United States v. Antonio Barrera-Mackorty

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NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 29 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    23-50031

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:19-cr-00404-DMG-1
 v.

ANTONIO ULISES BARRERA-                         MEMORANDUM*
MACKORTY,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Dolly M. Gee, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 12, 2024
                              Pasadena, California

Before: IKUTA and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and ANELLO,** District Judge.

      Antonio Ulises Barrera-Mackorty (“Barrera-MacKorty”) appeals his

conviction under
18 U.S.C. § 1425
(a) for procuring naturalization by means

contrary to law. We review a challenge that a statute is unconstitutionally vague



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Michael M. Anello, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
de novo, United States v. Mincoff,
574 F.3d 1186, 1192
(9th Cir. 2009), the

admission of evidence for abuse of discretion, United States v. Cox,
963 F.3d 915,

924-25
(9th Cir. 2020), and a denial of a motion for a judgment of acquittal de

novo, United States v. Aubrey,
800 F.3d 1115, 1124
(9th Cir. 2015). We have

jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291
, and we affirm.

       1. Barrera-Mackorty argues that the statute,
18 U.S.C. § 1425
(a), together

with Question 151 of the Application for Naturalization, Form N-400, are

unconstitutionally void for vagueness. Specifically, Barrera-Mackorty argues that

the statute did not give him notice that he was committing a crime when he

answered “no” to Question 15. He contends that because the words “crime” and

“offense” are not properly defined in the question, and the context of the other

questions in the form imply law enforcement involvement, a person of ordinary

intelligence would not realize that his “no” response to Question 15 would be

illegal.

       We ask whether a person of “ordinary intelligence” would have notice that

“the conduct in question is prohibited.” United States v. Parker,
761 F.3d 986, 991
(9th Cir. 2014); United States v. Fitzgerald,
882 F.2d 397, 398
(9th Cir. 1989).

Using the “common understanding of the terms of [the] statute,” we find that



1
 Question 15 asks: “Have you ever committed a crime or offense for which you
were not arrested?”

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§ 1425(a) is not vague. Fitzgerald,
882 F.2d at 398
. Under these facts, there is no

confusion that Barrera-Mackorty’s answer to Question 15 should have been “yes.”

By his guilty plea, Barrera-Mackorty admitted that he committed child

molestation, conduct that any person of ordinary intelligence would know is a

crime. Additionally, Barrera-Mackorty filled out form N-400 under penalty of

perjury. A person of ordinary intelligence would know that lying on Question 15

in order to obtain citizenship is illegal.

       2. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of

Barrera-Mackorty’s prior conviction, despite his willingness to stipulate that he

was convicted of a felony offense. When evidence addresses a “number of

separate elements,” including “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident,” a stipulation does not have

to be accepted by the government. See Old Chief v. United States,
519 U.S. 172,

187, 190
(1997).

       Here, evidence of the prior conviction was relevant not only to show that

Barrera-Mackorty was convicted of a crime, but also his knowledge and motive. A

stipulation here would not be a “full admission of the element of the charged crime

in issue” and thus the government need not accept it. United States v. Allen,
341

F.3d 870, 888
(9th Cir. 2003). Because the evidence was relevant, the district

court did not allow any “potentially inflammatory details” to be admitted, and it


                                             3
gave a limiting instruction, any prejudice did not substantially outweigh the

probative value of such evidence here. See United States v. Mende,
43 F.3d 1298,

1302
(9th Cir. 1995).

      3. Finally, the district court did not err in denying Barrera-Mackorty’s

motions for a judgment of acquittal based on insufficient. We “view[] the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution” then determine whether

“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Nevils,
598 F.3d 1158, 1163-64
(9th

Cir. 2010). We find that there was sufficient evidence that Barrera-Mackorty

knowingly made a false statement in violation of § 1425(a). Barrera-Mackorty

filled out the form at a law firm with assistance, and then it was reviewed by an

attorney. Officer Exum also testified that in the interview, he went through form

N-400 with Barrera-Mackorty, who did not request an accommodation, did not

appear to have trouble understanding any questions, and who passed the English

proficiency part of the interview. Further, his ex-wife and foster son both testified

that they all spoke English in the home.

      AFFIRMED.




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