Scheumann v. City of Las Vegas, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Eric Scheumann, Case No.: 2:21-cv-01405-JAD-BNW 4 Plaintiff v. Order Granting Summary Judgment in 5 Favor of the Defendant, Denying City of Las Vegas, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue, Defendant’s Motion to Strike, and Closing 6 Case Defendant 7 [ECF Nos. 40, 43] 8 9 Eric Scheumann brings this employment action against City of Las Vegas Fire & Rescue 10 for events arising from an August 2017 visit to his fire station by guests of a coworker. 11 Scheumann claims that he overheard kissing noises coming from his coworker’s dorm, the same 12 coworker showed him and the visiting guests a 15-second pornographic video of “a man’s 13 genitalia eclipsing the sun” later that same day, and Scheumann suffered retaliation because he 14 reported the incidents and his superiors’ inadequate handling of them. Fire & Rescue moves for 15 summary judgment, arguing primarily that these events and Scheumann’s experiences were not 16 serious enough to support any legal theory. Because Fire & Rescue has shown that these facts 17 fall short of establishing any of Scheumann’s claims, I grant summary judgment in its favor and 18 close this case. 19 20 21 22 23 1 Background 2 A. A coworker’s misconduct with guests at the fire station creates an awkward 3 situation for Scheumann. 4 Scheumann began working at Fire & Rescue in 2002 and has held the title of fire 5 engineer since February 2013.1 In August 2017 he was based out of fire station number nine 6 under the supervision of Captain Ruben Sanchez.2 At around noon on August 21, 2017, 7 Scheumann entered the firefighter dormitory area in station nine and discovered his coworker 8 Bill Winder had a visitor with him in his dorm.3 Initially, Scheumann thought that the sounds he 9 was hearing—talking and “what sounded like kissing”—were coming from a television.4 But he 10 soon realized they weren’t and called out to Winder.5 He then heard whispering coming from 11 Winder’s dorm, Winder responded with something like “okay, you’re back,” and Scheumann left 12 the dormitory area.6 Scheumann described this interaction as “really awkward” but also clarified 13 that it lasted around 30 to 45 seconds, that he didn’t see anything, and that he isn’t “saying it was 14 like a passionate ravenous scene.”7 All he heard was “a discussion and some kissing noises, 15 that’s it.”8 16 17 1 ECF No. 40-4 at 5 (14:5–8), 6 (27:11–13). Both parties filed compressed versions of deposition transcripts so that four deposition pages are contained in one ECF page. When citing 18 to these documents I first cite the ECF pagination, and then I cite the deposition pages and lines in parentheses. 19 2 Id. at 9 (40: 22–23), 16 (69:15–19). 20 3 Id. at 10 (44:4–11), 12 (50:3–8). 21 4 Id. at 12 (52:4–5), 11 (49:14–18). 5 Id. at 12 (50:3–8). 22 6 Id.; id. at 12 (52:18–23). 23 7Id. at 12 (52:18–23), 14 (59:7–9, 60:4–8), 13 (54:10–12, 54:2–5). 8 Id. at 13 (54:2–5). 1 Shortly after Scheumann left the dormitory area, Winder emerged with the visitor, 2 Shannon Rhett, and introduced her to Scheumann.9 Scheumann said this interaction was also 3 brief but that both Winder and Rhett were clothed and that he doesn’t recall their clothing being 4 in disarray or their buttons undone.10 After this introduction, Scheumann went into the kitchen 5 and spoke with Sanchez.11 Scheumann told Sanchez that Winder had brought a visitor into the 6 dorms and that, “with everything that’s going on,” that “is not okay.”12 According to 7 Scheumann, Sanchez agreed and told Scheumann he would talk to Winder about it.13 8 Winder bringing Rhett into the dorms of the station violated the Fire & Rescue’s visitor 9 policy, which provides that “[v]isitors and tours will be permitted in public areas only, unless 10 approved by the Station Captain or supervisor.”14 Winder had apparently told Sanchez that 11 Rhett and her daughter would be visiting the station for lunch and received his approval,15 but 12 neither party contends that Rhett was authorized to be in the dorms. And while Winder was 13 “under the impression that [Rhett] was going to bring her daughter” during this initial visit, she 14 hadn’t.16 Only Rhett had joined them for lunch and a tour, but she asked if she could return with 15 her daughter later in the evening because her daughter worked for an ambulance company and 16 was interested in learning about becoming a firefighter.17 17 18 9 Id. at 15 (64:1–3). 10 Id. at 15 (64:21–65:11), 16 (67:14–16, 68:1–4). 19 11 Id. at 16 (69:6–11). 20 12 Id. at 17 (71:3–6). 21 13 Id. at 17 (71:3–13). 14 ECF No. 40-2 at 3. 22 15 ECF No. 40-10 at 3 (14:16–19). 23 16 ECF No. 40-9 at 4 (24:14–19). 17 Id. at 3 (17:23–18:9). 1 Rhett did return later that evening with her daughter in tow, and Sanchez was notified 2 about and signed off on the visit.18 Rhett and her daughter joined Scheumann, Winder, Sanchez, 3 and the other crewmembers for dinner in the communal kitchen.19 During dinner, Rhett’s 4 daughter20 pulled up a video on her phone and Scheumann observed that Winder was laughing at 5 the video.21 Winder proceeded to “show the entire table the video.”22 There was an eclipse that 6 day and the video portrayed “a man’s genitalia eclipsing the sun.”23 Scheumann speculated that 7 the video itself was around 15 seconds long and testified at deposition that he saw it “as it came 8 by as a glance” though long enough to recognize what it was.24 According to Scheumann, 9 though, nobody else at the table “seemed openly offended by it.”25 Scheumann testified that he 10 was offended because the video was shown in the presence of a female firefighter and Rhett’s 11 daughter.26 12 13 14 15 16 18 Id. at 12 (140:13–18). 17 19 ECF No. 40-4 at 18 (100:8–101:13). 18 20 Scheumann repeatedly calls Rhett’s daughter a minor in his summary judgment briefing, but he submitted no evidence establishing that this individual—who was apparently employed by an 19 ambulance company at the time—was actually a minor. He testified only that “she appeared to be a minor to him” but that he didn’t know how old she was. Id. 20 21 Id. 21 22 Id. 23 Id. 22 24 Id. at 19 (104:15–25). 23 25 Id. at 20 (109:8–9). 26 Id. at 32 (189:5–14). 1 B. Scheumann reports the misconduct to his superiors, and the coworker gets 2 disciplined. 3 After dinner, Rhett and her daughter stayed at the station and watched a rookie 4 crewmember go through some drills.27 At some point, Winder and Rhett left together but 5 Scheumann didn’t see where they had gone at the time.28 When he headed the bathroom, he 6 heard Winder and Rhett in the dorms having a “regular conversation.”29 Scheumann 7 “immediately back[ed] out” and went to go speak with Sanchez.30 According to Scheumann, he 8 told Sanchez that Winder and Rhett were “in that dorm right now again” and that Sanchez 9 “need[ed] to handle this right now,”31 to which Sanchez responded “I’ll handle it.”32 Scheumann 10 then texted his second-level supervisor Battalion Chief Moore about Rhett’s presence, telling 11 Moore (among other things) that Winder had “some whore at the station” and that Scheumann 12 had talked with Sanchez twice about it and was “not [l]osing his job if shit [came] of it.”33 13 Sanchez then went to find Winder and told him something like “you know better than 14 this” and that they would talk more about it later.34 Sanchez also fielded a call from Moore who 15 asked whether a firefighter was having sex with someone at the station, to which Sanchez 16 responded “no” and told Moore everything was being taken care of.35 Sanchez met with and 17 27 Id. at 23 (119:8–13). 18 28 Id. at 24 (126:11–127:12). 19 29 Id. at 24 (128:11–23). 30 Id. 20 31 Id. at 25 (132:7–19). 21 32 Id. at 25 (132:18–21). 22 33 ECF No. 40-6 at 2–3. Scheumann didn’t mention the eclipse video during this text conversation. See generally id. 23 34 ECF No. 40-10 at 4 (63:4–16). 35 Id. at 5 (80:1–6). 1 disciplined Winder later that evening with “either coaching or counseling” and had Winder sign 2 a document discussing what he’d done wrong.36 Sanchez was later disciplined too but, at least 3 according to Sanchez, only for allowing the eclipse video to be played in the kitchen and not for 4 his handling of Winder’s visitor-policy violations.37 5 After these incidents, Sanchez began hearing that Scheumann was gossiping to people 6 that he “had to go over [Sanchez’s] head to talk with Chief Moore and do [Sanchez’s] job.”38 7 Hearing that Sanchez was trying to get ahold of him, Scheumann called Sanchez, who relayed 8 the rumors that he had been hearing and told Scheumann “if you’re saying anything, you need to 9 shut the fuck up.”39 But Scheumann testified at his deposition that Sanchez didn’t tell him not to 10 report anything to human resources and that they “never discussed any of that.”40 Scheumann 11 did, however, believe “that the whole thing was very aggressive and very uncomfortable.”41 12 Sanchez spoke with a colleague about, but ultimately didn’t pursue, writing Scheumann up for 13 “insubordination” related to this gossip.42 14 Scheumann contacted HR and reported this call with Sanchez.43 Scheumann also told the 15 HR representative he spoke with “kind of what had led up to” the call “in a very overview kind 16 36 ECF No. 40-9 at 10 (84:1–6); ECF No. 40-10 at 5 (77:8–11). It appears that Winder 17 ultimately was given a higher level of discipline for his conduct on August 21st, though Sanchez testified that he was not involved in that process. ECF No. 40-10 at 10 (114:6–13), 11 (117:19– 18 21). 19 37 ECF No. 40-10 at 11 (117:1–7). 38 Id. at 6 (87: 15–24). Scheumann heard these rumors as well and was upset by them but 20 testified that they “weren’t coming from” him. ECF No. 40-4 at 30 (180:14–16). 21 39 ECF No. 40-4 at 30 (178:13–179:21); see also ECF No. 40-10 at 9 (105:5–14). 40 ECF No. 40-4 at 30 (178:13–179:21). 22 41 Id. 23 42 ECF No. 40-10 at 8 (103:1–104:5). 43 ECF No. 41-3 at 20 (146:1–148:18). 1 of way,” though he doesn’t recall whether he mentioned the eclipse video.44 On September 13, 2 2017, Senior Deputy Chief Miramontes contacted Scheumann and asked him to prepare a 3 writeup about the August 21st incidents, which Scheumann provided soon after.45 Then, on 4 September 21, 2017, a whistleblower article ran in the Las Vegas Review Journal (LVRJ) 5 covering the August 21st incidents46 and Scheumann’s call with Sanchez, though the article 6 didn’t use people’s names.47 7 C. Scheumann is stripped of certain duties after the reports. 8 At some point after August 21st (though it is not entirely clear when) Fire & Rescue 9 stripped Scheumann of some apparatus-related duties he had been performing, which involved 10 acquiring equipment for Fire & Rescue.48 He was not paid beyond his normal fire-engineer 11 salary for performing these duties49 and, at least at the time, no fulltime apparatus-related role 12 existed on Fire & Rescue’s manning chart.50 Scheumann went on workers-compensation leave 13 in December 2017.51 Though he is still employed by Fire & Rescue, he remains out on workers- 14 compensation leave to this day.52 Scheumann doesn’t contend that his workers-compensation 15 leave is related to incidents at issue in this case.53 16 44 Id. 17 45 Id. at 21 (152:22–153:13). 18 46 It appears that the article’s authors had access to and quoted from Scheumann’s writeup. See id. at 22 (164:7–11). 19 47 Id. at 22 (164: 13–16). 20 48 ECF No. 40-4 at 28 (169:23–25). 49 Id. at 29 (170:25–171:10). 21 50 Id. at 29 (170:19–22). 22 51 Id. at 28, (167:22–24). 52 ECF No. 40-1 at ¶¶ 16, 20–21. 23 53 See generally ECF No. 1; ECF No. 41. Scheumann does assert in his briefing (without citing to the record) that he “has not been able to return to work because of the hostile work 1 D. Scheumann sues and Fire & Rescue moves for summary judgment. 2 Scheumann alleges five causes of action arising out of this sequence of events: (1) sexual 3 harassment under Title VII and Nevada law; (2) retaliation; (3) sexual harassment under 42 4 U.S.C. § 1983; (4) intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress; and (5) negligent 5 hiring, training, supervision, and retention.54 Fire & Rescue moves for summary judgment, 6 arguing that most claims lack factual support and several are preempted by state law.55 It also 7 contends that Scheumann’s hostile-work-environment theory fails because the conduct he 8 complains of wasn’t sufficiently severe or pervasive, and that Scheumann hasn’t presented 9 sufficient evidence to create a triable issue as to whether he was retaliated against.56 Scheumann 10 opposes, arguing primarily that these experiences amount to severe and pervasive sexual conduct 11 and that Fire & Rescue retaliated against him in a variety of ways.57 12 Discussion 13 Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and admissible evidence “show 14 that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment 15 as a matter of law.”58 When considering a summary-judgment motion, the court must view all 16 facts and draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.59 When the 17 18 environment” Fire & Rescue purportedly created. ECF No. 41 at 22; see also id. at 6. But he doesn’t ever explain why he went out on workers-compensation leave or contend that the reason 19 he went out on leave was because of a hostile work environment. He also does not dispute Fire & Rescue’s averment that the leave is “unrelated” to these events. ECF No. 40-1 at ¶ 20. 20 54 ECF No. 1 (complaint). 21 55 See generally ECF No. 40. 56 Id. at 15–22. 22 57 See generally ECF No. 41. 23 58 See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). 59 Kaiser Cement Corp. v. Fischbach & Moore, Inc., 793 F.2d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 1986). 1 moving party does not bear the burden of proof on the dispositive issue at trial, it is not required 2 to produce evidence to negate the opponent’s claim—its burden is merely to point out the 3 evidence showing the absence of a genuine material factual issue.60 The movant need only 4 defeat one element of a claim to garner summary judgment on it because “a complete failure of 5 proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other 6 facts immaterial.”61 7 A. Scheumann’s sexual-harassment claims fail. 8 Scheumann brings sexual-harassment based hostile-work-environment claims under Title 9 VII, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) 613.330.62 To prevail on his hostile- 10 work-environment claims, Scheumann must show that, based on the totality of the 11 circumstances, he faced (1) unwelcome verbal or physical conduct (2) because of his sex (3) that 12 was both subjectively and objectively so “severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [his] 13 employment and create an abusive work environment.”63 To determine whether the “sufficiently 14 severe or pervasive” standard is met, courts look at factors like “the frequency of the 15 discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere 16 60 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. 17 61 Id. at 322. 18 62 ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 91–106, 117–125. “[T]he employment discrimination standards in § 1983 and NRS § 613.330 are coextensive with those under Title VII,” so I analyze these claims 19 together. See Doe No. 1 v. Wynn Resorts, Ltd., 2023 WL 1782439, at *6 (D. Nev. Feb. 3, 2023) (quoting Crawford v. Nevada Dep’t of Transp., 2019 WL 1442178, at *4 n.2 (D. Nev. Mar. 31, 20 2019)); see also Davis v. California Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 484 F. App’x 124, 127 n.3 (9th Cir. 2012) (hostile-work-environment analysis under § 1983 mirrors that performed under Title 21 VII); Pope v. Motel 6, 114 P.3d 277, 280 (Nev. 2005) (“In light of the similarity between Title VII . . . and Nevada’s anti-discrimination statutes, we have previously looked to the federal 22 courts for guidance in discrimination cases.”). 63 Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 352 (2013); Manatt v. Bank of Am., 339 23 F.3d 792, 798 (9th Cir. 2003); Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 923 (9th Cir. 2000) (cleaned up). 1 offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work 2 performance.”64 Mere offensive utterances, “simple teasing, . . . offhand comments, and isolated 3 incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and 4 conditions of employment.”65 The objective prong of the third element is judged from the 5 perspective of a “reasonable victim.”66 6 Fire & Rescue argues that “Scheumann’s sexual-harassment claim is based solely upon 7 the happenings of a single day” and that relevant incidents weren’t “sufficiently severe or 8 pervasive to alter the conditions of Scheumann’s employment or create a hostile work 9 environment.”67 Scheumann counters that the two incidents, one in which he was “exposed to 10 intimate sounds of kissing” and another in which he was “subjected to pornographic images,”68 11 were severe and notes that isolated incidents can support a hostile-work-environment claim when 12 they are “extremely severe.”69 He also contends that these incidents must be viewed in the 13 context of the “hyper-masculine boys-club environment” that he asserts Fire & Rescue 14 “established” and “encouraged.”70 According to Scheumann, this included employees engaging 15 in “crude or sexual” banter or “locker room talk,” being expected to “ignore[e] or cover[] up 16 your co-worker’s sexually inappropriate actions” and “pressured into conforming to the hyper- 17 18 19 64 Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993). 20 65 Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787–88 (1998). 21 66 Brooks, 229 F.3d at 924. 67 ECF No. 40 at 16–17 (cleaned up) 22 68 ECF No. 41 at 17. 23 69 Id. at 16 (citing Fried v. Wynn Las Vegas, LLC, 18 F.4th 643, 648 (9th Cir. 2021)). 70 Id. at 12–13. 1 masculine gender role of ‘bro-code’ above all,” and Fire & Rescue’s “history of scandals, many 2 of which were sex scandals.”71 3 1. The August 21st events were neither pervasive nor severe. 4 The kissing incident and the eclipse-video incident, considered both individually and 5 cumulatively, aren’t severe or pervasive enough to show an actionably abusive work 6 environment. One involved Scheumann merely hearing kissing sounds (but seeing nothing) and 7 then promptly leaving,72 and the other involved what Scheumann described as a “glance” at a 8 video on a cell phone that showed a man’s testicles eclipsing the sun.73 These were brief 9 incidents that occurred on a single day, and they aren’t particularly severe. Neither involved 10 Scheumann being physically threatened or humiliated, and he hasn’t produced evidence that 11 either event interfered with performance of his job duties. Scheumann doesn’t cite to any cases 12 in which a court found two isolated incidents with this low level of severity sufficient for a 13 hostile-work-environment claim to survive summary judgment. And indeed, courts have found 14 that similar incidents occurring on a much more frequent basis were insufficient to create an 15 objectively abusive work environment.74 16 17 18 19 71 Id. at 12. 20 72 ECF No. 40-4 at 13 (54:2–5) (“I mean, I’m not saying it was like a passionate ravenous scene. I’m saying it was a discussion and some kissing noises, that’s it.”). 21 73Id. at 19 (104:15–105:22). 74 See, e.g., Fonseca v. Secor Int’l, Inc., 247 F. App’x 53, 55 (9th Cir. 2007) (frequent but brief 22 exposures to pornography on supervisor’s computer didn’t satisfy “the objective hostility requirement”); Thompson v. Donahoe, 961 F. Supp. 2d 1017, 1028–29 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (seeing 23 supervisor hugging and touching other employee “every other day or a couple times a week” not sufficient). 1 2. The record does not support the theory that a hypermasculine culture 2 at Fire & Rescue created a hostile work environment for Scheumann. 3 Scheumann cites limited evidence of the hypermasculine environment that he claims Fire 4 & Rescue established and encouraged, and the significance of that evidence is directly 5 undermined by Scheumann’s own testimony. While he alluded to at least two so-called 6 “scandals” during his deposition, it doesn’t appear that Scheumann was directly involved with 7 either, and he doesn’t explain how they contributed to creating an hostile work environment for 8 him.75 As to the crude and sexual banter Scheumann mentions in his response, the record does 9 reference several texts that he received from a coworker and then forwarded to Sanchez that 10 apparently contained distasteful Urban Dictionary definitions of two sex acts.76 But Scheumann 11 testified that the texts didn’t offend him;77 and he likewise implied that general “locker room 12 talk,” which he participated in, wasn’t something that bothered him either.78 Scheumann also 13 testified that the so-called “bro code,” which involves covering up coworkers’ inappropriate 14 conduct, was strongly discouraged by Fire & Rescue during the time when the August 21st 15 incidents occurred.79 Indeed, it appears that Scheumann’s fears of being terminated for covering 16 up Winder’s conduct was one of the primary reasons why he reported the visitor-policy violation 17 18 75 ECF No. 40-4 at 34 (274:18–21) (captain terminated for having sex with a minor prostitute); ECF No. 41-3 at 29 (222:24–223:10) (deputy chief terminated for sexual misconduct with a 19 subordinate in 2018 after Scheumann left on workers-compensation leave). These examples of Fire & Rescue employees being terminated for misconduct also tend to undermine Scheumann’s 20 overarching argument that Fire & Rescue ignored and supported such misconduct. 76 ECF No. 40-4 at 31 (183:5–185:3). 21 77 Id. at 32 (188:20–24). 22 78 Id. at 26 (137:3–8), 32 (186:1–10, 188:20–24). 79 ECF No. 41-3 at 10 (91:3–16) (noting that the fire chief “made it very clear” that covering up 23 for coworkers would result in termination; “it was very clear that if you’re doing the bro code and covering for your buddy, you’re all putting your job on the line”). 1 to Sanchez and discussed it openly with his coworkers,80 and multiple “high[-]ranking 2 commanding officers” commended him for doing so.81 3 In summary, the two primary incidents at issue happened on a single day and weren’t 4 severe enough to create an objectively hostile work environment, and Scheumann testified that 5 he didn’t take issue with the crude banter or locker-room talk that occurred among Fire & Rescue 6 employees. Scheumann’s argument that Fire & Rescue encouraged a “bro code” that contributed 7 to an objectively hostile work environment is belied by his own testimony that Fire & Rescue 8 actively discouraged employees from covering up their coworkers’ misconduct and threatened 9 any who did so with termination. Even considered cumulatively, the conduct Scheumann 10 complains of doesn’t rise to a level that was so “severe or pervasive” that it “alter[ed] the 11 conditions of [his] employment and create[d] an abusive work environment,”82 so I grant 12 summary judgment for Fire & Rescue on his sexual-harassment-based hostile-work-environment 13 claims.83 14 B. Scheumann’s retaliation claim fails because he suffered no adverse employment 15 action. 16 Retaliation claims under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3 and NRS 613.340 require the plaintiff to 17 demonstrate that (1) he engaged in a protected activity and (2) his employer took an adverse 18 80 See id.; see also ECF No. 40-4 at 29 (70:7–71:13); ECF No. 40-6 at 2. 19 81 ECF No. 40-4 at 28 (166:5–20); see also ECF No. 40-6 at 5–6. 20 82 Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr., 570 U.S. at 352; Manatt, 339 F.3d at 798; Brooks, 229 F.3d at 923 (cleaned up). 21 83 In addition to arguing that Scheumann’s § 1983 claim fails for the threshold reason that “Scheumann cannot show that he was subjected to sexual harassment in the first place,” Fire & 22 Rescue contends that he can’t make out a claim for municipal liability under Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs. of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). See ECF No. 40 at 22–24. Because I find that 23 Scheumann’s hostile-work-environment claim fails for other reasons, I need not and thus do not reach the Monell arguments that both parties make. 1 employment action against him (3) because of that protected activity.84 In the retaliation context, 2 an adverse employment action is one that “might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from 3 making or supporting a charge of discrimination.”85 Scheumann contends that he suffered from 4 five types of adverse employment actions: the threatening call from Sanchez, being ostracized by 5 his coworkers, the removal of his apparatus duties, and Fire & Rescue purportedly preventing 6 him from working after the release of the LVRJ article and precluding him from taking 7 advantage of promotional opportunities.86 Fire & Rescue argues that these actions don’t amount 8 to adverse employment actions or are unsupported by the record.87 9 1. The Sanchez call wasn’t an adverse employment action. 10 Scheumann contends that Sanchez “calling him off-duty and threatening him for his 11 reporting” constitutes an adverse employment action.88 The first problem with this argument is 12 that Scheumann’s own sworn testimony directly contradicts it. The record reflects a single 13 arguably “threatening” call with Sanchez, and Scheumann explicitly testified that Sanchez didn’t 14 15 84 Cornwell v. Electra Cent. Credit Union, 439 F.3d 1018, 1034–35 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Davis v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 234 F. App’x 430, 432 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Pope, 114 P.3d 16 at 281–82). 85 Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (quoting Rochon v. 17 Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219 (D.C. Cir. 2006)) (cleaned up). 18 86 ECF No. 41 at 21–22. In his “relevant background facts” section Scheumann also contends that Sanchez “retaliated against Scheumann by specifically requesting that Scheumann be 19 reprimanded for his reporting of the situation to Chief Moore.” ECF No. 41 at 5. But the deposition excerpts he cites to for this proposition center on the rumors being circulated and the 20 call with Sanchez that those rumors prompted; they don’t address Sanchez seeking to discipline Scheumann at all. See id. (citing ECF No. 41-3 at 21 (151:6–11, 152:2–15), 26 (178:1–8)). 21 Deposition excerpts that Fire & Rescue submitted reveal that Sanchez testified about speaking with a colleague about potentially disciplining Scheumann for gossiping and, in Sanchez’s 22 opinion, lying about the August 21st incidents, though apparently nothing ever came of it. See ECF No. 40-10 at 6 (87:15–24), 8 (103:16–22). 23 87 ECF No. 40 at 21–22; ECF No. 42 at 12–14. 88 ECF No. 41 at 21. 1 threaten him about reporting on that call; according to Scheumann, they “never discussed” it.89 2 Sanchez did purportedly tell Scheumann that he needed to “shut the fuck up,” but this was in 3 regard to rumors about the August 21st incidents that Sanchez believed Scheumann had been 4 spreading.90 The Ninth Circuit has indicated that threats of physical harm or threats of future 5 discharge or loss of benefits could constitute adverse employment actions.91 But Scheumann 6 doesn’t cite any case holding that a warning to stop spreading rumors—especially one that lacks 7 any mention of reporting, physical harm, or even specific unfavorable consequences if 8 Scheumann failed to heed it—constitutes an adverse employment action.92 This threat, if it can 9 even be called one, is just too undefined to qualify as an adverse employment action.93 10 11 12 13 14 89 ECF No. 41-3 at 26 (179:22–24). 90 Id. at 26 (179:1–8). Sanchez also testified that this call was about gossip he had been hearing 15 and that he told Scheumann “dude, if you’re talking, [] just shut the fuck up and stop talking about what’s going on.” ECF No. 40-10 at 9 (105:10–14). 16 91 Ford v. Alfaro, 785 F.2d 835, 841–42 (9th Cir. 1986) (holding that a threat of physical harm 17 was an adverse employment action); Acosta v. Zhao Zeng Hong, 704 F. App’x 661, 665 (9th Cir. 2017) (suggesting that threat of future discharge or loss of benefits could be an adverse 18 employment action). 92 Sanchez swears at Scheumann during this conversation, but such language appears to have 19 been regularly used among Fire & Rescue employees, including in conversations between superiors and subordinates. See, e.g., ECF No. ECF No. 40-6 at 2 (Scheumann texting his 20 second-level supervisor Battalion Chief Moore about there being “some whore” at his station and a firefighter “fucking around on duty” to which Moore responded, “Wtf really” and “who in the 21 fuck is duin[sic] that”); id. (Scheumann texting Moore that he is “not Losing [his] job if shit comes of it”); ECF No. 40-10 at 5 (80:1–6) (Sanchez testified that Moore called him and asked 22 “is there a guy fucking [a] girl at the station”). 93 The fact that this conversation didn’t actually deter Scheumann from filing his HR complaint 23 following this call also tends to undermine Scheumann’s contention that Sanchez’s warning constitutes an adverse employment action. 1 2. The record belies Scheumann’s argument that he suffered any other adverse 2 action. 3 The other acts that Scheumann puts forth likewise don’t amount to adverse employment 4 actions, or they lack evidentiary support. For example, Scheumann contends that Fire & Rescue 5 instructed him “to not return to work” after the LVRJ article was released but doesn’t cite to any 6 evidence to support this assertion.94 This court’s own review of Scheumann’s deposition 7 transcript (performed unaided by any citations) reveals that he did briefly testify about being 8 asked to take time off.95 But it is not clear from the deposition exactly when this was, what the 9 reason was for it, whether he actually did take time off, and—if he did—how long he was 10 gone.96 11 Scheumann also argues that Fire & Rescue has prevented him from returning to work and 12 denied him promotional opportunities.97 While Scheumann does cite to the record for this 13 assertion, his own cited testimony once again belies his argument rather than supports it.98 14 Indeed, Scheumann testified that he “hasn’t been able to take any promotional opportunities” 15 because he hasn’t “been at work since December of 2017” when he went out on the workers- 16 compensation leave that he remains on to this day,99 and he cites no evidence suggesting that 17 94 ECF No. 41 at 5, 21. 18 95 ECF No. 41-3 at 29 (225:1–7). 19 96Id. Scheumann also testified that he left work in December 2017, not in September 2017 after the LVRJ article was published. Id. at 23 (167:22–24). 20 97 ECF No. 41 at 21. 21 98 See ECF No. 41-3 at 23 (167:20–24). 99 Id.; ECF No. 40-1 at ¶¶ 20–21; see also ECF No. 40-4 at 34 (277:10–12) (“I was told I 22 couldn’t—I couldn’t apply because I was off on workers’ comp leave.”). Scheumann also testified that he was never told he can’t take promotional exams because of his reporting of 23 Winder or Sanchez, ECF No. 41-3 at 23 (167:20–168:7), and that he never was demoted, suspended, or disciplined for reporting them either. Id. at 23 (167:8–19). 1 Fire & Rescue prevented him from returning. And in support of his assertion that coworkers 2 ostracized him after LVRJ article was released, Scheumann cites to a deposition page that he 3 didn’t submit with his briefing100 and several in which he discussed the article itself but didn’t 4 mention his coworkers’ response to it.101 Regardless, the Ninth Circuit has held that “ostracism 5 suffered at the hands of coworkers cannot constitute an adverse employment action,”102 so 6 Scheumann’s argument would still fail even if he had cited evidence to support it.103 7 Finally, Scheumann argues that Fire & Rescue’s act of stripping him of his apparatus 8 duties constitutes an adverse employment action.104 While the parties don’t agree about the 9 exact characterization of his apparatus role,105 Scheumann did testify that his job was “fire 10 engineer” on the manning table, there was no position on the manning table for the apparatus 11 duties he performed (at least at that time), and he was not paid for performing said duties.106 12 Courts that have examined similar issues have found that precluding an employee from 13 14 100 See ECF No. 41 at 21 (citing Scheumann’s deposition at 157:11–15). The excerpts of 15 Scheumann’s deposition that Fire & Rescue submitted with its briefing also don’t contain this page. See ECF No. 40-4. 16 101 ECF No. 41 at 21 (citing Scheumann’s deposition transcript at 163–65). 17 102 Brooks, 229 F.3d at 929. 103 Scheumann also references that Fire & Rescue spread “rumors” about him, though the only 18 specific example is a rumor that he had resigned from his apparatus role. See ECF No. 41 at 21 (citing ECF No. 41-3 at 24 (170: 3–5)). But even accepting this testimony as true and construing 19 it in the light most favorable to Scheumann, he hasn’t explained how this constitutes an adverse employment action under the law. See Brooks, 229 F.3d at 928–29 (citing Nunez v. City of Los 20 Angeles, 147 F.3d 867, 875 (9th Cir.1998) (noting that “badmouthing an employee outside the job reference context do[es] not constitute [an] adverse employment action[]”). 21 104 ECF No. 41 at 21. 22 105 Fire & Rescue contends that Scheumann volunteered to be on an apparatus committee, ECF No. 40-1 at ¶¶ 17–18, while Scheumann says he was “the apparatus project manager.” ECF No. 23 41-3 at 24 (170:8–9). 106 ECF No. 41-3 at 24 (170:19–22, 171:7–10, 172:9–11). 1 performing additional, unpaid duties can be an adverse employment action when there is 2 evidence that it would negatively impact the employee’s advancement opportunities. In Knox v. 3 Contra Costa County, for example, the district court found that the employee presented sufficient 4 evidence to create a triable issue as to whether her removal from a committee and exclusion from 5 a training role were adverse employment actions.107 The court so found because the employee 6 had “present[ed] evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that [her] stature in the 7 office, and the associated opportunities for her career advancement, were materially diminished” 8 by these actions.108 The Ninth Circuit has also suggested that removal from an unpaid 9 committee role might be an adverse employment action if it interferes with an employee’s 10 professional advancement because, in that case, it “might well deter a reasonable employee from 11 complaining about discrimination.”109 12 But Scheumann offers no evidence that the apparatus role did or could impact his 13 advancement opportunities at Fire & Rescue. While he certainly seemed to hope that he would 14 be allowed perform these apparatus duties on a full-time, paid basis, he concedes that such a role 15 didn’t exist at the time.110 Assuming he is correct that there is some paid position now for these 16 duties, the record indicates that Scheumann being out on workers-compensation leave is what 17 prevents him from applying for that role (as well as other promotional opportunities), not Fire & 18 19 107 Knox v. Contra Costa Cnty., 2022 WL 2290686, at *17 (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2022). 20 108 Id.; see also Bastidas v. Good Samaritan Hosp. LP, 2016 WL 1029465, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 21 15, 2016) (dismissing retaliation theory based on employee being removed from a particular committee because he hadn’t pled facts demonstrating “how his removal . . . would be 22 reasonably likely to deter employees from engaging in protected activity”). 109 See Thomas v. Cnty. of Riverside, 763 F.3d 1167, 1169 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Burlington, 23 548 U.S. at 69) (First Amendment retaliation case discussing Title VII retaliation standards). 110 ECF No. 41-3 at 24 (171:25–172:2). 1 Rescue’s 2017 decision to strip him of his apparatus duties.111 And he hasn’t otherwise 2 explained why—or submitted evidence indicating that—this would have dissuaded a reasonable 3 worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. So Scheumann hasn’t 4 demonstrated that there is any triable issue as to whether he suffered an adverse employment 5 action, and his retaliation claim fails, too. 6 C. Scheumann’s IIED and NEID claims fail because the conduct he alleges was not 7 outrageous as a matter of law and he didn’t suffer severe emotional distress. 8 Scheumann’s IIED claim fails for reasons similar to those that doom his sexual- 9 harassment and retaliation claims. To prevail on an IIED claim in Nevada, a plaintiff must 10 prove, among other elements, extreme and outrageous conduct.112 This requires showing that the 11 defendant took actions that were not just “inconsiderate and unkind” but rather “outside all 12 possible bounds of decency and . . . regarded as utterly intolerable in a civilized community.”113 13 The type of conduct that meets this high burden is just not present in this case, in which the 14 complained-of conduct doesn’t even cross the threshold into hostile-work-environment and 15 retaliation territory. Because there is no indication that Scheumann was subjected to outrageous 16 conduct wholly unacceptable to society, I grant summary judgment for Fire & Rescue on his 17 IIED claim.114 18 111 ECF No. 40-4 at 34 (277:3–12). 19 112 Miller v. Jones, 970 P.2d 517, 577 (Nev. 1998) (citing Posadas v. City of Reno, 851 P.2d 438, 20 444 (Nev. 1993)). 113 See Maduike v. Agency Rent-A-Car, 953 P.2d 24, 26 (Nev. 1998). 21 114 Fire & Rescue presents compelling arguments that Scheumann’s common-law claims are preempted by Nevada’s employment-discrimination statutes, NRS 613.330 et seq., which it 22 argues provide the sole and exclusive remedy for allegedly unlawful employment practices, and under which Scheumann brings additional claims. ECF No. 40 at 24. Because I determine the 23 facts of this case vitiate Scheumann’s common-law claims, I don’t reach Fire & Rescue’s preemption arguments. 1 Scheumann also appears to be advancing a bystander-NIED claim, citing to the Nevada 2 Supreme Court decision State v. Eaton,115 in which the court “recognize[d] a cause of action for 3 serious emotional distress [that] results in physical symptoms caused by apprehending the death 4 or serious injury of a loved one due to the negligence of the defendant.”116 That such a claim 5 isn’t applicable here hardly needs explaining because Scheumann hasn’t alleged that he 6 witnessed an accident or other incident involving a family member and that witnessing such an 7 event caused serious emotional distress or physical symptoms.117 Of course, Nevada also 8 recognizes “an NIED claim by a direct victim,” which “has the same elements as an [IIED] 9 claim, except that the plaintiff need only show that the acts causing distress were committed 10 negligently.”118 This type of NIED claim also requires “either a physical impact must have 11 occurred or . . . proof of serious emotional distress causing physical injury or illness must be 12 presented.”119 Scheumann’s NIED claim would fail under a direct-victim theory as well because 13 he hasn’t shown “extreme and outrageous” conduct or presented evidence of a physical impact or 14 some physical manifestation of severe emotional distress. So I grant summary judgment in Fire 15 & Rescue’s favor on all of Scheumann’s emotional distress claims. 16 17 115 See ECF No. 41 at 26 (citing State v. Eaton, 710 P.2d 1370, 1377-78 (Nev. 1985), for the 18 proposition that, for an NIED claim, a plaintiff “must prove that he or she (1) was located near the scene; (2) was emotionally injured by the contemporaneous sensory observance of the 19 accident/incident; and (3) was closely related to the victim”). 116 Eaton, 710 P.2d at 1379, overruled by State ex rel. Dep’t of Transp. v. Hill, 963 P.2d 480 20 (Nev. 1998), abrogated by Grotts v. Zahner, 989 P.2d 415 (Nev. 1999). 21 117 See Grotts v. Zahner, 989 P.2d 415, 416 (Nev. 1999) (establishing that a bystander bringing an NIED claim must prove “family membership, either by blood or marriage,” with the victim). 22 118 Armstrong v. Reynolds, 22 F.4th 1058, 1081 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing Abrams v. Sanson, 458 P.3d 1062, 1070 (Nev. 2020)). 23 119 Id. (quoting Barmettler v. Reno Air, Inc., 956 P.2d 1382, 1287 (Nev. 1998)); see also Betsinger v. D.R. Horton, Inc., 232 P.3d 433, 436 (Nev. 2010). 1 D. Scheumann hasn’t presented evidence of Fire & Rescue’s negligent hiring, 2 supervision, training, or retention. 3 Scheumann’s final claim is for “[n]egligent supervision,” “[t]raining,” “hiring,” and 4 “retention.”120 Nevada courts recognize two separate torts—one for negligent hiring and another 5 for negligent training, supervision, and retention—but not one that merges them together.121 6 “The tort of negligent hiring imposes a general duty on the employer to conduct a reasonable 7 background check on a potential employee to ensure that the employee is fit for the position.”122 8 “An employer breaches this duty when it hires an employee even though the employer knew, or 9 should have known, of that employee’s dangerous propensities.”123 Scheumann hasn’t 10 demonstrated that he could prove a negligent-hiring claim because he hasn’t shown that Fire & 11 Rescue “failed to conduct a reasonable background check” on Winder, Sanchez, or some other 12 employee.124 Indeed, Scheumann doesn’t even mention hiring or hiring practices at all in his 13 response to Fire & Rescue’s motion, much less submit evidence that Fire & Rescue knew or 14 should have known that any of its employees had dangerous propensities.125 So I grant its 15 motion on the negligent-hiring portion of this claim. 16 The record is similarly devoid of facts to support the remaining negligence-based 17 theories. In Nevada, the elements of a claim for negligent training, supervision, or retention are: 18 120 ECF No. 1 at 15. 19 121 Vaughan v. Harrah’s Las Vegas, Inc., 238 P.3d 863 (Nev. 2008) (table disposition) 20 (separately analyzing a negligent-hiring claim and one for negligent training, supervision, and retention). 21 122 Hall v. SSF, Inc., 930 P.2d 94, 98 (Nev. 1996) (quoting Burnett v. C.B.A. Sec. Serv., 820 P.2d 750, 752 (Nev. 1991)). 22 123 Id. (quoting Kelly v. Baker Protective Servs., Inc., 401 S.E.2d 585, 586 (Ga. Ct. App. 1991)). 23 124 Vinci v. Las Vegas Sands, Inc., 984 P.2d 750, 751 (Nev. 1999) (citing Hall, 930 P.2d at 98). 125 See generally ECF No. 41. 1 “(1) a general duty on the employer to use reasonable care in the training, supervision, and 2 retention of employees to ensure that they are fit for their positions, (2) breach, (3) injury, and (4) 3 causation.”126 Scheumann may be unable to pursue these theories in the absence of viable 4 underlying harassment and retaliation claims,127 but they’d still fail for lack of factual support. 5 For example, like with his negligent-hiring theory, Scheumann doesn’t mention retention at all in 6 his response and fails to explain why (or produce evidence suggesting that) any decisions not to 7 terminate particular Fire & Rescue employees were negligent or how those decisions caused any 8 of the injuries that he is complaining of.128 He doesn’t even explicitly say which employees he 9 believes were negligently retained.129 10 As to his negligent-training theory, Scheumann responds to Fire & Rescue’s argument 11 that he hasn’t identified any specific deficiencies in its training protocols by stating that he “is 12 not responsible for Defendant’s training and compliance trainings,” “knows when he experiences 13 a hostile work environment that should not occur,” and “does not need to remedy Defendant’s 14 negligence in order to allege it.”130 But for this claim to survive, Scheumann does need to 15 submit evidence showing “how the employer violated its duty” because “Nevada law does not 16 17 126 Lambey v. Nev. ex rel. Dep’t of Health and Hum. Servs., 2008 WL 2704191, at *4 (D. Nev. July 3, 2008) (citing Hall, 930 P.2d at 98, for duty and breach elements and Jespersen v. 18 Harrah’s Operating Co., 280 F. Supp. 2d 1189, 1195 (D. Nev. 2002), for elements of injury and causation). 19 127 Robichaud v. Cnty. of Clark, 310 F. App’x 153, 154–55 (9th Cir. 2009) (summary judgment for defendant proper on claim for “negligent supervision resulting in unlawful discrimination” 20 because plaintiff “failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact” on underlying discrimination claim). 21 128 See generally ECF No. 41. 22 129 Both Sanchez and Winder were disciplined for the August 21st incidents and, at least according to Fire & Rescue, neither has been disciplined for any similar policy violations since. 23 See ECF No. 41-1 at ¶¶ 28–29. 130 ECF No. 41 at 27. 1 permit the inference that an employer was negligent in training or supervising simply because the 2 Defendant’s employees acted in a discriminatory manner.”131 Indeed, “the fact that an employee 3 acts wrongfully does not in and of itself give rise to a claim for negligent . . . training or 4 supervision.”132 Even if, as Scheumann contends, the average Fire & Rescue employee “can’t 5 even define sexual harassment and retaliation,”133 he hasn’t submitted any evidence that this 6 purported deficiency is the product of negligent training or the cause of his injuries.134 Simply 7 put, there is no evidence of breach or causation to the extent that Scheumann is theorizing that 8 negligent training played a part in Winder’s conduct, Sanchez’s response to it, or any of the other 9 issues that Scheumann complains of. 10 Scheumann doesn’t really develop his negligent-supervision theory in his briefing,135 11 though it can be inferred from some of his statements that he may believe that inadequate 12 supervision contributed to the first incident when he heard Winder and Rhett in the dorms and 13 Scheumann’s self-described “glance” at the eclipse video.136 In particular, Scheumann argues 14 131 Reece v. Republic Servs., Inc., 2011 WL 868386, at *11 (D. Nev. Mar. 10, 2011) (citing 15 Colquhoun v. BHC Montevista Hosp., Inc., 2010 WL 2346607, at *3 (D. Nev. June 9, 2010)). 16 132 Id. (quoting Colquhoun, 2010 WL 2346607, at *3) 133 ECF No. 40-4 at 34 (276:6–8). 17 134 The only training-related evidence in the record is the “Non-Discrimination/Anti- 18 Harassment” policy that Fire & Rescue submitted, which notes that harassment and retaliation are prohibited and describes reporting procedures. ECF No. 40-3. According to Fire & Rescue, 19 Scheumann also testified that Fire & Rescue provided “‘standardized training’ for ‘general HR classes,’” but it didn’t submit the pages of Scheumann’s deposition transcript that it cites for this 20 testimony. See ECF No. 40 at 26 (citing Scheumann’s deposition transcript at 271:18–273:9); ECF No. 40-4 at 33–34 (Scheumann’s deposition transcript, jumping from page 265 to 274). 21 Scheumann, however, did testify that he was trained in this policy. Id. at 25 (177:16–21). 135 Scheumann mentions negligent supervision once in his response brief, incorrectly stating that 22 negligent supervision has the same elements as an IIED claim. ECF No. 41 at 25. He also asserts that IIED and NIED claims share the same elements as well, but then goes on to list the 23 distinct elements of a bystander-theory based NIED claim. Id. at 25–26. 136 ECF No. 41 at 26–27. 1 that Fire & Rescue “never addressed this situation as it was occurring” and that it “could have 2 immediately called Winder, Sanchez, Scheumann, [or] anyone at Station 9, and commanded 3 them to expel all guests, which is easily accomplished.”137 It isn’t clear, however, how 4 inadequate or negligent supervision led to Scheumann hearing what, according to Scheumann, 5 “just sounded like talking” followed by “some kissing sounds.”138 There is no dispute that 6 Winder wasn’t authorized to take Rhett into the dorm area.139 But neither party has suggested 7 that bringing visitors into public areas is prohibited, and there isn’t any evidence that it was 8 negligent for Sanchez not to have accompanied Winder and Rhett to confirm he didn’t stray into 9 private areas or that Sanchez violated some internal policy by failing to do so.140 10 It is likewise unclear how inadequate or negligent supervision led to the eclipse-video 11 incident since it was Rhett’s daughter—who was neither a Fire & Rescue employee nor 12 involved141 in the dorm-room incident—who started showing the video on her phone.142 So even 13 assuming Sanchez shouldn’t have allowed Rhett to return due to her involvement in Winder’s 14 first violation of the visitor policy, this wouldn’t have been grounds to preclude Rhett’s daughter 15 from joining them for dinner and speaking with one of Scheumann’s female coworkers about 16 137 Id. at 26. 17 138 ECF No. 40-4 at 11 (49:14–15). 18 139 See ECF No. 40-8 at 3 (13:2–11) (Fire & Rescue’s FRCP 30(b)(6) witness agreed that tours of the “private” areas of a station, which include the dorm rooms, can only be conducted when 19 “authorized by the battalion chief”); see also ECF No. 40 at 6–9 (Fire & Rescue’s brief describes this incident as a violation of its visitor policy). 20 140 Indeed, Fire & Rescue’s general conduct policy states only that captains must “be notified 21 when a visitor is in the fire station or work location.” ECF No. 40-2 at 3. 141 It appears Rhett’s daughter wasn’t even present at the station when this occurred. See ECF 22 No. 40-8 at 9 (49:4–14). 142 ECF No. 40-4 at 30 (100:8–101:13). Scheumann’s deposition testimony indicates that 23 Rhett’s daughter was initially showing the eclipse video to Winder, who then used her phone to show it to the rest of the people in the kitchen. Id. 1 becoming a firefighter.143 Sanchez could have perhaps been more diligent in preventing Winder 2 and Rhett’s second dorm-room visit that occurred later that evening and after Scheumann had 3 reported the initial visitor-policy violation. But Scheumann only heard Winder and Rhett having 4 a “regular conversation” that evening before he “immediately back[ed] out” and left,144 and there 5 isn’t evidence that briefly overhearing this conversation contributed to the injuries Scheumann is 6 alleging. 7 So there is no evidence to support Scheumann’s negligent-retention theory, and his 8 negligent-training and negligent-supervision theories suffer from breach and causation voids. 9 This leaves no genuine disputes of fact as to Scheumann’s negligent training, supervision, and 10 retention claim because he hasn’t shown that Fire & Rescue “failed to use reasonable care in the 11 training, supervision, and retention of its employees to ensure their fitness for their respective 12 positions.”145 So I grant summary judgment in Fire & Rescue’s favor on these remaining 13 negligence-based claims, too. 14 Conclusion 15 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Fire & Rescue’s motion for summary judgment 16 [ECF No. 40] is GRANTED. 17 18 19 20 143 See ECF No. 40-8 at 9 (49:15–20). To the extent Scheumann is contending that Sanchez could have stopped the video from being shown after he realized what it was, Scheumann 21 testified that he and Sanchez were seated next to each other and got a mere glance of the video at the same time. ECF No. 40-4 at 20 (106:13–20). So even if Sanchez had immediately stopped 22 Winder from showing it around, this wouldn’t have saved Scheumann from being exposed to it. 23 144 See ECF No. 40-4 at 36 (129:17–20). 145 Vinci, 984 P.2d at 751 (citing Hall, 930 P.2d at 98). ] And because I find that the defendant is entitled to summary judgment even when I consider portions of his opposition that Fire & Rescue seeks to strike, IT IS FURTHER 3] ORDERED that Fire & Rescue’s motion to strike [ECF No. 43] is DENIED as MOOT. 4 The Clerk of Court is directed to ENTER JUDGMENT in favor of the defendant 5] and CLOSE THIS CASE. 6 1 ri U eA USS. District Judge Jennifer Al. Dorsey 8 February 29, 2024 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 26