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Full Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
--------------------------------------------------------------- X
:
RAURK MELENDEZ,
:
Petitioner,
: MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER
– against – :
20-CV-6371 (AMD)
:
CHRISTOPHER MILLER,
:
Respondent.
:
--------------------------------------------------------------- X
ANN M. DONNELLY, United States District Judge:
The petitioner, currently incarcerated at the Great Meadow Correctional Facility,
petitions for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U. S.C. § 2254. The petitioner is serving
concurrent prison terms of 23 years for first degree assault and one year for criminal possession
of a weapon in the fourth degree. The petitioner argues that the prosecution denied him equal
protection by exercising peremptory challenges to exc lude Black jurors in violation of Batson v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), that the trial court deni ed him the right to present a defense by
precluding certain photographs and text messages, and that the prosecution’s remarks in
summation were unfairly prejudicial. For the following reasons, the petition is denied.
BACKGROUND
On August 5, 2012, the petitioner and his co-defendant Jamel Williams attacked Randy
Rupansingh during a drug transaction. (See Trial Transcript (“T. Tr.”) at 623–25.)1 The
petitioner stabbed the victim multiple times, while Williams punched and kicked him as he lay
on the ground. (Id. at 883–87.) The victim’s brother rushed him to the hospital, where he
1 The trial transcripts can be found at ECF Nos. 1-1 through 1-6.
received emergency surgery. (Id. at 1583–86, 1912–13.) The victim survived, but has lasting
effects from the stabbing. (Id. at 1932–35.)
The petitioner and Williams were subsequently charged in a five-count indictment with
(1) second-degree attempted murder, (2) first-degree assault, (3) first-degree attempted robbery,
(4) second-degree attempted robbery, and (5) fourth-degree criminal possession of a weapon.
(Id. at 625–27.)
The petitioner and Williams went to trial before the Honorable Ira Margulis and a jury in
Queens County Supreme Court. (Id. at 1, 479.)
Pretrial Jury Selection and Batson Challenge
During the first round of jury selection, the prosecution made a “reverse-Batson
challenge” to the defense’s use of peremptory challenges to exclude prospective white male
jurors. (See T. Tr. 266.) Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986); People v. Kern, 75 N.Y.2d
638 (1990). The trial judge did not “see any pattern that would warrant further inquiry,” and
rejected the challenge. (T. Tr. 267.)
During the second round of jury selection, the defense made its own Batson challenge,
and argued that the prosecution was using peremptory challenges to exclude one prospective
Black juror in the first round, and four Black jurors in the second round. (Id. at 394.)
The trial court ruled that the defense had not made a prima facie showing under Batson,
but permitted the prosecution to make a record. (Id. at 397.) The prosecutor argued that there
was no pattern of race-based peremptory challenges, noting a Black man and woman had already
been selected as jurors.2 (Id. at 398.) The prosecution explained that he challenged one woman
because she read the Bible in her spare time, which made the prosecutor wonder whether she
2 The defense claimed that the female juror was Hispanic. (See T. Tr. 397–98.)
would have a “difficult time standing in judgment of other people.” (Id. at 398.) That same
juror expressed skepticism about holding someone who was acting in concert responsible for a
violent act if he did not personally commit the act. (Id. at 398–99.) The prosecutor had similar
concerns about whether a second juror who went to church in her spare time could sit in
judgment of someone else. (Id. at 399.)3 The prosecutor did not explain why he exercised
peremptory challenges against two other jurors.
The court repeated that the defense had not established a prima facie case, and that “if
there were to be a prima facie case, I think the People have given race neutral reasons for their
challenges.” (Id. at 401.) The court stated that “this is an issue where the Appellate courts are
not sitting in the courtroom and cannot see the body language and other responses given by the
prospective jurors;” the court observed that one challenged juror was “very combative” and that
this was “certainly a race neutral reason that the prosecutor might not want him on.” (Id. at 401–
402.) The court also noted that “[c]hurch goers are not a cognizable group as far as I know that
require any protection.” (Id. at 402.)
Defense counsel responded that the prosecutor did not challenge a different juror who
sang in a church choir. (Id. at 403.) The court clarified that the juror “started off by saying as a
hobby she sings,” and only revealed that she sang in a church choir when the court “inquired
further;” this was “different” from “somebody who regularly reads the Bible or whose hobby is
reading the Bible.” (Id.)
When the defense exercised its challenges, the prosecutor made another reverse-Batson
challenge, which the judge denied. (Id. at 404–07.) The judge also denied defense counsel’s
3 In addition, the prosecutor was “uncomfortable” because he had gotten this juror’s name wrong three
times during questioning. (T. Tr. 399.)
Batson challenge to the prosecutor’s peremptory challenge to another Black juror. (Id. at 410–
411.)
Trial
a. The Prosecution’s Case
The prosecution called eight witnesses: NYPD Sergeant Michelle Kemp, Randy
Rupansingh, building supervisor Deolindo Cesar, Kevin Rupansingh, NYPD Detective James
Polo, Verizon Wireless representative Crystal Lonneberg, Queens County District Attorney’s
Office Detective Joseph Diehn, and emergency surgeon Dr. Michael Coomaraswamy. The
prosecution also introduced surveillance video that showed a portion of the attack.4 The
testimony and the video established the following facts.
On the afternoon of August 5, 2012, Randy Rupansingh contacted Jamel Williams, a
customer at his family’s liquor store in Queens, to get marijuana for him and his younger brother
Kevin Rupansingh. (Id. at 842–46, 848–49, 1003–11, 1287–88.) Randy and Williams
exchanged text messages and calls. (Id. at 850–52.)
At around 8:00 p.m., Kevin drove Randy to meet Williams at Phlox Place near the
Rupansingh family’s liquor store. (Id. at 854.) Williams and the petitioner were standing in
front of an apartment building. (Id. at 859–60.)
4 The prosecutor described the video in his opening statement:
[Y]ou’ll see these defendants arrive together at just around 7:48 in the
evening at that building on Phlox 5 Place. And you will see these
defendants . . . wait together for more than 26 minutes for Randy and
Kevin to show up. And you will see the . . . attack by Defendant Jamel
Williams that started this whole incident. You will see the . . . chaos that
ensued as Randy Rupansingh ran for his life and Jamel Williams ran
after him and Ruark Melendez ran after him and Kevin Rupansingh . . .
get back in the car, tries to do a u-turn. Now, they ran off screen . . . .
(T. Tr. 631; see also id. at 641 (the petitioner’s opening statement) (describing the surveillance video
footage); id. at 2176–93 (the prosecutor’s closing statement) (same).)
Williams got in the backseat of the car and told Randy to get out of the car. (Id. at 861–
62, 1469–72.) When Randy refused, he and Williams argued for a few minutes, and Williams
spoke with the petitioner. (Id. at 1472–77.) He returned to the car and told Randy to get out.
(Id.) Randy showed Williams his money in an effort to prove that he was not planning to rob
Williams and was serious about paying him. (Id. at 1477–78.)
Randy eventually got out of the car and followed Williams to the building. (Id. at 1479.)
As they argued about whether Randy had to go inside, Williams suddenly punched Randy in the
jaw. (Id. at 872–73, 1480, 1500.) Randy ran away, and Williams and the petitioner chased him.
(Id. at 874, 1503–05.) Williams yelled at Randy to give him the money, and vowed to kill
Randy. (Id. at 1503.)
Meanwhile, Kevin was driving around looking for Randy when he saw the petitioner
standing in the middle of the block. (Id. at 1579–80.) The petitioner “flashed a knife” and Kevin
yelled, “Where’s Randy?” (Id. at 1580–82.) The petitioner ran towards Cherry Avenue. (Id.)
The petitioner then approached Randy from the front, his fists raised, while Williams
came up behind him, yelling that Randy had money in his hand. (Id. at 876–77, 1263–64, 1509–
10.) The petitioner struck at Randy, who immediately felt blood coming from his neck, and
stabbed him in the thigh. (Id.) The petitioner and Williams repeatedly hit and kicked Randy as
he lay on the ground. (Id. at 883–87.)
Kevin drove up shortly thereafter. The petitioner and Williams ran away, and Kevin
rushed Randy to the hospital. (Id. at 1583–86.) Randy required immediate surgery for the stab
wound on his neck. (Id. at 1913–15.) He suffered lasting nerve damage and the left side of his
body was paralyzed for months. (Id. at 1932–35.) At the time of trial, he had not regained full
mobility. (Id.)
i. Evidentiary Rulings
In an effort to suggest that Randy Rupansingh was a drug dealer, defense counsel moved
to introduce photographs and photocopies of text messages.
The court admitted photographs from Randy’s cell phone which showed him holding
“large quantities of hundred-dollar bills, five-dollar bills, [and] twenty-dollar bills.” (Id. at
1162–63, 1181.) The court denied the application to introduce photographs of Randy with a
BMW car, jewelry, and “what may be a bag of marijuana or another controlled substance”
because the “prejudice outweigh[ed] any probative value.” (Id.)
Randy admitted during cross-examination that he sent text messages in which he
discussed drug sales. (See id. at 1210–13.) The petitioner’s counsel moved to admit copies of
the messages into evidence because it would be “confusing to the jury” to “have the testimony
which we can refer to during the course of the case and in closing[] regarding texts” but to not
“be able to see those texts that [Randy] already testified about in detail.” (Id. at 1211–13.) The
court denied the application because the content of the messages was on the record, and the jury
could “always ask for read back of that testimony.” (Id. at 1213–14, 1228.)
ii. The Defense Case
The defense did not put on any evidence. (Id. at 1966.)
b. The Prosecution’s Summation and the Defense Motion for a Mistrial5
The court made the following rulings to defense counsel’s objections during the
prosecutor’s summation:
• Overruled Williams’ counsel’s general objection to the prosecutor’s comment in
reference to defense cross-examination that the jury should not “get distracted by the side
show.” (Id. at 2155.)
5 The court denied the defense motions for an order of dismissal after the prosecution rested and at the
close of the entire case. (Id. at 1998–2008.) The petitioner does not challenge those rulings.
• Overruled the petitioner’s counsel’s general objection to the prosecutor’s statement that
the petitioner and Williams chased Randy “down those blocks, down that street, passing
those houses, where all of us live.” (Id. at 2156.)
• Sustained Williams’ counsel’s general objection to the prosecutor’s remark that defense
counsel didn’t “know that Jack may be slang for phone” or “how to say Kisseena,” the
name of a local street. (Id. at 2157.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s specific objection that the prosecutor was “vouching”
when he made the following responses to defense counsel’s attack on Randy’s credibility.
“You are being asked to evaluate whether you can believe Randy . . . [because] he was
drunk one night, got into an argument with his grandmother,” and “when he was fifteen,
he got into a fight with his uncle.” (Id. at 2169–70.) “A fight with your grandmother and
a fight with your uncle, if that means you’re not worthy of belief, I wouldn’t want you to
see what happens in my house and my family.” (Id. at 2170.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s general objection to the remark that the petitioner’s
attorney was “the only people you saw get belligerent” in the courtroom during trial. (Id.
at 2171.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s general objection to these comments: (1) the defense
was “ask[ing] [the jury] to be distracted by the side show;” (2) “Thank goodness for the
video” of the incident and the other evidence that “proves beyond a reasonable doubt that
these defendants are guilty;” and (3) “Can you imagine what the argument would have
been if there was no video?” (Id. at 2172–73.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s specific objection to the prosecutor’s statement that
the description of the video evidence showed the petitioner and Williams walking off
camera “deeper into the building” “to make sure that [the defendants] knew how to get
out.” (Id. at 2184.)
• Overruled Williams’ counsel’s general objection to the statement that the petitioner and
Williams “didn’t expect Randy Rupansingh to show up at that spot with his brother, so . .
. Jamel Williams had to figure out a way . . . to get Randy Rupansingh from the car . . . to
the building.” (Id. at 2187.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s general objection to the prosecutor’s claim that the
petitioner “was [Williams’s] muscle” and he “couldn’t do it alone.” (Id. at 2189.)
• Overruled the petitioner’s counsel’s specific objection that the prosecutor was “burden
shifting” when he said that the petitioner was “in the vestibule area while Jamel Williams
[was] in the car, again, trying to get Randy Rupansingh out,” and “that’s what the
testimony is, . . . we haven’t heard anything differently.” (Id. at 2189–90.)
• Sustained the petitioner’s counsel’s general objection to the statement that the petitioner
was Williams’s “crony, his cohort . . . his partner in crime.” (Id. at 2190.)
The petitioner moved for a mistrial “based on all the objections . . . as a result of the
inappropriate comments made by” the prosecution. (Id. at 2207.) The court denied the motion,
ruling that the prosecution’s comments “were a fair response to [the defense’s] summations,”
while observing that the court “did sustain some of them,” and that “over all . . . the People’s
summation [did not go] beyond the lines of fair comment to require a mistrial.” (Id.)
c. Verdict and Sentence
On April 1, 2015, the jury found the petitioner guilty of first-degree assault and fourth-
degree criminal possession of a weapon, and acquitted him of second-degree attempted murder
and first- and second-degree attempted robbery. (Id. at 2285–87.)6
On April 30, 2015, the court sentenced the petitioner as a predicate felon to a determinate
23 years’ prison term, followed by five years of post-release supervision for the first-degree
assault, and a concurrent one-year term for fourth-degree criminal possession of a weapon.
(Sentencing Transcript, ECF No. 1-6 (“S. Tr.”) 42:18–43:16.)7
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Direct Appeal
The petitioner appealed his conviction to the Appellate Division, Second Department. He
raised six claims, three of which are relevant to this petition: (1) the prosecutor exercised
peremptory challenges to exclude Black jurors in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79
(1986); (2) the trial court denied him the right to present a defense by precluding photographic
and text message evidence; and (3) the prosecution’s remarks in summation were unfairly
prejudicial. (ECF No. 1-7.)
6 The jury found Williams guilty of first-degree assault, and acquitted him of second-degree attempted
murder, first-degree and second-degree attempted robbery, and fourth-degree criminal possession of a
weapon. (T. Tr. 2287–88.)
7 The petitioner also pled guilty in an unrelated case. (See S. Tr. 7–10.) The court sentenced the
petitioner to a two-years determinate prison term for that case, followed by one and a half years post-
release supervision to run concurrent to the sentence for the first-degree assault and fourth-degree
criminal possession of a weapon convictions. (Id. at 11.)
The Second Department unanimously affirmed the conviction. (ECF No. 1-9.) The court
rejected the Batson challenge, because the petitioner “failed to satisfy his ultimate burden of
demonstrating, under the third prong of the Batson analysis, that the prosecutor’s race-neutral
explanation for the questioned peremptory challenges was a pretext for racial discrimination.”
(Id. at 1.) The court affirmed the trial court’s “refusal to admit [into evidence] certain
photographs” of the victim with cars, jewelry, and narcotics because “such photographs were not
relevant as they did not tend to prove the existence or nonexistence of a material fact directly at
issue and any probative value was outweighed by the possible prejudicial impact on the jury.”
(Id. at 2.) The court also upheld the trial court’s refusal to admit “photocopies of certain text
messages” as “not prejudicial to the defendant because these text messages were read in their
entirety into the record by defense counsel and the jury was free to request a read back of the
content of the messages.” (Id.) The court rejected the defendant’s “contention that comments
made by the prosecutor in summation were improper and deprived him of a fair trial,” as they
were “largely unpreserved for appellate review . . . and, in any event, [] without merit” because
they were “either fair comment on the evidence, a fair response to arguments and theories
presented in the defense summation, or not so egregious as to have deprived the defendant of a
fair trial.” (Id. (citations omitted).)
The New York Court of Appeals denied the petitioner’s application for leave to appeal on
January 2, 2020. (ECF No. 1-12 at 2.)
Federal Habeas Petition
The petitioner filed this petition on December 30, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) He raises the
following claims, which he also made on appeal to the Second Department: the Batson claim, the
claims about the photographic and test message evidence, and the argument about the
prosecutor’s summation. (Id.)
LEGAL STANDARD
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) limits the
authority of federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus to state prisoners. Section 2254(a)
permits a federal court to entertain only those applications claiming violations “of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). Sections 2254(b) and
(c) prevent a federal court from granting the writ if the applicant has not exhausted state
remedies.
A petitioner can seek federal habeas corpus relief only after he exhausts his state court
remedies and gives the state court a fair and full opportunity to review the merits of the claim.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1); O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999). In other words, a
petitioner must present “the essential factual and legal premises of his federal constitutional
claim to the highest state court capable of reviewing it.” Jackson v. Conway, 763 F.3d 115, 133
(2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Rosa v. McCray, 396 F.3d 210, 217 (2d Cir. 2005)).
Even when issues are properly before a federal court, AEDPA’s standards are “difficult
to meet” because the Act provides a “highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court
rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Cullen v.
Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (citations omitted). Accordingly, a federal court may not
“review a question of federal law decided by a state court if the decision of that court rests on a
state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the
judgment.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729 (1991). This bar applies to substantive
and procedural state law grounds alike. Id. at 729–30.
As for claims that have been “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” a
federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus unless the state court’s decision was
“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or was
“based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.” Cullen, 563 U.S. at 181 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). Federal court
review “is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the
merits,” and the petitioner carries the burden of proof.” Id. at 180–81.
“When a state court” “(1) disposes of the claim ‘on the merits,’ and (2) reduces its
disposition to judgment,” “a federal habeas court must defer in the manner prescribed by 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) to the state court’s decision on the federal claim — even if the state court
does not explicitly refer to either the federal claim or to relevant federal case law.” Sellan v.
Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 312 (2d Cir. 2001). For example, a state court ruling simply that a
claim is “without merit” constitutes an adjudication on the merits of that claim. Jimenez v.
Walker, 458 F.3d 130, 146 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Fama v. Comm’r of Corr. Services, 235 F.3d
804, 810–11 (2d Cir. 2000)). In such a case, “the federal court will focus its review on whether
the state court’s ultimate decision was an ‘unreasonable application’ of clearly established
Supreme Court precedent.” Sellan, 261 F.3d at 311–12.
For the purposes of federal habeas review, “clearly established law” means “the holdings,
as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the time of the relevant state-
court decision.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000). A state court decision is
“contrary to” or an “unreasonable application of” clearly established law if the decision: (1) is
contrary to Supreme Court precedent on a question of law; (2) arrives at a conclusion different
than that reached by the Supreme Court on “materially indistinguishable” facts; or (3) identifies
the correct governing legal rule but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the petitioner’s case.
Id. at 412–13. The court reviews the last reasoned state court decision. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501
U.S. 797, 804 (1991); Jones v. Stinson, 229 F.3d 112, 118 (2d Cir. 2000). The state court’s
factual determinations are presumed to be correct, and the petitioner bears the burden of
rebutting that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
DISCUSSION
The petitioner advances three arguments: (1) the prosecution exercised peremptory
challenges to exclude Black jurors in violation of Batson; (2) the trial court should not have
precluded the petitioner from introducing photographic and text message evidence; and (3) the
prosecution’s remarks in summation were unfairly prejudicial. I address each argument in turn.
Batson Challenge
The petitioner argues that the Second Department’s decision affirming the denial of his
Batson challenge was based on an unreasonable determination of facts and an unreasonable
application of federal constitutional law.8
In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), the Supreme Court established a three-part
test for courts to apply when considering whether a peremptory challenge is based on an
impermissible discriminatory motive.
(1) The party objecting to the exercise of the peremptory challenge must make a prima
facie showing that the proponent of the peremptory challenge did so with an intent to
discriminate. Id. at 93–97.
(2) If the objecting party makes a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the non-
objecting party to articulate a race-neutral explanation for challenging the potential
juror. Id.
(3) If the non-objecting party articulates a race-neutral explanation, the burden shifts
back to the objecting party to show purposeful discrimination, that is, the race-neutral
explanation was a pretext for discrimination. Id. at 96–98; see Hernandez v. New
York, 500 U.S. 352, 358–59 (1991).
8 The petitioner also argues that the decision was contrary to clearly-established federal constitutional
law, but “raises no argument that the state court identified the wrong legal standard; he therefore must
show an unreasonable application.” Sorto v. Herbert, 497 F.3d 163, 171 (2d Cir. 2007).
Citing Dolphy v. Mantello, 552 F.3d 236 (2d Cir. 2009), the petitioner asserts that “the New
York state courts’ decisions are not entitled to any AEDPA-deference because neither the trial
court nor the Appellate Division ever made a specific finding that the prosecutor’s race-neutral
reasons were credible.” (ECF No. 1 at 28.) Dolphy is different. The Second Circuit found that
the trial court’s Batson decision was not “adjudicat[ed] on the merits” because the trial court
“failed to assess the credibility of the prosecution’s explanation” and that trial court “seemed to
assume that a race-neutral explanation (Batson step two) was decisive and sufficient.” Id. at 239.
In its “conclusory statement,” the trial court did not “indicate — even by inference — that [it]
credited the prosecution’s explanation, especially since [] the judge’s words suggested that the
proffer of a race-neutral explanation was itself enough.” Id. Accordingly, the Second Circuit
concluded that the state court decision was not entitled to AEDPA deference.
Here, on the other hand, the trial court and the Appellate Division credited the
prosecution’s race-neutral reasons for its exercise of peremptory challenges. The trial court held
that “the People have given race neutral reasons for their challenges,” which the court credited as
“sufficient responses to show that [the prosecution’s] challenges were not based on race.” (T. Tr.
401–03.) A court “applying the third Batson prong need not recite a particular formula of words,
or mantra;” it must “somehow make clear whether it credits the . . . race-neutral explanation.”
Dolphy, 552 F.3d at 239; see also Taylor v. Roper, 577 F.3d 848, 865 n.7 (8th Cir. 2009) (an
“implicit” “evaluation of credibility” suffices under the third Batson step).
In affirming the trial court’s ruling, the Second Department explained that the petitioner
“failed to satisfy his ultimate burden of demonstrating . . . that the prosecutor’s race-neutral
explanation for the questioned peremptory challenges was a pretext for racial discrimination.”
(ECF No. 1-9 at 1.) The Second Department’s statement was a clear adjudication under step
three of the Batson analysis. The state court resolution of the petitioner’s Batson challenge is
therefore entitled to AEDPA-deference.9
The petitioner also argues that the Second Department’s decision was based on an
unreasonable determination of facts and an unreasonable application of clearly established
federal constitutional law because an “application of the factors recognized by the Supreme
Court to be evidence of purposeful discrimination to this record leads to one conclusion: that the
prosecution engaged in race-based use of peremptory strikes.” (ECF No. 1 at 29.) The petitioner
points to “numerical evidence that the prosecutor’s use of peremptory strikes followed a
consistent pattern,” “that the prosecution did not exercise peremptory challenges against non-
African-American venirepersons who were similarly situated as those stricken,” and that the
“prosecutor’s explanations were highly suspect.” (Id. at 29–30.) Assuming the petitioner made
a prima facie case at the first Batson step,10 the Second Department’s rejection of his Batson
claim was neither an unreasonable determination of facts nor an unreasonable application of
clearly established federal constitutional law.
9 The petitioner argues that the trial court “appeared to rely heavily upon its perception that one of the
prospective jurors was ‘combative,’ an argument not advanced by the prosecutor.” (ECF No. 1 at 29.)
The trial court was entitled to rely on its own observations of the prospective juror’s demeanor. In any
event, the Second Department did not mention the trial court’s statement that one of the jurors was
combative; rather, it held that under step three of Batson, the petitioner did not satisfy his burden of
demonstrating that the prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations were pretextual. (ECF No. 1-9 at 1.) See
Ylst, 501 U.S. 797; Stinson, 229 F.3d 112 (the court must review the last reasoned state court decision).
10 Although the Second Department focused on step three of the Batson analysis (see ECF No. 1-9 at 1),
the trial court ruled that the petitioner did not make a prima facie showing of discrimination; the trial
court allowed but did not require the prosecution to respond (T. Tr. 397, 401). Accordingly, the
petitioner is not correct that by concluding “that Petitioner failed to carry his burden on the third step of
the Batson inquiry,” the Second Department “necessarily found the first two steps to be satisfied,
contrary to the trial court’s findings that no prima facie case had been made.” (ECF No. 1 at 28.) A
ruling on step three is not an implicit ruling that the parties have met their burdens on the first two
steps; rather, once the court has ruled on step three of Batson — the “ultimate question of intentional
discrimination” — the “preliminary issue of whether the [petitioner] had made a prima facie showing
becomes moot.” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359 (1991).
First, although the petitioner claims that there was “numerical evidence” of a “consistent
pattern” (ECF No. 1 at 29), the record is in fact “incomplete on critical information that could
confirm (or not) a pattern of discrimination,” DeVorce v. Philips, 603 F. App’x 45, 47 (2d Cir.
2015). A petitioner “cannot establish that the state court unreasonably concluded that the pattern
was not sufficiently suspicious unless the petitioner can adduce a record of the baseline factual
circumstances attending the Batson challenge.” Sorto v. Herbert, 497 F.3d 163, 171 (2d Cir.
2007). The petitioner cites the following: (1) during the “first round of jury selection, the
prosecution exercised two peremptory challenges, one against an African-American person;”
(2) during the “second round, all four peremptory challenges exercised by the prosecution were
against African-American venirepersons;” and (3) during the “third round,” the prosecution used
“yet another strike against an African-American venireperson.” (ECF No. 1 at 29.) But this
information is not “sufficient,” and lacks “critical information;” for example, the record does not
describe the racial “composition of the venire.” DeVorce, 603 F. App’x at 47; see Sorto, 497
F.3d at 171–72. While the transcript identifies the race of some prospective jurors, it “does not
indicate the race of every prospective juror, as would be required for an accurate count.”
DeVorce, 603 F. App’x at 47. Indeed, the parties disagreed about the race of various seated and
prospective jurors. (T. Tr. 397–98, 400.) Thus, the record before the Second Department did not
establish a pattern of discriminatory peremptory challenges.
The petitioner also argues that “the prosecution did not exercise peremptory challenges
against non-African-American venirepersons who were similarly situated as those stricken.”
(ECF No. 1 at 29.) The trial court accepted the prosecutor’s explanation that he was concerned
about two Black jurors’ interests in the Bible might make it hard for them to “stand[ ] in
judgment of other people.” (Id. at 398–99.) The defense stressed that another juror that neither
side challenged — whom the defense categorized as Hispanic, but the prosecution categorized as
Black (see T. Tr. 397–98)11 — was similarly situated because she told the trial court that she
sang in a church choir in her free time. (Id. at 403). The trial court held that this juror was
“different than somebody who regularly reads the Bible or whose hobby is reading the Bible,”
noting that she “started off by saying as a hobby she sings,” and that it was only revealed that she
sang in a church choir when the court “inquired further.” (Id.) The Second Department
affirmed. (ECF No. 1-9 at 1.)
“[C]ourts in this Circuit have found that any inference of discrimination based on the
single shared characteristic can be undermined by other differences between the jurors.”
Parsons v. Artus, No. 06-CV-6462, 2020 WL 2572739, at *35 (W.D.N.Y. May 21, 2020)
(internal quotation marks omitted). The trial court identified a legitimate “difference[] between
the jurors,” id., and the petitioner has not shown that this was either an unreasonable
determination of facts or an unreasonable application of clearly-established federal constitutional
law.
Third, the petitioner’s argument that the prosecution gave “highly suspect” explanations
is unpersuasive. The petitioner states that “the prosecution believed (factually wrongfully) that
the defense had used peremptory challenges against white jurors, [so] it was justified in
exercising challenges against black jurors.” (ECF No. 1 at 30.) This is an inaccurate
representation of the record. The prosecution did not justify its peremptory challenges by
referring to defense counsel’s use of peremptory challenges; rather, the prosecution asked the
Court to “revisit its decision” on the prosecution’s Kern challenge “if the Court is now going to
11 Because the prosecution and the petitioner did not agree on whether this juror was Black or Hispanic, it
is not clear that she is a proper comparator to the Black jurors at issue. (See id. at 397–98.)
find that because the People perempted four of eight people[, ]that represents a pattern.” (T. Tr.
399–400.)
The petitioner also argues the prosecution’s challenges were based on “some of the
challenged jurors’ religious beliefs or activities,” which violates Foster v. Chatman, 578 U.S.
488 (2016), in which the Supreme Court found that the prosecution’s strikes of two jurors —
despite the prosecution’s extensive list of race-neutral explanations, including attendance of a
particular church — were pretextual and race-motivated. (ECF No. 1 at 30.) In Foster, the
“record persuade[d] [the Court] that [the juror’s] race, and not his religious affiliation, was [the
prosecution’s] true motivation” for the peremptory challenge, 578 U.S. at 509–10, as there was
evidence that the “prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a black panelist applie[d] just as
well to an otherwise-similar nonblack [panelist] who [was] permitted to serve,” and there were
“shifting explanations, [] misrepresentations of the record, and [a] persistent focus on race in the
prosecution’s file,” id. at 512–13. The Court did not hold that every race-neutral explanation that
included consideration of a juror’s churchgoing habits was pretextual. As discussed above, the
petitioner has not identified compelling evidence of similarly situated jurors here. Nor is there
any other evidence of racial animus comparable to the “shifting explanations, []
misrepresentations of the record, and [a] persistent focus on race in the prosecution’s file.” Id. at
512–13.
Accordingly, the denial of the Batson challenge was not based on an unreasonable
determination of facts or an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent.
Evidentiary Rulings
The petitioner argues that the trial court violated his due process right to present a
defense and to a fundamentally fair trial by precluding him from introducing into evidence
(1) photographs of Randy with a BMW automobile, jewelry, and a bag of drugs, and
(2) photocopies of Randy’s text exchanges in which he discussed future drug transactions. (ECF
No. 1 at 31.) According to the petitioner, “[t]he theory of defense was that [Randy] attempted to
rob Petitioner and the codefendant, not of marijuana, but of cocaine, that [Randy] was going to
resell,” and that the precluded evidence “was critical to the defense theory.” (Id. at 32–33.)
The Second Department held that there was “no merit” to the petitioner’s argument that
the trial court’s “evidentiary rulings violated his right to present a defense” because the
photographs “were not relevant” and “any probative value was outweighed by the possible
prejudicial impact on the jury.” (ECF No. 1-9 at 2.) Moreover, the petitioner was not prejudiced
by the court’s refusal to allow photocopies of the text exchanges “because these text messages
were read in their entirety into the record by defense counsel and the jury was free to request a
read back of the content of the messages.” (Id.)
Even if there were an error — and there was not — habeas relief is not warranted unless
the error deprives the defendant of a fundamentally fair trial in violation of the Constitution. See
Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72 (1991); Jones v. Stinson, 229 F.3d 112, 120 (2d Cir. 2000)
(citing Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302–03 (1973)). “Specifically, whether the
exclusion of [] testimony violated [the petitioner’s] right to present a defense depends upon
whether the omitted evidence evaluated in the context of the entire record creates a reasonable
doubt that did not otherwise exist.” Stinson, 229 F.3d at 120 (cleaned up). “On habeas review,
trial errors are subject to lenient harmless error review.” Id. (citing Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507
U.S. 619, 638 (1993)).
The trial court’s evidentiary rulings were correct. In any event, the disputed evidence
would not have “create[d] a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist.” Id. at 120 (cleaned
up). The photographs of Randy were “wholly irrelevant to the issue of whether [the petitioner]
had committed the charges crimes.” Crispino v. Allard, 378 F. Supp. 2d 393, 408–09 (S.D.N.Y.
2005). Moreover, as the trial judge and the Second Department explained, there was no need to
admit photocopies of Randy’s text messages “because these text messages were read in their
entirety into the record by defense counsel and the jury was free to request a read back of the
content of the messages.” (ECF No. 1-9 at 2.)
The petitioner was not prevented from arguing that Randy was a drug dealer — he
introduced photos of Randy with large quantities of money and he cross-examined him
extensively, using his text messages, about whether he was dealing drugs. (T. Tr. 1162–63,
1181.) The Second Department’s affirmation of the trial judge’s evidentiary rulings was not
contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal constitutional law.
The Prosecutor’s Summation
The petitioner challenges the prosecutor’s comments in summation. The Second
Department rejected these comments as “largely unpreserved for appellate review” and
otherwise “without merit.” (ECF No. 1-9 at 2.)
First, a general objection to summation (or otherwise) “is not sufficient” to preserve a
claim for appeal under New York’s “contemporaneous objection rule.” Downs v. Lape, 657 F.3d
97, 102–103 (2d Cir. 2011) (discussing N.Y. Crim. Proc. L. § 470.05(2)). A defendant preserves
his claim for appellate review only when he names “the specific error” the prosecution
committed, id. at 104, so that the trial court has an opportunity to consider a concrete legal error
“at the time of [its] ruling,” N.Y. Crim. Proc. L. § 470.05(2). This rule ensures that “parties draw
the trial court’s attention to any potential error while there is still an opportunity to address it,”
and prevents “those who fail to do so from ‘sandbagging’ the opposing party and the trial court
on appeal.” Whitley v. Ercole, 642 F.3d 278, 288 (2d Cir. 2011) (citations omitted).
Defense counsel registered only general objections to most of the challenged comments.
(See T. Tr. 2155–57, 2171, 2173, 2187, 2189–90.) Accordingly, the Second Department found
the petitioner’s claims about the summation comments “largely unpreserved for appellate
review.” (ECF No. 1-9 at 2.) Because the Second Department’s decision was based on a “state
law ground . . . independent of the federal question,” a federal court may not review it unless the
state law ground was not “adequate to support the judgment.” Coleman, 501 U.S. at 729. The
ground is “adequate” when “the rule upon which the state court relied is firmly established and
regularly followed” in the State. Downs, 657 F.3d at 102 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). The Second Circuit has “held repeatedly that the contemporaneous objection rule is a
firmly established and regularly followed New York procedural rule.” Id. at 104 (collecting
cases). This Court, therefore, has no authority to grant habeas relief regarding summation
comments to which no contemporaneous objection was made.12
The only arguably preserved claim is to the prosecutor’s statement that the petitioner was
“in the vestibule area while Jamel Williams [was] in the car, again, trying to get Randy
Rupansingh out,” and “that’s what the testimony is, . . . we haven’t heard anything differently.”
(Id.) The court overruled the defense’s objection that this remark was burden-shifting. (Id. at
2189–90.) Even assuming this ruling was error, the trial court instructed the jury on the burden
of proof, including that the petitioner had no burden, a charge to which the petitioner’s counsel
12 In certain “exceptional cases,” the state court’s “exorbitant application of a generally sound rule renders
the state ground inadequate.” Downs, 657 F.3d at 102 (citations omitted). This is not one of those
cases, because the state court applied a well-settled rule to a routine situation — and the petitioner does
not seek an exception. Nor does the petitioner articulate any cause for the default and prejudice that
would allow this Court to look beyond the state court’s procedural decision and assess the merits.
Bossett v. Walker, 41 F.3d 825, 829 (2d Cir. 1994) (explaining that “cause may be demonstrated with a
showing that the factual or legal basis for a claim was not reasonably available to counsel, or that some
interference by state officials made compliance impracticable or that the procedural default is the result
of ineffective assistance of counsel” (cleaned up)).
did not object. (Id. at 2211–15); see McManus v. Vann, No. 18-CV-3800, 2019 WL 3767538, at
*14 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) (burden-shifting remark did not require habeas relief given court’s
instructions on burden of proof), certificate of appealability denied, 2020 WL 8024517 (2d Cir.
2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1086 (2021).
New York courts also consider the “cumulative” effect of summation errors, even when
defendants’ challenges are “not preserved for appellate review” and when the trial court
“sustain[s]” some of the objections. People v. Redd, 141 A.D.3d 546, 550–51 (2d Dep’t 2016);
see also People v. Nelson, 68 A.D.3d 1252, 1255 (3d Dep’t 2009). The petitioner alleges that
the prosecutor “disparag[ed] defense counsel, invit[ed] . . . the jury to speculate as to matters that
were not in evidence such as what might have happened and the mental processes of Petitioner,
vouch[ed] for the credibility of the prosecution witness, and . . . attempt[ed] to shift the burden of
proof.” (ECF No. 1 at 36.)
The Second Department’s rejection of the defendant’s challenges to these statements was
not “unreasonable” or “contrary to . . . Federal law.” Cullen, 563 U.S. at 181 (quoting 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)). As the U.S. Supreme Court explained, it “is not enough that the prosecutors’
remarks were undesirable or even universally condemned.” Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S.
168, 180–81 (1986) (citation omitted). Rather, the “relevant question is whether the
[prosecutors’] comments so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction
a denial of due process.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To determine
whether a summation deprived a defendant of due process, courts examine “(1) the severity of
the prosecutor's conduct; (2) what steps, if any, the trial court may have taken to remedy any
prejudice; and (3) whether the conviction was certain absent the prejudicial conduct.” Bentley v.
Scully, 41 F.3d 818, 824 (2d Cir. 1994).
Citing Floyd v. Meachum, 907 F.2d 347 (2d Cir. 1990), the petitioner claims that “the
prosecutor’s highly improper and inflammatory arguments so infected the trial with unfairness as
to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” (ECF No. 1 at 37 (internal quotation
marks omitted).) Floyd was a “rare” case where “the improper comments in a prosecutor’s
summation were so numerous and, in combination, so prejudicial that a new trial [was]
required.” 907 F.2d at 348. The prosecution “repeatedly informed the jury, over 30 times, that
Floyd was a ‘liar’ or ‘lied’ to witnesses in his statements.” Id. at 351. She also told the jury it
was their “concomitant responsibility not to allow the Fifth Amendment burden of proof beyond
a reasonable doubt to be a shield for the guilty.” Id. “At no time during these arguments did the
trial court intervene,” and “[t]he court did not give a curative charge.” Id. at 351–52.
Nothing like that happened in this case. To the extent that the prosecutor made improper
comments, the trial judge took immediate corrective action in sustaining counsel’s objections.
(See T. Tr. 2157, 2170–71, 2173, 2184, 2189–90.) Following the prosecutor’s summation, the
court instructed the jury that the summations were not evidence, and that it could not consider
any comments to which the court sustained objections and struck. (Id. at 2214–16.) In its final
charge, the court again instructed the jury that they were the “judges of the facts” and that they
must disregard any comments that were stricken from the record. (Id. at 2209–10.)
Moreover, there was compelling evidence of the petitioner’s guilt, including video
evidence, eyewitness testimony, and the medical evidence that the victim was stabbed in the
neck. See United States v. Modica, 663 F.2d 1173, 1181 (2d Cir. 1981) (“Often, the existence of
substantial prejudice turns upon the strength of the government’s case: if proof is strong, then the
prejudicial effect of the comments tends to be deemed insubstantial . . . .”).
In short, the Second Department’s rejection of the petitioner’s claim with respect to the
prosecution’s summation was not an unreasonable application of clearly-established federal
constitutional law.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the petition is denied in its entirety. The case is dismissed. A
certificate of appealability will not be issued. See 28 U.S.C. § 2553(c).
SO ORDERED.
s/Ann M. Donnelly
___________________________
ANN M. DONNELLY
United States District Judge
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
September 24, 2024 Case Information
- Court
- E.D.N.Y
- Decision Date
- September 24, 2024
- Status
- Precedential