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[Cite as State v. Samamra, 2025-Ohio-126.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 23CA012026
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
ALAA SAMAMRA COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. 21CR105496
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: January 21, 2025
STEVENSON, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant Alaa Samamra appeals from the judgment of the Lorain County Common
Pleas Court that found him guilty on two counts of sexual battery in violation of R.C.
2907.03(A)(2) and two counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C.
2907.04(A). For the reasons set forth below, this Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} In November 2021, Mr. Samamra was indicted by the Lorain County Grand Jury
on two counts of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), felonies of the first degree, two counts
of sexual battery in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(2), felonies of the third degree, and two counts
of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C. 2907.04(A), felonies of the third
degree. Mr. Samamra pleaded not guilty, and the matter proceeded to a jury trial in June 2023.
{¶3} At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Mr. Samamra moved for a Crim.R. 29
judgment of acquittal on all counts of the indictment which the trial court denied. He renewed his
2
Crim.R. 29 motion at the conclusion of his own case-in-chief which the trial court again denied.
The jury found Mr. Samamra not guilty on the two counts of rape, guilty on both counts of sexual
battery, and guilty on the two counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor.
{¶4} Mr. Samamra moved for a post-verdict judgment of acquittal and for a new trial.
Following a hearing, the trial court denied both motions and the matter proceeded to sentencing.
Mr. Samamra was sentenced to 12 months in prison on each of the four counts to be served
concurrently and was advised of his post-release control and Tier II sex offender duties.
{¶5} Mr. Samamra timely appealed and asserts five assignments of error for our review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED APPELLANT’S
MOTION FOR ACQUITTAL UNDER CRIM.R. 29 BECAUSE THE STATE
FAILED TO PRESENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT THE ELEMENTS NECESSARY TO
SUPPORT THE CONVICTIONS.
{¶6} Whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence is a question of law, which
we review de novo. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). In carrying out this review,
our “function . . . is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence,
if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “The relevant inquiry is
whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. “A motion for acquittal under Crim.R. 29(A) is governed by the same standard as the one for
determining whether a verdict is supported by sufficient evidence.” State v. Tenace, 2006-Ohio-
2417, ¶ 37.
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{¶7} As a threshold matter, we note that Mr. Samamra’s argument sounds largely in
manifest weight of the evidence, comparing the testimony of the witnesses and attacking
credibility. Under Jenks, we are tasked with reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State and are not charged with evaluating credibility. We will address Mr. Samamra’s manifest
weight argument in our analysis under the second assignment of error.
Sexual Battery
{¶8} Mr. Samamra was convicted of violating R.C. 2907.03(A)(2). R.C. 2907.03(A)(2)
prohibits sexual battery and provides that “[n]o person shall engage in sexual conduct with another,
not the spouse of the offender, when …. [t]he offender knows that the other person’s ability to
appraise the nature of or control the other person’s own conduct is substantially impaired.”
{¶9} R.C. 2901.22(B) states in relevant part that “[a] person acts knowingly, regardless
of his purpose, when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain
result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when the
person is aware that such circumstances probably exist.”
{¶10} “Substantial impairment” is not defined for purposes of this statute. However, in
State v. Jordan, 2023-Ohio-3800, ¶ 22, the Supreme Court of Ohio defined these terms as follows:
“Substantially” has been defined as “in a substantial manner” or “so as to be
substantial.” Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2280 (2002). To better
understand these definitions, we examine the word “substantial,” which means
“constituting substance” or “not seeming or imaginary.” Id. “Impaired” means “to
make worse” or “diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength.” Id. at 1131.
{¶11} Prior to Jordan, this Court gave the following guidance in determining whether an
individual is substantially impaired in the context of intoxication:
With respect to R.C. 2907.01(A)(1)(c), this Court has recognized that voluntary
intoxication is a mental or physical condition that could cause substantial
impairment. Nonetheless, this Court agrees that “[e]very alcohol consumption does
not lead to a substantial impairment.” In addition, we cannot say that every instance
4
of intoxication equates with substantial impairment. “[W]hen reviewing substantial
impairment due to voluntary intoxication, there can be a fine, fuzzy, and subjective
line between intoxication and impairment.” “Additionally, the waters become even
murkier when reviewing whether the defendant knew, or should have known, that
someone was impaired rather than merely intoxicated.”
(Internal citations and quotations omitted.) State v. Hansing, 2019-Ohio-739, ¶ 14 (9th Dist.).
{¶12} In order to prove sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03(A)(2), the State must establish
both that the accuser was substantially impaired and that the offender knew or had cause to
reasonably believe the accuser was substantially impaired. State v. Rivera, 2012-Ohio-2060, ¶ 20
(8th Dist.); State v. Doss, 2008-Ohio-449, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.). Mr. Samamra argues that the State
failed to present sufficient evidence that the victim, M.Y., was substantially impaired and that he
knew or had cause to reasonably believe M.Y. was substantially impaired. He does not contest
the other elements of the offense.
{¶13} The victim in this case is M.Y. M.Y. testified that in June 2021, she went to her
cousin G.B.’s high school graduation party. M.Y. was 13 years old at the time. The party took
place at the home of G.B.’s mother, R.H. Mr. Samamra was R.H.’s boyfriend and lived at the
home with R.H. Mr. Samamra was 25 years old at the time of the party. Mr. Samamra was told
that G.B.’s classmates and friends would be in attendance. Mr. Samamra and M.Y. had never met
prior to the party.
{¶14} M.Y. testified that during the party she consumed two White Claw brand alcoholic
beverages. She further testified that later in the evening, while she was in the kitchen with Mr.
Samamra and another woman, Mr. Samamra gave her six shots of a lemonade-flavored alcoholic
beverage. M.Y. and Mr. Samamra stayed in the kitchen and discussed food and Palestine, Mr.
Samamra’s native country. At the same time, R.H., Mr. Samamra’s girlfriend, was sleeping in the
living room next to the kitchen. M.Y. testified that at that point she was “hammered,” “didn’t
5
know what was going on around [her],” and had texted her friend G.M. that she was “super drunk,”
and “could barely even, like, function. . . . ”
{¶15} According to M.Y., Mr. Samamra eventually left the kitchen, then came back in
and kissed her. He then took M.Y. into a bedroom, took off her leggings, and performed oral sex
on her for three or four minutes. Afterwards, Mr. Samamra left the room for about 10 minutes
because he thought he heard R.H. stirring, then returned to the bedroom. Mr. Samamra again
performed oral sex on M.Y. and also engaged in vaginal intercourse with her. M.Y. testified that
while this was happening, she was “too scared to. . . get up[,]” and “didn’t know what to really
do” because “you don’t really know how to react especially if you’re intoxicated.” Mr. Samamra
left the bedroom and did not return. He went to the garage where other guests were present.
{¶16} G.B. testified that after searching for M.Y., she eventually found her in the
bedroom. G.B. stated that M.Y. was slurring her words, seemed frantic, begged G.B. not to leave,
and kept mentioning G.B.’s mother’s boyfriend. She further testified that M.Y. “seemed like she
was -- she was drunk” and G.B. had to help her into the bathroom. G.B. testified that “I had to
support her the whole way” into the bathroom and that “I couldn’t get her on the toilet seat. She
was that, like, wobbly and I had to put her in the tub.” L.E., an adult guest at the party, entered
the room, learned what happened, and instructed someone to call the police. L.E. also summoned
R.H. to the room.
{¶17} Sergeant Christopher Alten of the Amherst Police Department arrived and observed
M.Y. to be “highly intoxicated” with “bloodshot eyes” and “slurred speech.” He also smelled “a
strong odor of alcohol coming from her breath . . . .” M.Y. was transported by ambulance to a
medical facility for a sexual assault exam. She told the nurse who examined her that she was
“drunk as f ***[.]”
6
{¶18} Mr. Samamra argues that the State’s case for substantial impairment is insufficient
because it was based on M.Y.’s voluntary consumption of alcohol, standing alone, and that
although M.Y. had consumed alcohol, under Hansing, supra, that is not sufficient to demonstrate
substantial impairment absent other indicia. Mr. Samamra states further and alternatively there is
no evidence in the record from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that he knew or had
reasonable cause to believe M.Y.’s ability to appraise the nature of or control her conduct was
diminished. He claims the evidence shows M.Y. never appeared drunk or impaired at any point
during the night. We disagree.
{¶19} Evidence was presented that M.Y. drank eight alcoholic beverages in a relatively
short period of time. M.Y. described herself at the time of her interaction with Mr. Samamra as
so intoxicated that she didn’t know what was going on, could barely function, and did not know
how to react because of her level of intoxication. Her friend G.B. and Sergeant Alten corroborated
this testimony. G.B. characterized M.Y. as drunk, slurring her speech, and needing help getting to
the bathroom. Sergeant Alten labeled M.Y. as “highly intoxicated” with “bloodshot eyes,”
“slurred speech[,]” and emanating an odor of alcohol. M.Y. told the nurse who conducted the
sexual assault exam that she was “drunk as f ***[.]” A reasonable juror could have found from
the testimony outlined above that M.Y.’s ability to appraise the nature of or control her conduct
was substantially impaired. Hansing, 2019-Ohio-739, at ¶ 13-14.
{¶20} We turn next to the question of whether there was sufficient evidence that Mr.
Samamra knew or should have known that M.Y. was substantially impaired. Id. at ¶ 14. Mr.
Samamra provided M.Y. with six of the eight alcoholic beverages that she consumed prior to
engaging in sexual conduct with her. M.Y. testified that she was so intoxicated after consuming
these drinks that she did not know what was going on during her interaction with Mr. Samamra.
7
Other witnesses described her condition as intoxicated with noticeable signs of impairment such
as difficulty getting to the bathroom, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and emitting an odor of
alcohol after the incident. Mr. Samamra was able to observe M.Y.’s condition before and during
their sexual conduct.
{¶21} Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the State, could convince the average mind beyond a reasonable doubt that M.Y. was
substantially impaired and that Mr. Samamra knew or should have known she was substantially
impaired. R.C. 2907.03(A)(2). Compare State v. Castaneda, 2019-Ohio-4389, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.)
(Testimony showed the victim was intoxicated, but evidence of substantial impairment insufficient
where neither the victim nor any witnesses testified that the victim exhibited any signs of
intoxication such as slurred speech; evidence also insufficient that the defendant knew or should
have known the victim was substantially impaired because they did not drink together at the party
and he was not present when she got sick.).
Unlawful Sexual Conduct With A Minor
{¶22} R.C. 2907.04(A) prohibits unlawful sexual conduct with a minor and provides that
“[n]o person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with another,
who is not the spouse of the offender, when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years
of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, or the offender is reckless in that regard.” “A
person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, the person disregards
a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person’s conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is
likely to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C).
{¶23} The State acknowledged that Mr. Samamra did not know M.Y.’s age and pursued
a conviction solely on the basis that he acted recklessly in regard to whether M.Y. was 13 years of
8
age or older but under 16 years of age when he engaged in sexual conduct with her. Mr. Samamra
argues on appeal that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that he acted recklessly with
regard to M.Y.’s age. Mr. Samamra points to the fact that he had never met M.Y. prior to the party
and reasonably assumed she was 17 or 18 because he was told the attendees were G.B.’s classmates
and friends, and M.Y. did not look or act younger than 16. We disagree.
{¶24} During cross-examination of M.Y., the defense introduced two photographs of
M.Y., screenshots from M.Y.’s Instagram page that she posted the day after the party. According
to M.Y., the photographs accurately depicted what she looked like at that time. In addition, Mr.
Samamra testified that he understood “[G.B.’s] classmates and friends” would be in attendance at
the party. He confirmed that fact again on cross-examination by the State.
{¶25} This case is similar to State v. Young, 2005-Ohio-3584 (8th Dist.). In Young, the
defendant, age 24, maintained she was not reckless as to the victim’s age because the victim did
not look like he was 15. The victim was taller and had a deeper voice than his male companion
who was 16, therefore, the defendant assumed the victim was at least 16. The Eighth District
concluded that the trial court did not err in denying the defendant’s Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal,
reasoning that the defendant’s mere assumptions were not enough to overcome a finding of
recklessness under these circumstances. Id. at ¶ 18. In so concluding, the Eighth District stated:
“when you're hanging around with boys that are sophomores in high school, not
everybody's going to be 16. Some are going to be 15, some are going to be 16, some
are driving, some aren't driving. The question is whether [the defendant] had
responsibility to figure that out before she did what she did.”
...
Defendant was knowingly socializing with high school students. She knew [the
defendant’s male companion] was only 16 and had never met the victim before . . .
. The victim did not say he was 16 or older. The victim did not try to conceal his
age from anyone. The subject of age was never discussed. Nonetheless, defendant
9
engaged in sexual conduct with the victim without making any attempt to ascertain
his age (and/or to verify her assumption that he was 16 or older).
Id. at ¶ 7, 19. See also State v. Hahn, 2003–Ohio–788 (4th Dist.) (upholding conviction where
offender engaged in consensual sexual conduct with minor he had just met, knew nothing about,
but thought was 16 or 17).
{¶26} Similarly, here Mr. Samamra was knowingly socializing with high school students.
Mr. Samamra does not allege that M.Y. said she was 16 or older or that she tried to conceal her
age. The record does not reflect that he ever inquired about her age nor that it was otherwise
discussed. Nonetheless, Mr. Samamra engaged in sexual conduct with her without making any
attempt to ascertain her age or to verify his assumption that she was 17 or 18 and a senior in high
school.
{¶27} Accordingly, based on the foregoing, we conclude that the evidence, when viewed
in the light most favorable to the State, could convince the average mind beyond a reasonable
doubt that Mr. Samamra acted recklessly in regard to whether M.Y. was 13 years of age or older
but under 16 years of age when he engaged in sexual conduct with her.
{¶28} Mr. Samamra’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶29} When considering a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, this Court is
required to consider the entire record, “weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider
the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier
of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.
10
1986). A reversal on this basis is reserved for an exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction. State v. Croghan, 2019-Ohio-3970, ¶ 26 (9th Dist.).
{¶30} It is well-established that “a trier of fact enjoys the best position to assess the
credibility of witnesses.” State v. Tyus, 2020-Ohio-4455, ¶ 57 (9th Dist.). See also Prince v.
Jordan, 2004-Ohio-7184, ¶ 35 (9th Dist.) (“the jury is free to believe all, part, or none of the
testimony of each witness.”). This Court “‘will not overturn a conviction as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence simply because the trier of fact chose to believe the State's version
of events over another version.’” State v. Tolliver, 2017-Ohio-4214, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.), quoting State
v. Barger, 2016-Ohio-443, ¶ 29 (9th Dist.).
{¶31} Mr. Samamra argues that his convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence generally because M.Y. was not credible and her testimony was impeached. He points
to the following in support of his argument: M.Y. denied looking at pornography on her phone
but later admitted it when she realized the police made a digital copy of her phone; M.Y. claimed
at trial that she no longer speaks offensively on her social media posts when her current posts
reflect that she still does; M.Y. was using her phone and texting her friends the entire night but
never asked for help or called 911; M.Y. voluntarily remained in the bedroom, never attempted to
leave, and did not tell Mr. Samamra to stop.
{¶32} Regarding the sexual battery conviction specifically, Mr. Samamra argues that none
of the witnesses who testified actually saw M.Y. consuming alcohol, and he denies giving her
drinks, therefore, the weight of the evidence does not support the conclusion that M.Y. was
substantially impaired. He further argues that even if M.Y. had been substantially impaired, the
weight of the evidence does not support the conclusion that Mr. Samamra knew or should have
known of her impairment. Mr. Samamra points to M.Y.’s own testimony that despite whatever
11
alcohol she may have consumed, she was fully functional mentally and physically because she was
able to use her phone to text with her friends and provide details of her location, was completely
aware of her actions at all times, remembered everything, and even told the nurse who conducted
her sexual assault exam that although she was drunk, she “knew what happened.”
{¶33} Regarding the conviction for unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, Mr. Samamra
maintains that the weight of the evidence does not establish that he was reckless as to M.Y.’s age.
He points to the following evidence in support of his argument: Mr. Samamra believed everyone
at the party was 17 or 18 years old; M.Y. was consuming alcohol and the lawful drinking age is
21; M.Y. was vaping and had nose piercings which he believed were not permitted until the age
of 18; M.Y. was wearing high heels and had her make-up professionally done; M.Y. was watching
porn on her phone; and M.Y. engaged in an adult conversation with him about Palestine, food, and
sexually mature topics.
{¶34} We disagree with Mr. Samamra. The jury heard the testimony and viewed the
exhibits. Generally credibility determinations are for the trier of fact because “a trier of fact enjoys
the best position to assess the credibility of witnesses.” Tyus, 2020-Ohio-4455, at ¶ 57. Although
there was testimony on both sides as to whether M.Y. had been drinking and was substantially
impaired, the jury is best positioned to decide which version to believe. The jury also heard Mr.
Samamra explain his beliefs about M.Y.’s condition and age. Here, the jury chose to believe the
State’s version of the events over Mr. Samamra’s version. Generally, “this Court will not overturn
[a jury’s] verdict on a manifest weight of the evidence challenge simply because the [jury] chose
to believe certain witnesses’ testimony over the testimony of others.” State v. Harris, 2024-Ohio-
196, ¶ 19 (9th Dist.). Mr. Samamra has not established that this is an exceptional case that requires
this court to overturn the jury’s finding of credibility.
12
{¶35} After a thorough review of the entire record, we conclude that this is not an
exceptional case where the jury clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice
requiring a reversal of Mr. Samamra’s convictions for sexual battery and unlawful sexual conduct
with a minor. See Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d at 340; Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. Mr. Samamra’s
manifest weight of the evidence argument is overruled.
{¶36} Mr. Samamra’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
ALLOWING A STATE’S WITNESS TO TESTIFY REMOTELY BECAUSE
SHE WAS ON VACATION AND OVER APPELLANT’S OBJECTION
VIOLATED HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL, DUE PROCESS, AND TO
CONFRONT WITNESSES AGAINST HIM IN VIOLATION OF THE
FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE
CONSTITUTION.
{¶37} The day before trial, the State filed a motion to allow a witness, L.E., to testify
remotely via Zoom. L.E. was on vacation and not available in person on the day the State presented
its case. Mr. Samamra responded in opposition. On the first day of trial, prior to the presentation
of the evidence, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion and ruled provisionally that L.E.
would be permitted to testify by Zoom provided there was a reliable wi-fi connection, and failing
the same, L.E. would be called out of order three days later when she was back from vacation.
During trial and prior to the L.E.’s testimony, Mr. Samamra’s counsel renewed his objection. Once
again, the trial court ruled that it would allow L.E.’s Zoom testimony provided there was a reliable
connection. During L.E.’s testimony, she stated on two occasions that she could not hear the
question due to a lost connection and asked that the question be repeated. In both instances, after
hearing the question again, L.E. answered and proceeded with her testimony.
13
{¶38} Mr. Samamra argues that the trial court erred and abused its discretion by admitting
L.E.’s Zoom testimony over his objection in violation of his right to confront witnesses against
him under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
{¶39} The Confrontation Clause encompasses the right to have a witness physically
appear in the courtroom, to require the witness to testify under oath, and to force the witness to
be subject to cross-examination. See Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 845-846 (1990). In
Craig, the Supreme Court of the United States (“SCOTUS”) held that this right is not absolute, is
case-specific, and “must occasionally” give deference to public policy “where denial of such
confrontation is necessary to further an important public policy and only where the reliability of
the testimony is otherwise assured.” Id. at 849, 850.
{¶40} As the Supreme Court of Ohio (“SCO”) recently pointed out, in a case subsequent
to Craig, Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the SCOTUS cast doubt on its holding in
Craig and held that the Confrontation Clause “prohibited the use of out-of-court statements that
are testimonial in nature[,]” and “rejected reliance on public-policy concerns and indicia of
reliability in the Confrontation Clause analysis[.]” State v. Carter, 2024-Ohio-1247, ¶ 30. The
SCO in Carter pointed out that Crawford “identified the right to confront the accused ‘face to face’
as central to the confrontation right” and “‘decline[d] to mine the record in search of indicia of
reliability.’” Id. The Carter Court further noted that although Crawford did not overrule or even
discuss Craig, it “rejected the interest-balancing approach employed in [Craig]” and overruled a
case that Craig heavily relied on, Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980). Id. at 30-31.
{¶41} The Carter Court ultimately declined to attempt to resolve the tension between
Craig and Crawford and utilized the Craig balancing test, noting that SCOTUS had not overruled
Craig. Id. at ¶ 35. In Carter, the State requested that the witness be permitted to testify remotely
14
because of COVID and uncertain weather conditions. Id. at ¶ 12. The trial court granted the State’s
request over the defendant’s objection. The Carter Court concluded that the trial court erred by
allowing the witness to testify remotely without making an adequate “case-specific-finding” based
on evidence presented by the parties that “an exception to face-to-face confrontation is ‘necessary
to further an important state interest’ or ‘public policy’ objective.” Id. at ¶ 36. In the final analysis,
however, the Carter Court held that the trial court’s error was harmless because even without the
witness’s testimony, the remaining evidence at trial overwhelmingly supported the defendant’s
convictions. Id. at ¶ 49.
{¶42} Similarly, here Mr. Samamra argues that the safeguards of the Confrontation Clause
were not adequately addressed in his case because the trial court did not make individualized
findings of necessity when it denied him face to face confrontation with L.E. and where the wi-fi
connection failed several times. Assuming without deciding the trial court erred in allowing the
witness to appear by video feed, we conclude that any potential erroneous admission was harmless
in light of the formidable other testimony and evidence against him, outlined above under Mr.
Samamra’s first and second assignments of error. Furthermore, the testimony of L.E. was
duplicative of the testimony of G.B., M.Y., and Mr. Samamra in large part, and did not introduce
any new evidence on substantive elements of the crimes charged.
{¶43} Mr. Samamra’s third assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IV
THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY EXCLUDING
IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE AND FINDING THE CCDCFS RECORDS
DID NOT CONTAIN EVIDENCE MATERIAL TO THE DEFENSE.
15
Social Media Posts
{¶44} During M.Y.’s testimony, Mr. Samamra’s counsel objected to the trial court’s
ruling that prohibited the introduction of certain of M.Y.’s recent social media posts as
impeachment evidence. Mr. Samamra’s intention in seeking to introduce that evidence was to
impugn M.Y.’s credibility by proving that she still speaks in a vile manner on social media in
contradiction of her testimony that she is embarrassed and disgusted by the way she used to
comment on social media and no longer does that.
{¶45} The basis of the trial court’s ruling excluding the exhibits was that they violated the
rape shield law and/or were too prejudicial because they referenced M.Y.’s drug use. Defense
counsel proffered the excluded exhibits, marked as Defense Exhibits C, D, and E, to preserve the
alleged error. The trial court did permit the introduction of one of M.Y.’s recent social media
posts, Defense Exhibit F, during cross-examination of M.Y.
{¶46} The admission or exclusion of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court.
State v. Robb, 88 Ohio St.3d 59, 68 (2000). The appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s
ruling regarding the admissibility of evidence “absent an abuse of discretion and a showing of
material prejudice by the opposing party.” State v. Gaskins, 2007-Ohio-4103, ¶ 32 (9th Dist.). An
abuse of discretion connotes that a trial court was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable in its
ruling. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 217, 219 (1983). Mr. Samamra maintains that the trial
court abused its discretion when it excluded the proffered exhibits, resulting in material prejudice
to the defense because the jury would have been less inclined to believe M.Y. had they been able
to consider them.
{¶47} Exhibit E, one of the excluded exhibits, is a photo of M.Y. that was posted on her
TikTok page and is captioned “waking up n[a]ked in a trap house next to a stranger[.]” The trial
16
court excluded it on the basis of the rape shield law because it referenced M.Y. sleeping with
someone other than Mr. Samamra, which the trial court found was barred by the rape shield law,
R.C. 2907.02(D). Mr. Samamra argues that the post did not violate the rape shield law because it
did not involve “sexual activity” in the first instance as required by R.C. 2907.02. However, other
than merely citing to R.C. 2907.01 and an Ohio Supreme Court case for the definition of “sexual
activity,” Mr. Samamra makes no argument as to how the language contained in Exhibit E is
excluded by the definition of “sexual activity” under R.C. 2907.01(C). His single statement is his
only argument. Similarly, Mr. Samamra makes no argument regarding the trial court’s exclusion
of Exhibits C and D other than to state that it was error to exclude them. Therefore, his arguments
regarding the exclusion of Exhibits C, D, and E will not be considered. State v. Franks, 2017-
Ohio-7045, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.) (“Where an appellant fails to develop an argument in support of his
assignment of error, this Court will not create one for him.”).
{¶48} Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s exclusion of the
proffered exhibits.
Children’s Services Records
{¶49} Mr. Samamra moved to compel M.Y.’s confidential Cuyahoga County Children
and Family Services (“CCDCFS”) records. The State did not object. After conducting an in camera
review of the records, the trial court found that they did not contain any evidence material to the
defense. Mr. Samamra’s counsel objected to the trial court’s ruling and requested that a copy be
placed under seal for appellate review. The basis of Mr. Samamra’s objection was that the records
related to M.Y.’s drug and alcohol use and tumultuous home life, and therefore, constituted
relevant rebuttal evidence.
17
{¶50} In In re J.W., 2011-Ohio-3744 (9th Dist.), this Court stated as follows regarding
the release of confidential records:
a defendant's right to a fair trial “entitle[s] the defendant to an in camera review by
the trial court of . . . confidential records in order to determine whether the records
contain evidence material to the accused's defense.” Following several other
districts, it held that “[t]he proper procedure in determining the availability of
confidential records is for the trial court to conduct an in camera inspection to
determine: (1) whether the records are necessary and relevant to the pending action;
(2) whether good cause has been shown by the person seeking disclosure; and (3)
whether their admission outweighs the confidentiality considerations.”
Id. at ¶ 7. Thus, the confidentiality of records under R.C. 5153.17 is not absolute. State ex rel.
Renfro v. Dept. of Human Serv., 54 Ohio St.3d 25, 29 (1990). “Material” evidence is that which
goes to “the substance of the allegations” against a defendant, evidence the defendant would have
used to acquit himself of the specific charges leveled against him. State v. Geeslin, 2007-Ohio-
5239, ¶ 13.
{¶51} Mr. Samamra’s argument is that M.Y.’s CCDCFS records contain evidence that
could impeach M.Y. and undermine the convictions. He references R.H.’s testimony during the
State’s case that M.Y. had a “troubled scenario[,]” and argues that to the extent the CCDCFS
records contain similar information about M.Y. that could impeach her, the trial court erred by
finding them to be not material. We disagree.
{¶52} Upon our own review of the CCDCFS records, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in determining that they were not material to Mr. Samamra’s defense
because the records do not go to the “substance of the allegations” against him. Geeslin, 2007-
Ohio-5239, at ¶ 13. Mr. Samamra’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR V
APPELLANT’S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED AND
HE WAS DEPRIVED OF A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE ORDER FOR
SEPARATION OF WITNESSES WAS VIOLATED.
18
{¶53} During the testimony of the State’s witness, R.H., the trial court discovered that
another witness, G.B., who had already testified, was in the courtroom in violation of the separation
of witnesses’ order. The trial court interrupted R.H.'s testimony to remove G.B. from the
courtroom.
{¶54} Mr. Samamra argues that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing R.H. to
testify without taking any curative measures to remedy the failure to abide by the separation order
beyond removing G.B. from the courtroom. Mr. Samamra contends that the trial court should have
inquired of R.H. whether G.B.’s presence influenced her testimony to determine if any portion of
R.H.’s testimony should have been stricken. He argues there is a reasonable probability that R.H.’s
testimony was tainted because G.B. is her daughter and R.H. may have felt pressure to corroborate
G.B.’s testimony. Mr. Samamra submits that he was deprived of a fair trial because of the trial
court’s failures. We disagree.
{¶55} First, Mr. Samamra did not raise this issue in the trial court. His counsel did not
object to G.B.’s presence nor request that any portion of R.H.’s testimony be stricken or move for
a mistrial. Therefore, Mr. Samamra is limited to a plain error argument. “Pursuant to Crim.R.
52(B), ‘[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not
brought to the attention of the court.’” State v. Horne, 2011-Ohio-1901, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.). However,
Mr. Samamra has not developed a plain error argument on appeal. This Court will not develop
one on his behalf. State v. Piatt, 2020-Ohio-1177, ¶ 25 (9th Dist.).
{¶56} Mr. Samamra also argues ineffective assistance of counsel under this same
assignment of error. However, appellate courts review assignments of error, not mere arguments.
App.R. 12(A)(2) provides that “[t]he court may disregard an assignment of error presented for
review if the party raising it fails to . . . argue the assignment separately in the brief, as required
19
under App.R. 16(A).” See In re C.M., 2007-Ohio-3999, ¶ 53 (9th Dist.) (“Pursuant to Rule
12(A)(2) of the Ohio Rules of Appellate Procedure, this Court is only obligated to consider errors
separately argued.”).
{¶57} Mr. Samamra’s ineffective assistance of counsel argument was not raised as a
separate assignment of error. His captioned fifth assignment of error does not include this
argument. Because Mr. Samamra’s ineffective assistance of counsel argument goes beyond the
scope of his captioned assignment of error, this Court declines to address it.
{¶58} Mr. Samamra’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶59} Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas
is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period
for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to
mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the
docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
20
Costs taxed to Appellant.
SCOT STEVENSON
FOR THE COURT
CARR, J.
CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
HENSAL, J.
CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
APPEARANCES:
JOSEPH V. PAGANO, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
TONY CILLO, Prosecuting Attorney, and MARK ANTHONY KOZA, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for Appellee.
Case Information
- Court
- Ohio Ct. App.
- Decision Date
- January 21, 2025
- Status
- Precedential