petitioners’ conduct as 'an exercise of their liberty’-which it undoubtedly is-and proceeds to apply an unheard-of form of rational-basis review that will have far-reaching implications beyond this case. Ante, at 2476.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 586 , 123 S.Ct. at 2488 (J. Scalia, dissenting). 16 . Lowe does not contend that the Ohio Supreme Court's expounded rationale of protection of the family is not a legitimate state interest. And see In re Marriage Cases, 43 Cal.4th 757 , 829 n. 52, 183 P.3d 384 , 434 n. 52, 76 Cal.Rptr.3d 683 , 742 (2008) (“Although the historic disparagement of and discrimination against gay individuals and gay couples clearly is no longer constitutionally permissible, the state continues to have a strong and adequate justification for refusing to officially sanction polygamous or incestuous relationships because of their potentially detrimental effect on a sound family environment.”) (citations omitted). 17 . "Congress specifically used the word "unreasonable,” and not a term like "erroneous” or "incorrect.” Under § 2254(d)(l)'s "unreasonable application" clause, then, a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be "unreasonable.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 411, 120 S.Ct. at 1522 . 18 . See Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. at 966 , 112 S.Ct. at 2867 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring and dissenting in part): We have stated above our belief that the Constitution does not subject state abortion regulations to heightened scrutiny. Accordingly, we think that the correct analysis is that set forth by the plurality opinion in Webster. A woman's interest in having an abortion is a form of liberty protected by the Due Process Clause, but States may regulate abortion procedures in ways rationally related to a legitimate state interest. Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc., 348 U.S. 483, 491 , 75 S.Ct. 461, 466 , 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955); cf. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651-653 , 92 S.Ct. 1208, 1212-1214 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) (emphasis supplied). Further Justice O’Connor in her concurring opinion based on Equal Protection in Lawrence stated: Under our rational basis standard of review, "legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state interest.” Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, supra, at 440, 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 [.] Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. at 579, 123 S.Ct. at 2484 .