Orozco v. Yakima Sheriff's Office

1 FILED IN THE 2 U.S. DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON Mar 28, 2024 3 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6 7 JOHN E. OROZCO, Plaintiff, NO. 1:22-CV-03058-SAB 8 v. 9 ORDER GRANTING IN PART YAKIMA SHERIFF’S OFFICE, 10 YAKIMA COUNTY, and SERGIO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; REYNA and JANE DOE REYNA, JOHN 11 DUGGAN and JANE DOE DUGGAN, DISMISSING STATE CLAIMS WITHOUT PREJUDICE; AND and J. TOWELL and JANE DOE 12 TOWELL, CLOSING FILE 13 Defendants. ECF No. 20 14 15 Before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 16 20. Plaintiff is represented by Jesse Valdez and opposes the motion. ECF No. 23. 17 Defendants are represented by John Justice. The Court has reviewed the briefings 18 and concluded that oral argument is not warranted. See L.Civ.R. 7(3)(B)(iii). For 19 the reasons that follow, Defendants’ motion is granted as to Plaintiff’s federal 20 claims. 21 1 Legal Standard 2 Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no 3 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 4 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). There is no genuine issue for trial unless 5 there is sufficient evidence favoring the non-moving party for a jury to return a 6 verdict in that party’s favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 7 (1986). The moving party has the initial burden of showing the absence of a 8 genuine issue of fact for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). 9 If the moving party meets its initial burden, the non-moving party must go beyond 10 the pleadings and “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for 11 trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 12 In addition to showing there are no questions of material fact, the moving 13 party must also show it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Smith v. Univ. of 14 Wash. Law Sch., 233 F.3d 1188, 1193 (9th Cir. 2000). The moving party is entitled 15 to judgment as a matter of law when the non-moving party fails to make a 16 sufficient showing on an essential element of a claim on which the non-moving 17 party has the burden of proof. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The non-moving party 18 cannot rely on conclusory allegations alone to create an issue of material fact. 19 Hansen v. United States, 7 F.3d 137, 138 (9th Cir. 1993). 20 When considering a motion for summary judgment, a court may neither 21 weigh the evidence nor assess credibility; instead, “the evidence of the non-movant 1 is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” 2 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. 3 Background 4 The claims in this action arise from Plaintiff John Orozco’s warrantless 5 arrest at his home, handcuffing and detention for the alleged theft of public funds 6 while he served as the City Administrator for the City of Wapato, Washington 7 (“the City”). The following facts are drawn from the parties’ statements of fact and 8 other summary judgment submissions in connection with the motion, and are 9 undisputed unless otherwise noted. 10 1. Events prior to arrest 11 a. State Audit and Settlement with Plaintiff 12 Though elected Mayor of the City for a two-year term, Plaintiff resigned in 13 September 2018 and was immediately appointed to a newly-created position as 14 City Administrator, which paid $83,000 more per year. ECF No. 21 at 9. In 2019, 15 the Washington State Auditor’s office conducted an “accountability audit” of the 16 City’s business from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. The auditor’s 17 findings, as well as the City’s responses, were summarized in a 63-page report 18 dated May 2, 2019. ECF No. 21 at 47-109. The report stated that the audit had 19 revealed “an alarming disregard for the accountability and transparency that is the 20 foundation for public trust in government.” ECF No. 21 at 48. One of the auditor’s 21 findings was that Plaintiff had violated the Code of Ethics for Municipal Officers 1 by personally benefiting from the creation of the City Administrator position and 2 contract. ECF No. 21 at 53. The auditor also found that the City did not have 3 adequate controls over cash receipting and billing to safeguard public funds. ECF 4 No. 21 at 75. 5 On June 7, 2019, the State of Washington filed suit in Yakima County 6 Superior Court against Plaintiff, the City, its city council and mayor. The case 7 alleged that Plaintiff had violated the Code of Ethics for Municipal Officers in 8 facilitating his own employment contract as City Administrator and that all of the 9 defendants had violated Washington’s open public meeting laws. ECF No. 21 at 10 113-22. As part of the settlement of the lawsuit without admission of any liability, 11 Plaintiff agreed to resign from the City effective July 19, 2019, waive any 12 severance pay, pay a fine and never work for the City of Wapato again. ECF No. 13 22 at 3; ECF No. 21 at 38-46. 14 b. Criminal investigation of Plaintiff 15 The content of the City’s audit was brought to the attention of the Yakima 16 County Sheriff’s Office (YCSO) in meetings. ECF No. 21 at 27. 17 Earlier in 2019, YCSO Sergeant Jerrold Towell received a complaint 18 provided by a terminated City employee, Cindy Goodin. ECF No. 21 at 23. In her 19 written statement dated March 14, 2019, Goodin stated that on October 4, 2018, a 20 patron, Ron Frank, came to City Hall and made a $100.00 cash donation to the 21 Harvest Festival in the presence of Ms. Goodin and Plaintiff. ECF No. 21 at 35-36. 1 She claimed that she put the money in the till and began to generate a receipt, but 2 Plaintiff instructed her to give him the cash and draft up the receipt in Word, rather 3 than utilize the City’s usual accounting system. Id. Ms. Goodin indicated that she 4 followed Plaintiff’s directions and provided the atypical receipt to Mr. Frank. Id. 5 Ms. Goodin stated that Plaintiff advised her that he would reimburse City’s clerk- 6 treasurer, Robin Cordova, for personal expenditures tied to the festival. Id. As this 7 did not “sit well” with Ms. Goodin, she documented the date and name of Mr. 8 Frank. Later in 2018, Ms. Goodin asked Ms. Cordova if she had received $100.00 9 from Plaintiff and Ms. Cordova informed her she had not. Id. She then prepared 10 her written complaint. 11 During the investigation, Sgt. Towell communicated with the state auditor’s 12 office, which verified that there was no receipt for $100.00 in cash deposited on 13 October 4, 2019. ECF No. 21 at 26-27. Sgt. Towell also obtained a copy of the 14 receipt from Mr. Frank, who provided a written statement on July 25, 2019 that it 15 was the receipt he had received from Ms. Goodin for the donation. ECF No. 21 at 16 37. Sgt. Towell also conducted interviews of Ms. Goodin and Ms. Cordova. ECF 17 No. 24-3 at 4; ECF No. 21 at 33. 18 Sgt. Towell testified in his deposition that prior to Plaintiff’s arrest his office 19 received information that “Mr. Orozco was loading a U-Haul from the back side of 20 the house that he was living in. . . And that the neighbors felt it was suspicious 21 because it was concealed behind the house.” ECF No. 21 at 24. 1 2. Plaintiff’s Arrest on August 12, 2019 2 On August 12, 2019, Sgt. Towell sent deputies John Duggan and Sergio 3 Reyna to Plaintiff’s residence. While there, Deputy Duggan recontacted Sgt. 4 Towell to confirm the presence of a U-Haul at the property. ECF No. 24-6 at 5 5 (Duggan testified he saw a “large size U-Haul in the driveway.”). The presence of 6 the U-Haul increased Sgt. Towell’s concerns that Plaintiff was preparing to move 7 or leave.1 ECF No. 24-3. Sgt Towell then discussed the matter with his supervisor 8 Carl Hendrickson (the YCSO Chief Criminal Deputy), Joseph Brusic (a Yakima 9 County prosecuting attorney), and the Yakima County Sheriff Robert Udell, and 10 according to Towell, all agreed that there was probable cause to arrest. ECF No. 21 11 at 23-25. Sgt. Towell then advised Duggan and Reyna to arrest Plaintiff. On 12 August 12, 2019, Plaintiff was arrested at his residence. He was handcuffed and 13 taken into custody. 14 Sgt. Towell filed with the Yakima County Superior Court a request for 15 determination of probable cause and declaration advising that Plaintiff had been 16 arrested for Misappropriation and Falsification of Accounts by a Public Officer in 17 violation of RCW 42.20.070 and Official Misconduct in violation of RCW 18 19 20 1 Plaintiff’s response indicates that he was in fact in the “midst of moving.” ECF 21 No. 23 at 2. 1 9A.80.010.2 ECF No. 24-3. 2 On August 14, 2019, Defendant appeared before Yakima Superior Court 3 Judge Doug Federspiel for a determination of probable cause. ECF No. 24-4. The 4 state court reviewed Sgt. Towell’s declaration, ECF No. 24-3, and determined he 5 could not find probable cause due to deficiencies in the declaration, and released 6 Plaintiff. ECF No. 24-2. During the hearing, Judge Federspiel remarked that he 7 could not base a finding of probable cause on unknown content of the state 8 auditor’s report, “conclusory statements,” or statements not attributable to a source. 9 ECF No. 24-4 at 5. 10 3. Procedural History 11 On May 10, 2022, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against Yakima County, the 12 YCSO, and YCSO’s deputies Reyna, Duggan, and Towell, alleging claims under 13 42 U.S.C. § 1983. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff claims defendants violated his Fourth and 14 Fourteenth Amendment rights, specifically his right to be free from unreasonable 15 2 Defendants’ Statement of Fact No. 31 contains a misstatement of the record and 16 citation to Washington law. ECF No. 22 at 5(“He was arrested for 17 Misappropriation and Falsification of Accounts by a Public Officer, in violation of 18 RCW 9A.80.010.”). Misappropriation by a public officer falls under RCW 19 42.20.070. Sgt. Towell’s “Suspect Information Request” filed in state court 20 requested charges under both RCW 9A.80.010 and RCW 42.20.070. ECF No. 24-3 21 at 2; ECF No. 24-4. 1 seizure in the form of arrest without probable cause. ECF No. 1 at 1; ECF No. 23 2 at 9. Plaintiff asserts the County should be held liable under § 1983 for the Yakima 3 County prosecutor’s role in the decision to arrest. ECF No. 23 at 13-14. The 4 Complaint also asserts state law claims for violation of the Washington Law 5 Against Discrimination, RCW 49.60.030, based on race, as well as negligent 6 infliction of emotional distress, outrage, and negligence. ECF No. 1 at 4-5. 7 Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment seeks dismissal of all claims. 8 Discussion 9 1. Fourteenth Amendment Claims 10 As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that it is difficult to discern 11 Plaintiff’s claims in this lawsuit as the only mention of Constitutional rights is in 12 the first line of the Complaint referencing the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment. 13 ECF No. 1 at 1. In response to Defendant’s motion, Plaintiff fails to offer any legal 14 or factual arguments as to the pursuit of a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. 15 Plaintiff has never asserted that his Fourteenth Amendment claims are distinct 16 from his Fourth Amendment claims. See ECF No. 1; ECF No. 23 at 9, 13-14. 17 Because any claim of arrest without probable cause must be analyzed under the 18 Fourth Amendment, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s 19 Fourteenth Amendment claims are granted. See Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 20 273 (1994); accord Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989) (“Because the 21 Fourth Amendment provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection 1 against this sort of physically intrusive governmental conduct, that Amendment, 2 not the more generalized notion of ‘substantive due process,’ must be the guide for 3 analyzing these claims.”). 4 2. Claims against the Yakima County Sheriff’s Office 5 Plaintiff has named the YCSO as a defendant, though it is not listed in the 6 body of the Complaint where the parties are described. ECF No. 1 at 2. Whether a 7 government entity has the capacity to be sued is determined by state law. 8 Fed.R.Civ.P. 17(b)(3). Plaintiff has not pointed to any Washington statute 9 indicating that the Washington legislature intended county sheriff’s offices to be a 10 separate legal entity from the county itself. Under Washington law, sovereign 11 immunity is waived for all “local governmental entities.” RCW 4.96.010. This 12 term is narrowly defined to include “a county, city, town, special district, 13 municipal corporation ... quasi-municipal corporation, or public hospital.” RCW 14 4.96.010(2). As the YCSO is merely the vehicle through which the County fulfills 15 its police functions, the real party in interest is the County (which is already a 16 named party). See Dunkle v. Kitsap Cnty. Sherriffs Office Jail, C14-5642 RBL- 17 KLS, 2014 WL 5334275, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 20, 2014) (“In order to bring an 18 appropriate action challenging the actions, policies or customs of a local 19 governmental unit, a plaintiff must name the county or city itself as a party to the 20 action, and not the particular municipal department or facility where the alleged 21 violation occurred.”). As a result, Plaintiff cannot maintain § 1983 claims against 1 the YCSO, and summary judgment is granted as to the same. 2 3. Section 1983 Claims against Individual Defendants 3 Plaintiff alleges Defendants Towell, Duggan and Reyna are liable under 42 4 U.S.C. § 1983 because they arrested him without probable cause in violation of the 5 Fourth Amendment. Defendants argue each officer is entitled to qualified 6 immunity. 7 To establish a claim under §1983, a plaintiff must establish (1) a deprivation 8 of a federal or constitutional right by (2) a person acting under color of state law. 9 Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 150 (1970). Section 1983 allows a 10 plaintiff to seek money damages from government officials who have violated his 11 or her constitutional rights. Id. The Fourth Amendment guarantees citizens the 12 right “to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against 13 unreasonable searches and seizures....” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. This includes the 14 right to be free from unreasonable arrests. U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 15 878 (1975). It is well established that “an arrest without probable cause violates the 16 Fourth Amendment and gives rise to a claim for damages under § 1983.” Borunda 17 v. Richmond, 885 F.2d 1384, 1391 (9th Cir.1988). 18 Under the qualified immunity doctrine, “government officials performing 19 discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages 20 insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or 21 constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. 1 Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). The Court engages in a two-part analysis to 2 determine whether officials are entitled to qualified immunity. The Court must 3 determine: (1) whether the defendant violated a constitutionally protected right, 4 and (2) whether that particular right was clearly established at the time of the 5 violation. Shafer v. County of Santa Barbara, 868 F.3d 1110, 1115 (9th Cir. 2017). 6 “These two prongs ... need not be considered in any particular order, and both 7 prongs must be satisfied for a plaintiff to overcome a qualified immunity defense.” 8 Id. Where party claims an unlawful arrest, the qualified immunity analysis focuses 9 on “(1) whether there was probable cause for the arrest; and (2) whether it is 10 reasonably arguable that there was probable cause for arrest—that is, whether 11 reasonable officers could disagree as to the legality of the arrest such that the 12 arresting officer is entitled to qualified immunity.” Rosenbaum v. Washoe Cnty., 13 663 F.3d 1071, 1076 (9th Cir. 2011). Qualified immunity “gives ample room for 14 mistaken judgments” and protects “all but the plainly incompetent.” Hunter v. 15 Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229 (1991). 16 Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity if a reasonable officer could 17 have believed that probable cause existed to arrest Plaintiff. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 18 U.S. 224, 228 (1991). “Probable cause to arrest exists when officers have 19 knowledge or reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to lead a person of 20 reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the 21 person being arrested.” United States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 1 2007) (citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964)). This is an objective inquiry. 2 Id. In making this determination, courts examine the events leading up to the 3 arrest, and then decide “whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint 4 of an objectively reasonable police officer, amount to” probable cause. Maryland 5 v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 371 (2003) (citation omitted). “The probable-cause 6 standard is incapable of precise definition or quantification into percentages 7 because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the 8 circumstances.” Id. Indeed, “probable cause is a fluid concept-turning on the 9 assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts-not readily, or even 10 usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232 11 (1983). 12 In Washington, it is a felony for a public officer to receive money on 13 account of a city and appropriate it to his own use or knowingly keep any false 14 account. Wash. Rev. Code § 42.20.070. In addition, a public servant can be found 15 guilty of official misconduct, a gross misdemeanor, if he “intentionally commits an 16 unauthorized act under color of law” or “refrains from performing a duty imposed 17 upon him . . . by law.” Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.80.010. 18 The Court rejects each of Plaintiff’s arguments that probable cause did not 19 exist for his arrest. First, Plaintiff claims that the state court judge’s ruling made 20 “crystal clear” that Defendants “failed to have probable [cause to] arrest” Plaintiff. 21 ECF No. 23 at 11. But the state court record does not support this argument. 1 Rather, based on the record in the hearing, which was only the five paragraph 2 declaration written by Sgt. Towell, the state court merely held that that Sgt. 3 Towell’s declaration lacked necessary information to find that probable cause 4 exists and bind the matter over. The state court was not asked, and did not reach, 5 the question of whether Defendants had probable cause for arrest under the Fourth 6 Amendment. See King v. Ambs, 519 F.3d 607 (6th Cir. 2008) (concluding probable 7 cause existed for purposes of the Fourth Amendment and upholding qualified 8 immunity for arresting officer, despite state court finding that he had no probable 9 cause for the warrantless arrest). Plaintiff’s summary judgment response does not 10 acknowledge that even if the state court lacked adequate information to find 11 probable cause, it still could have been objectively reasonable for the officers to 12 believe they had probable cause to arrest. See Fodelmesi v. Schepperly, No. 87 Civ. 13 6762 (KMW), 1992 WL 84469, *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 1992) (even though state 14 court found that officers lacked probable cause to arrest plaintiff, “it may still have 15 been objectively reasonable for them to believe that they had probable cause to 16 arrest plaintiff.”) (citing Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986)). 17 Second, Plaintiff claims delay of nearly one year between the date of the 18 alleged theft and the arrest undermines the existence of probable cause and that 19 “probable cause was stale.” ECF No. 23 at 11. Plaintiff’s contention of staleness 20 has little merit. There is no requirement that police officers must arrest an offender 21 as soon as probable cause for the arrest exists. “While a long delay in seeking a 1 search warrant can create difficulties if the information is stale, probable cause to 2 arrest, once formed, will continue to exist for the indefinite future, at least if no 3 intervening exculpatory facts come to light.” United States v. Bizier, 111 F.3d 214, 4 219 (1st Cir. 1997) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, 5 the record does not show that exculpatory facts came to light prior to arrest. The 6 information that emerged after Ms. Goodin’s complaint, including the state audit, 7 strengthened the basis for arrest. Accordingly, the passage of time did not negate 8 the existence of probable cause, nor was probable cause “stale” at the time of 9 arrest. See Forman v. Richmond Police Dept., 104 F.3d 950, 962 (7th Cir. 1997) 10 (delay of more than a year before an arrest did not undermine probable cause). 11 Third, Plaintiff claims Defendants should have known they did not have 12 probable cause to arrest because there was no reason to presume that Plaintiff “had 13 the stolen $100.00 on him a year later.” ECF No. 23 at 11. However, continuous 14 possession of misappropriated funds is not an element of either crime forming the 15 basis for Plaintiff’s arrest. 16 Finally, Plaintiff contends Defendants failed to conduct “any independent 17 investigation by speaking with [Plaintiff] or then Wapato Mayor Dora Alvarez-Roa 18 to verify the facts of this incident.” ECF No. 23 at 12. However, Plaintiff has not 19 presented any evidence that would have been discovered had the additional 20 investigation been done. Accordingly, the Court has no basis to find that Plaintiff’s 21 arrest was based on a clearly deficient investigation. Furthermore, the record belies 1 Plaintiff’s claim that Defendants improperly relied solely on the claim of a citizen 2 witness (Cindy Goodin) contrary to Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 3 261 F.3d 912, 925 (9th Cir. 2001). ECF No. 23 at 11-12. 4 In any event, the Court need not determine as a matter of law whether or not 5 the facts make out a violation of the Fourth Amendment, as the Court finds that a 6 reasonable officer could have believed there was probable cause for arrest – that is, 7 it is reasonably arguable that there was probable cause for arrest, and therefore 8 Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 9 731, 735 (2011) (discouraging resolution of questions of constitutional 10 interpretation where the case can be resolved based on qualified immunity). 11 At the time of Plaintiff’s arrest, Sgt. Towell understood the following. An 12 eye witness, Ms. Goodin, claimed to have seen Plaintiff, while at City Hall 13 employed by the City, take a cash donation to the City from Mr. Frank on October 14 4, 2018 for its Harvest Festival and direct Ms. Goodin to draft a receipt that did not 15 utilize the City’s usual accounting process. Sgt. Towell obtained a copy of the 16 atypical receipt from Mr. Frank and verified Mr. Frank had made a cash donation 17 on October 4, 2018. Sgt. Towell verified with the state auditor’s office that the 18 cash deposit was not reflected in the City’s accounting systems or bank accounts. 19 Sgt. Towell interviewed another witness, Robin Cordova, who informed him that 20 she did not receive nor request personal reimbursement for festival expenses from 21 Plaintiff. Sgt. Towell was aware the state auditor’s office had made findings that 1 while employed for the City in 2018, Plaintiff had engaged in arrangements for his 2 own personal gain. Finally, when a U-Haul appearing in Plaintiff’s driveway 3 suggested that he may be moving, Sgt. Towell consulted with both his supervisors 4 and the prosecuting attorney as to the existence of probable cause prior to directing 5 Plaintiff’s arrest. 6 Under the totality of the circumstances, reasonable officers, could have 7 disagreed whether there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for 8 misappropriation/falsification of accounts or official misconduct. Plaintiff has not 9 cited any case which could have provided notice officers were violating a clearly 10 established constitutional right under the facts before them. In addition, though 11 consultation with a prosecutor does not guarantee that qualified immunity will 12 follow, Sgt. Towell took the precaution of reviewing the known facts with his 13 superiors and the local prosecutor. This consultation buttresses the conclusion that 14 Sgt. Towell’s actions were objectively reasonable, or at least arguably so. 15 Qualified immunity therefore attaches. 16 As to Defendants Duggan and Reyna, it is undisputed that Duggan and 17 Reyna effectuated Plaintiff’s arrest only after Sgt. Towell made the decision to 18 arrest, and Duggan and Reyna acted pursuant to Sgt. Towell’s direction. An officer 19 may rely on another officer’s determination of probable cause to make an arrest 20 even if the arresting officer does not have firsthand knowledge of the facts 21 supporting probable cause. See United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 231 (1985) 1 (“ ‘[E]ffective law enforcement cannot be conducted unless police officers can act 2 on directions and information transmitted by one officer to another and . . . 3 officers, who must often act swiftly, cannot be expected to cross-examine their 4 fellow officers about the foundation for the transmitted information.’ ”) (quoting 5 United States v. Robinson, 536 F.2d 1298, 1299 (9th Cir. 1976)); United States v. 6 Jensen, 425 F.3d 698, 704 (9th Cir. 2005) (“The accepted practice of modern law 7 enforcement is that an officer often makes arrests at the direction of another law 8 enforcement officer even though the arresting officer himself lacks actual, personal 9 knowledge of the facts supporting probable cause.”). However, an arresting officer 10 is only permitted to rely on such representations and remain entitled to the 11 protections of qualified immunity if it was objectively reasonable for him or her to 12 do so under the circumstances. Here, viewing all the evidence in the light most 13 favorable to Plaintiff, Plaintiff has made no showing that suggests that Duggan’s or 14 Reyna’s reliance on Sgt. Towell was unreasonable under the circumstances. 15 Examination of the circumstances relevant to officers Duggan and Reyna establish, 16 as a matter of law, that they were objectively reasonable in following orders to 17 arrest Plaintiff and hence they are entitled to qualified immunity. 18 4. Section 1983 Claims against the County 19 The Court turns next to Defendants’ contention there is no basis for 20 imposition of municipal liability in this case. It is well-established that “a 21 municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, in 1 other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat 2 superior theory.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978); see also 3 Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403 (1997). To state a Monell claim 4 against a municipality, plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating “that an ‘official 5 policy, custom, or pattern’ on the part of [the municipality] was ‘the actionable 6 cause of the claimed injury.’ ” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1143 7 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1022 (9th 8 Cir. 2008)); see also Mendiola-Martinez v. Arpaio, 836 F.3d 1239, 1247 (9th Cir. 9 2016) (explaining that to establish municipal liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must 10 show a direct causal link between the municipal policy or custom and the alleged 11 constitutional violation). 12 The Ninth Circuit has recognized four theories for establishing municipal 13 liability under Monell: “(1) an official policy; (2) a pervasive practice or custom; 14 (3) a failure to train, supervise, or discipline; or (4) a decision or act by a final 15 policymaker.” Horton by Horton v. City of Santa Maria, 915 F.3d 592, 602–03 16 (9th Cir. 2019). Here, plaintiff asserts claims predicated on the final policymaker 17 theory. See ECF No. 23 at 14. 18 A municipality can be liable for an isolated constitutional violation when the 19 person causing the violation has “final policymaking authority.” See City of St. 20 Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 123 (1988) (plurality) (“[O]nly those municipal 21 officials who have ‘final policymaking authority’ may by their actions subject the 1 government to § 1983 liability.”). Whether an official has final policymaking 2 authority is a question for the court to decide based on state law. See Jett v. Dallas 3 Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 737 (1989) (“[W]hether a particular official has 4 ‘final policymaking authority’ is a question of state law. As with other questions of 5 state law relevant to the application of federal law, the identification of those 6 officials whose decisions represent the official policy of the local government unit 7 is itself a legal question to be resolved by the trial judge before the case is 8 submitted to the jury.”) (emphasis in original) (citations and internal quotation 9 marks omitted). 10 Defendant County has satisfied its burden on summary judgment by pointing 11 to the fact there is no evidence that the actions of which Plaintiff complains were 12 taken pursuant to an official municipal policy or custom. In opposition, Plaintiff 13 argues that Joseph Brusic, then a Yakima County deputy prosecutor, “was the final 14 policymaker at the Yakima County Prosecutor’s Office” and “should be held 15 liable” for his role in the decision to arrest Plaintiff. ECF No. 23 at 14. Plaintiff 16 cites Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480 (1986). However, the 17 Supreme Court’s decision in Pembaur was based on the fact that “the Court of 18 Appeals concluded, based upon its examination of Ohio law, that both the County 19 Sheriff and the County Prosecutor could establish county policy under appropriate 20 circumstances, a conclusion that we do not question here.” Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 21 484. Pembaur thus provides no guidance whatsoever as to whether, under 1 Washington law, Bursic constituted a final policymaking official with respect to 2 Plaintiff’s claim. Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, there is no analogous evidence 3 suggesting that Bursic gave any instruction to “go in and get” Plaintiff. ECF No. 4 23 at 14. Sgt. Towell testified that he consulted with Bursic and Bursic agreed that 5 probable cause existed. Plaintiff has not pointed to any evidence or legal authority 6 supporting the conclusion that Bursic had final policymaking authority regarding 7 when probable cause for an arrest has been established. See e.g., Christie v. Iopa, 8 176 F.3d 1231, 1234 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that deputy prosecutor in Hawaii did 9 not have final policymaking authority because her decision to prosecute a case was 10 constrained by policies made by the elected county prosecutor and subject to 11 review by the same); Anderson v. City of Bellevue, 862 F.Supp.2d 1095, 1108 12 (W.D. Wash. 2012) (declining to hold city liable for charging decisions of chief 13 criminal deputy prosecutor). Plaintiff’s vague assertion of final policymaking 14 authority by a deputy prosecutor is insufficient for the Monell claim against the 15 County to survive. 16 5. State Law Claims 17 This Court may decline supplemental jurisdiction if it “has dismissed all 18 claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C § 1367(c)(3). “[I]n the 19 usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance 20 of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial 21 economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to 1 exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” See Carnegie-Mellon 2 Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988); see also Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 3 114 F.3d 999, 1001 (9th Cir. 1997) (J. O’Scannlain, dissenting) (“Our judicial 4 branch should be particularly sensitive to the impacts of its decisions on state legal 5 systems. While federal courts may be obliged to speak on questions of state law in 6 certain circumstances, we should always be mindful that, absent a strong 7 justification, state law claims belong in state courts...State courts are the proper 8 fora for those claims, and the federal courts should stay out of the fray unless there 9 is a reason for them to jump in—that is, unless ‘values of judicial economy, 10 convenience, fairness, and comity’ would be served thereby.”) (quotation omitted). 11 Here, because the only remaining claims are state law claims, the Court 12 declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims. As such, the Court 13 will dismiss the state law claims without prejudice. 14 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 15 1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 20, is 16 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The federal claims are dismissed with 17 prejudice. The Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state 18 law claims. The remaining state law claims are dismissed without prejudice. 19 /// 20 /// 21 /// 1 2. The District Court Executive is directed to enter judgment in favor of the Defendants and against Plaintiffs on the federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. The District Court Executive is hereby directed to file this Order, provide copies to counsel, and close the file. 5 DATED this 28th day of March 2024. 7 8 e. : □□□ Cohan Ses i Stanley A. Bastian 12 Chief United States District Judge 13 1 15 16 17 18 19 2 21