People v. Vincent CA3

Filed 10/29/25 P. v. Vincent CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Butte)
----
THE PEOPLE, C100826

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. Nos. 22CF05075
& 22CF04351)
v.

CHANCE ANDRE VINCENT,

Defendant and Appellant.

Defendant Chance Andre Vincent appeals his convictions related to two stabbings
and an assault on a correctional officer. His appointed counsel asked this court to review
the record and determine whether there are any arguable issues on appeal. (People v.
Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.) Defendant filed a supplemental brief arguing the trial
court erred in precluding him from cross-examining a witness.
This court requested supplemental briefing on: (1) “[w]hether the trial court erred
in admitting evidence regarding A.L.’s [1] statement while he was in the ambulance
describing the stabber,” and whether “any error was prejudicial” and (2) “[w]hether the

1 To protect their privacy, we will refer to the victims by their initials. (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.90(b)(4).)

1
trial court erred in admitting evidence regarding Officer Nicolo DiStefano’s interview of
[defendant] on September 4, 2022,” and whether “any error was prejudicial.”
Having reviewed the supplemental briefing filed by defendant himself, his
appellate counsel, and the People, as well as the record as required by Wende, we will
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In Butte County Superior Court Case No. 22CF04351 (case No. 4351), defendant
was charged with two counts of assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code,2 § 245, subd.
(a)(1); counts 1 and 2) with a great bodily injury enhancement on each count (§ 12022.7,
subd. (a)).
In Butte County Superior Court Case No. 22CF05075 (case No. 5075), defendant
was charged with battery on a custodial officer (§ 243.1; count 1) and resisting an
executive officer (§ 69, subd. (a); count 2).
In April 2023, defendant pleaded no contest to all the charges in both cases and
admitted both enhancements. In exchange, defendant would receive a suspended
sentence of 11 years, eight months, and be allowed to complete a substance abuse
treatment program.
In June 2023, defendant withdrew his no-contest pleas in both cases. The trial
court denied the prosecution’s motion to consolidate the cases for trial and subsequent
motion to reconsider the denial.
A. Motions In Limine and Trial in Case No. 4351
During the January and February 2024 jury trial in case No. 4351, the trial court
became aware that one of the jurors was the mother of one of the trial court clerk
supervisors. With counsels’ agreement, the court admonished the juror that it was

2 Undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.

2
important not to talk about the case with anyone, including family, and the juror agreed to
comply.
J.E. testified that on September 2, 2022, defendant stabbed him in the back with a
knife. J.E. suffered a collapsed lung and needed a chest tube for four days.
A second man, later identified as A.L., was stabbed on September 4, 2022, at a
train station. Although A.L. did not testify at trial, the prosecution sought to introduce
testimony from a responding police officer detailing two interactions with A.L. after the
stabbing. The prosecution argued A.L.’s statements during these interactions were
admissible as spontaneous statements. (Evid. Code, § 1240.)
Defendant objected, asking for a hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402
for any statement from a non-testifying witness. Defendant argued that admitting any
testimonial hearsay statement from an unavailable witness would violate his Sixth
Amendment right to confront and cross-examine the declarant.
The prosecution also sought to introduce testimony from a responding police
officer regarding statements made by defendant after the stabbing, including part of a
recorded interview with the officer at the police station.
The trial court held hearings pursuant to Evidence Code section 402 to determine
whether the challenged testimony was admissible.
1. Evidence Code Section 402 Hearing Regarding Defendant’s
Statements to Officer Nicolo DiStefano
The first Evidence Code section 402 hearing was regarding Officer Nicolo
DiStefano’s interview of defendant on September 4, 2022. Officer DiStefano arrested
and handcuffed defendant and read defendant his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona
(1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda) while defendant was sitting inside his patrol car.
Although Officer DiStefano did not repeat exactly what he told defendant, he recalled
that he had relied on a department-issued card when reading defendant his rights. After
defendant was read his rights, he responded, “yeah.” Officer DiStefano asked defendant

3
a few questions and then transported him to the police station and placed him in an
interview room. Once in the interview room, Officer DiStefano asked defendant if he
remembered their conversation about his rights, and defendant nodded. Officer
DiStefano and a second officer proceeded to ask defendant questions. Defendant never
indicated he wanted to invoke his right to remain silent or ask for an attorney. According
to Officer DiStefano, the questioning at the police station took place less than an hour
after the questioning in the police car.
The trial court watched a video of the interview conducted at the police station.
Defendant asked that the video be stricken, arguing defendant had not been properly
advised of his rights “a second time” while at the police station. Defendant noted that,
although he had been read his Miranda rights “on the scene,” there was a break before
the second police interview at the police station. Defendant had been transported to the
station, processed, “put into orange gear,” handcuffed, and “put in a small room with two
officers.” Defendant further noted that the officer at the police station did not specify
“what kind of rights” he remembered before proceeding with the interview. When the
trial court mentioned that defendant likely had “some familiarity” with law enforcement,
defendant acknowledged his criminal history but argued that “d[id] not mean he had ever
been in a situation where he is in custody, handcuffed, and . . . interrogated.”
The trial court admitted the interview, finding that defendant had been orally
advised of his rights while in the police car and reminded of them before the officers
interviewed him at the police station.
2. Evidence Code Section 402 Hearing Regarding A.L.’s Statements to
Responding Officers
The second Evidence Code section 402 hearing was regarding Officer Joel Gist’s
interactions with A.L. after the stabbing. When Officer Gist arrived at the scene, A.L.
was sitting on the sidewalk with a pool of blood around him; the attacker was nowhere in
sight. Other officers were already there, and the paramedics had just arrived. A.L.

4
appeared to be in distress and was only talking “somewhat.” He moaned “a lot” and
thought he was going to die. Officer Gist tried to ask him questions, but A.L. was “not
very responsive.” The paramedics quickly loaded A.L. onto a gurney and then into an
ambulance.
While A.L. was in the back of the ambulance, Officer Gist overheard another
responding officer (Sergeant Durfee) ask A.L. for “some information.” When A.L. did
not respond, Sergeant Durfee asked A.L. what the attacker looked like, specifically
asking about the attacker’s race, hairstyle, and clothing. A.L. responded that the attacker
was male, Caucasian, bald, and wearing a white t-shirt. Sergeant Durfee then “put that
description out on the radio.”
The ambulance then took A.L. to a nearby hospital, and Officer Gist followed
behind. About 30 minutes after A.L. got to the hospital, Officer Gist showed him a photo
of defendant, and he identified defendant as the attacker. According to Officer Gist, in
that moment, A.L. was “more focused” and “cogent.” A.L. said he was afraid he was
going to die. Officer Gist later tried to ask A.L. more questions, but A.L. was
uncooperative.
Contrary to Officer Gist’s testimony, a video from Officer Gist’s body camera
recording his interactions with A.L. showed A.L. as “pretty calm.” He was not yelling or
screaming, and he was “able to answer questions in a calm, rational manner.”
The trial court held that A.L.’s statement, while he was in the ambulance
describing the attacker, was admissible hearsay as a spontaneous statement under
Evidence Code section 1240. The court reasoned that the statement was made “short[ly]”
after law enforcement arrived at the scene, during a brief interaction with Sergeant
Durfee. While A.L. seemed calm in the video, he was experiencing “severe” medical
trauma from multiple stab wounds, which would “inhibit any sort of deliberation or
attempt to mislead or deceive.” The court further found that the statement did not violate
the confrontation clause because it was not testimonial. (See Crawford v. Washington

5
(2004) 541 U.S. 36.) The court reasoned the statement was contemporaneous to the
stabbing, and police were still trying to find a suspect. In addition, the court rejected
defendant’s argument that the statement was more prejudicial than probative, pursuant to
Evidence Code section 352.
However, the trial court held, A.L.’s statement to Officer Gist at the hospital
identifying defendant as the attacker was testimonial and was not admissible as a
spontaneous statement.
3. Testimony Before the Jury and Verdicts
With the jury present, Officer DiStefano testified that he arrived at the scene of the
second stabbing at around 6:00 a.m. on September 4, 2022. After initially attending to
A.L., Officer DiStefano went to a nearby park where other officers had found defendant.
With the help of a second officer, Officer DiStefano arrested defendant and moved him to
a patrol car. Officer DiStefano read defendant his Miranda rights, and defendant
responded, “yeah” to confirm he understood.
Officer DiStefano transported defendant to the police station, where defendant told
Officer DiStefano that he and A.L. had argued because defendant thought A.L. had taken
defendant’s backpack. Defendant did not admit to any physical altercation with A.L. A
video recording of Officer DiStefano’s interview of defendant at the police station was
played for the jury.
During Officer Gist’s testimony, the jury was shown photos that Officer Gist took,
including one showing A.L. lying on the ground in a pool of blood and another showing a
stab wound on the right side of A.L.’s back. The jury was also shown a video recording
from Officer Gist’s body camera when A.L. described his attacker.
Officer Shane Carpenter testified that he responded to a park next to the train
station at around 6:00 a.m. on September 4, 2022, to search for the attacker. He found
defendant and three other people in a tent. Just behind where defendant was sitting was a
white t-shirt, and under the t-shirt was a knife with blood on it. Subsequent laboratory

6
testing found blood on the t-shirt and knife, and DNA testing found what was likely
A.L.’s blood on the knife and defendant’s DNA on the knife handle. The testing also
found what was likely defendant’s blood on the t-shirt.
A trauma surgeon testified that he treated A.L. on September 4, 2022, for multiple
stab wounds. A.L. had a “large” amount of blood in his chest and required surgery and a
chest tube to drain the blood. Overall, he lost two quarts of blood, or one-third of his
total blood volume. A.L. also suffered a collapsed lung. His injuries were potentially
fatal without treatment. A.L. tested positive for methamphetamine, cannabis, and
opiates. He was also diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Over defendant’s objection, the trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No.
362 (consciousness of guilt: false statements). The prosecution asked for this instruction
because defendant denied assaulting A.L. when Officer DiStefano interviewed him at the
police station. The jury was also instructed on the lesser included offense of simple
assault and specific intent.
The jury found defendant guilty as charged and found the enhancements to be true.
B. Trial in Case No. 5075
In case No. 5075, in February 2024, at the prosecutor’s request, the trial court
dismissed count 2, resisting an executive officer.
During the February 2024 jury trial, Correctional Deputy Donovan Stockwell
testified that he was working as a correctional officer at the county jail on September 8,
2022, in the transportation division. When Deputy Stockwell initially approached
defendant about being transported that day, defendant was “very calm,” “very
compliant,” and “very lucid.” Deputy Stockwell opened defendant’s cell door and
ordered him to step out and face the wall so Deputy Stockwell could secure him for
transport. Defendant complied, and Deputy Stockwell started to secure waist restraints
on defendant. But, when Deputy Stockwell tried to handcuff him, defendant suddenly
pivoted off the wall and hit Deputy Stockwell in the face with a closed fist. With the

7
assistance of other officers, Deputy Stockwell was able to subdue defendant and restrain
him. Both Deputy Stockwell and defendant declined medical assistance. Surveillance
video showing the incident was played for the jury.
In addition to instructing the jury on battery against a custodial officer, the trial
court also instructed on the lesser included offense of simple assault. Over defendant’s
objection, the court declined to instruct the jury regarding self-defense (CALCRIM No.
3470).
The jury found defendant guilty of battery on a custodial officer.
C. Sentencing
The original May 2023 probation report noted defendant did not have a history of
mental illness but received counseling for substance use disorder. His criminal history
included a 2017 conviction for misdemeanor battery (§ 242) and misdemeanor theft
(§ 490.5), a 2017 conviction for felony unlawfully causing a fire (§ 452, subd. (c)), a
2018 conviction for felony unlawfully causing a fire, four 2019 convictions for felony
unlawfully causing a fire, a 2021 conviction for felony vehicle theft (Veh. Code, § 10851,
subd. (a)), a 2021 conviction for felony assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd.
(a)(4)), and a 2021 conviction for felony unlawful possession of ammunition (§ 30305,
subd. (a)(1)).
A March 2024 supplemental probation report noted that, in May 2023, the
probation department sent the trial court a certified record of defendant’s criminal
history. The report also noted that, as of March 21, 2024, defendant was entitled to 649
days of custody credit.
During the March 2024 sentencing hearing, the parties stipulated to the accuracy
of the original probation report and the supplemental probation report’s description of
defendant’s criminal history. The prosecution asked the trial court to impose the upper
term.

8
The trial court instead sentenced defendant to eight years and eight months in
prison, as follows: (1) in case No. 4351 three years (the middle term) for count 1 plus
three years for the great bodily injury enhancement; one year consecutive (one-third the
middle term) for count 2 plus one year consecutive (one-third the term) for the great
bodily injury enhancement; and (2) in case No. 5075 eight months consecutive (one-third
the middle term) for count 1. The court also ordered defendant to serve 180 days
concurrently in a case not at issue in this appeal.
The trial court imposed a $300 restitution fine in each case (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)), a
corresponding $300 parole revocation fine in each case (suspended unless parole is
revoked) (§ 1202.45), a $120 court operations assessment (§ 1465.8, subd. (a)(1)), and a
$90 criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373). The court noted it was
imposing the minimum fines and fees, and defendant would have time to earn the
amounts owed while in prison. The court awarded 649 days of custody credit (565 actual
days and 84 conduct days) in case No. 4351 and zero days of custody credit in case
No. 5075.
In selecting the middle term, the trial court noted that defendant had not stipulated
to any aggravating factors, nor had a trier of fact found any to be true beyond a
reasonable doubt. The court found the factors laid out in section 1170, subdivision
(b)(6), did not apply. On balance, the circumstances in aggravation did not outweigh the
circumstances in mitigation.
The trial court declined to strike any of the enhancements under section 1385,
subdivision (c). Although there were multiple enhancements alleged, there were two
separate victims of “unprovoked stabbing,” and defendant’s criminal history reflected “a
significant pattern of serious criminality which would endanger the public.”
Defendant timely appealed.

9
DISCUSSION
I
Appointed counsel filed an opening brief setting forth the facts of the case and
asking this court to review the record and determine whether there are any arguable
issues on appeal. (People v. Wende, supra, 25 Cal.3d 436.) Defendant was advised by
counsel of the right to file a supplemental brief within 30 days of the date of filing the
opening brief. Defendant himself filed a supplemental brief; appellate counsel and the
People responded to our request for supplemental briefing.
In appellate counsel’s supplemental brief, defendant argues that the trial court
erred in admitting evidence of A.L.’s statement while he was in the ambulance describing
the attacker. According to defendant, the statement was not spontaneous because there
was insufficient evidence that A.L. made the statement while under the stress of nervous
excitement induced by the stabbing. Defendant argues the record is unclear as to how
much time elapsed between the stabbing and the questioning of A.L. in the ambulance.
In addition, A.L. only gave the statement in response to questions from Sergeant Durfee,
and A.L. seemed “pretty calm” at the time and able to answer questions in a calm,
rational manner. We find no merit to defendant’s contentions.
A. Legal Background
Hearsay evidence, “evidence of a statement that was made other than by a witness
while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove the truth of the matter stated,”
is inadmissible unless an exception applies. (Evid. Code, § 1200, subds. (a) & (b).) One
such exception exists for “[s]pontaneous [s]tatement[s]” that: “(a) Purport[ ] to narrate,
describe, or explain an act, condition, or event perceived by the declarant; and [¶]
(b) W[ere] made spontaneously while the declarant was under the stress of excitement
caused by such perception.” (Evid. Code, § 1240.)
For hearsay to be admissible under the spontaneous statement exception,
“ ‘ “(1) there must be some occurrence startling enough to produce this nervous

10
excitement and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting; (2) the utterance must
have been before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent, i.e., while the nervous
excitement may be supposed still to dominate and the reflective powers to be yet in
abeyance; and (3) the utterance must relate to the circumstance of the occurrence
preceding it.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.] Spontaneous statements are deemed sufficiently
trustworthy to be admitted into evidence because ‘ “ ‘in the stress of nervous excitement
the reflective faculties may be stilled and the utterance may become the unreflecting and
sincere expression of one’s actual impressions and belief.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Gutierrez
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 789, 809-810.) The “crucial element” in discerning whether an out-of-
court statement is admissible as a spontaneous statement is the speaker’s mental state.
(Id. at p 811.) “[T]he larger picture of the prosecution’s evidence, and the reasonable
inferences to be drawn from it” are relevant to the speaker’s mental state. (People v.
Rincon (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 738, 752.)
“ ‘Neither lapse of time between the event and the declarations nor the fact that the
declarations were elicited by questioning deprives the statements of spontaneity if it
nevertheless appears that they were made under the stress of excitement and while the
reflective powers were still in abeyance.’ ” (People v. Poggi (1988) 45 Cal.3d 306, 319.)
“Under the same reasoning, the fact that the declarant has become calm enough to speak
coherently also is not inconsistent with spontaneity.” (Ibid.; cf. People v Francis (1982)
129 Cal.App.3d 241, 254 [no abuse of discretion in admitting a statement where the
stabbing victim’s “calm manner” was due to stress and shock and “d[id] not necessarily
indicate a lack of spontaneity”] with People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153, 269-270 [no
abuse of discretion in excluding statement identifying handwriting in a photo where the
declarant was calm throughout the police interview and her demeanor did not change
when shown the photo], disapproved on another ground by People v. Romero and Self
(2015) 62 Cal.4th 1, 53-54, fn. 19.)

11
“Whether an out-of-court statement meets the statutory requirements for
admission as a spontaneous statement is generally a question of fact for the trial court, the
determination of which involves an exercise of the court’s discretion. [Citation.] We
will uphold the trial court’s determination of facts when they are supported by substantial
evidence and review for abuse of discretion its decision to admit evidence under the
spontaneous statement exception.” (People v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 65.) “[W]e
will not disturb the trial court’s ruling ‘except on a showing the trial court exercised its
discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a
manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” (People v. Goldsmith (2014) 59 Cal.4th 258, 266.)
B. Analysis
As defendant acknowledges in his supplemental brief, being repeatedly stabbed
and seriously wounded is unquestionably startling enough to produce nervous
excitement, and A.L.’s statement is clearly related to that event. As such, at issue is
whether the circumstances indicate A.L. made his statement while under the stress of
nervous excitement induced by the stabbing.
Despite defendant’s contentions, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s
finding that A.L.’s statement was spontaneous rather than contrived. Officer Gist
testified that A.L. spoke to Sergeant Durfee just after the paramedics arrived and used a
gurney to take him to the ambulance, supporting the trial court’s finding that A.L. made
his statement soon after the stabbing. The video recording may show A.L. as calm while
answering Sergeant Durfee’s brief and limited questions about the attacker. But, as a
result of his multiple stab wounds, A.L. suffered a collapsed lung, required surgery, and
lost about a third of his total blood volume. The severity of A.L.’s injuries suggest he
was talking under circumstances of physical and emotional stress and shock, rather than
reflection. (People v. Poggi, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 319 [a declarant speaking calmly and
coherently “is not inconsistent with spontaneity”].) Under the circumstances, we find no

12
abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to admit A.L.’s statement in the
ambulance as a spontaneous statement.
II
Defendant himself filed a supplemental brief arguing the trial court erred in
denying him the right to cross-examine A.L., who did not testify at trial. According to
defendant, his trial counsel said A.L. “had previous mental health issues which would
have been used to show he wasn’t credible.” Defendant speculates that A.L. “would have
probably admitted to a case of mistaken identity.” As such, argues defendant, the trial
court violated his Sixth Amendment rights when it precluded him from cross-examining
A.L. To the extent defendant is arguing the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment
rights by admitting A.L.’s statement because it was testimonial and he had no opportunity
to cross-examine A.L., we disagree.
A. Legal Background
Notwithstanding traditional exceptions to the hearsay rule, the Sixth Amendment
grants each criminal defendant “ ‘the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against
him.’ The Amendment contemplates that a witness who makes testimonial statements
admitted against a defendant will ordinarily be present at trial for cross-examination, and
that if the witness is unavailable, his prior testimony will be introduced only if the
defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine him.” (Giles v. California (2008)
554 U.S. 353, 357-358; see also Crawford v. Washington, supra, 541 U.S. at pp. 53-54
[accord].)
A statement is “testimonial” under this standard if (1) it was “ ‘made with some
degree of formality or solemnity,’ ” and (2) “the primary purpose of the statement must
‘pertain[ ] in some fashion to a criminal prosecution.’ ” (People v. Leon (2015)
61 Cal.4th 569, 603.) Although in general a statement made to a police officer during an
interrogation is testimonial, it is non-testimonial where the “ ‘ “primary purpose of the
interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.” ’ ” (People

13
v. Hall (2024) 107 Cal.App.5th 222, 236.) This is because the “ ‘declarant’s purpose is
not to provide a solemn declaration for use at trial, but to bring an end to an ongoing
threat.’ ” (Ibid.)
An appellate court independently reviews whether a statement is testimonial and
therefore implicates the constitutional right of confrontation. (People v. Hall, supra,
107 Cal.App.5th at p. 237.) We consider the “ ‘primary purpose for which the statement
was given and taken under an objective standard, “considering all the circumstances that
might reasonably bear on the intent of the participants in the conversation.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
B. Analysis
As previously discussed, Sergeant Durfee spoke with A.L. in the ambulance soon
after A.L. was stabbed. The attacker was gone, and it was possible he or she would
attack again. Given the ongoing danger to the public, it is reasonable to infer that
Sergeant Durfee’s primary purpose was to seek A.L.’s help in identifying the attacker so
responding officers could find and detain the suspect before he or she could hurt someone
else. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that Sergeant Durfee only asked about the
attacker’s race, hairstyle, and clothing. A.L., who was suffering from multiple stab
wounds, only responded with this limited identifying information, indicating his primary
purpose was to help responding officers locate the attacker. Under the circumstances, we
find no error.
III
In appellate counsel’s supplemental brief, defendant argues that the trial court
erred in admitting evidence regarding Officer DiStefano’s interviews of defendant in the
patrol car and at the police station on September 4, 2022. Defendant argues it was clear
that he was subject to custodial interrogation during both interactions with Officer
DiStefano. However, he contends the evidence is insufficient to establish that Officer
DiStefano properly advised defendant of his Miranda rights. Despite Officer DiStefano’s
testimony that he read defendant his rights pursuant to a department-issued card,

14
defendant argues there was no evidence of “what [Officer] DiStefano actually said to
defendant,” especially since that card was never offered into evidence.
The People note that defendant never argued in the trial court that there was
insufficient evidence to show that Officer DiStefano properly advised defendant of his
Miranda rights before transporting him to the police station. Instead, defendant argued
that the video of his interview at the police station should be suppressed because he had
not been properly advised of his rights “a second time.” Failing to assert a timely and
specific Miranda claim forfeits the issue on appeal. (People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th
619, 667.) As such, we will only consider whether the trial court erred in admitting the
video of his interview at the police station.
A. Legal Background
Pursuant to Miranda, a suspect who is subjected to custodial interrogation must be
informed of his rights to remain silent and the presence of an attorney. (Miranda, supra,
384 U.S. at p. 471.) If a suspect invokes his right to silence, the interrogation must cease.
(Id. at pp. 473-474.) If a suspect invokes his right to counsel, all further interrogation
must cease until an attorney is present. (Id. at p. 474.) A defendant must clearly invoke
his rights under Miranda. (People v. Tom (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1210, 1225.)
“After a valid Miranda waiver, readvisement prior to continued custodial
interrogation is unnecessary ‘so long as a proper warning has been given, and “the
subsequent interrogation is ‘reasonably contemporaneous’ with the prior knowing and
intelligent waiver.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.] The necessity for readvisement depends
upon various circumstances, including the amount of time that has elapsed since the first
waiver, changes in the identity of the interrogating officer and the location of the
interrogation, any reminder of the prior advisement, the defendant’s experience with the
criminal justice system, and ‘[other] indicia that the defendant subjectively underst[ood]
and waive[d] his rights.’ ” (People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 434.)

15
B. Analysis
Here, the officers were not required to readvise defendant at the police station
because the second interrogation was reasonably contemporaneous with the first. It
occurred only about an hour after Officer DiStefano arrested defendant and read him his
rights, and Officer DiStefano asked defendant if he remembered their conversation about
his rights. We further note that defendant had prior experience with the criminal justice
system and showed no reluctance to being interviewed at the police station. Under the
circumstances, we find no error.
IV
Having undertaken an examination of the entire record, we find no other arguable
error that would result in a disposition more favorable to defendant.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

\s\
Krause, J.
We concur:

\s\
Earl, P. J.

\s\
Hull, J.

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