United States v. Harris

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U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________

Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07
________________________

UNITED STATES
Appellant
v.
Bryce L. HARRIS
Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellee
________________________

Appeal by the United States Pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ
Decided 16 April 2021 1
________________________

Military Judge: Matthew N. McCall.
GCM convened at: Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey.
For Appellant: Major Jessica L. Delaney, USAF (argued); Colonel Shaun
S. Speranza, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel Matthew J. Neil, USAF.
For Appellee: Captain David L. Bosner, USAF (argued); Major Amanda
E. Dermady, USAF; Captain Sara J. Hickmon, USAF.
Before POSCH, RICHARDSON, and MEGINLEY, Appellate Military
Judges.
Judge MEGINLEY delivered the opinion of the court. Senior Judge
POSCH filed a separate opinion concurring in part and in the result.
Judge RICHARDSON filed a separate dissenting opinion.
________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
________________________

1 The court heard oral argument in this case on 23 February 2021.
United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

MEGINLEY, Judge:
The United States brings this interlocutory appeal under Article 62, Uni-
form Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),
10 U.S.C. § 862
, asserting that the mil-
itary judge abused his discretion in his application of Mil. R. Evid. 503 to ex-
clude evidence of Appellee’s communications. The court finds the military
judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding the evidence.

I. BACKGROUND
Appellee is charged with one specification of indecent recording of ER, his
former sister-in-law, in violation of Article 120c, Uniform Code of Military Jus-
tice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920c; and one specification of attempted indecent re-
cording, on divers occasions, of ER, in violation of Article 80, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C.
§ 880
. 2 The convening authority referred the charges to a general court-martial
on 6 December 2019. On 3 February 2020 and again on 30 June 2020, pursuant
to Mil. R. Evid. 304(d), the Government gave notice to the trial court of its
intent to use Appellee’s admissions of “attempted and successful recording of
[ER]” made during a meeting with the base chaplain, Chaplain (Major) RD. 3
In a motion dated 6 July 2020, the Government specifically moved the trial
judge to rule on the admissibility of communications disclosed by Appellee dur-
ing a February 2015 meeting 4 with Chaplain RD; Appellee’s wife, BB; 5 his
wife’s father, MR, and mother, GR; and BB’s sister, ER; where information
related to the alleged offenses at issue was disclosed.
On 13 July 2020, the Defense requested the military judge deny the Gov-
ernment’s motion based on the communications between Appellee, the base
chaplain, and his family members being privileged under Mil. R. Evid. 503.

2 All references in this opinion to the punitive articles of the UCMJ are to the Manual

for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.). The charges and specifications were re-
ferred to trial after 1 January 2019; as such, all other references to the UCMJ are to
the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.). See Exec. Order 13,825, §§ 3,
5,
83 Fed. Reg. 9889
, 9890 (
8 Mar. 2018
). Specifically, Appellee is charged with at-
tempting to knowingly and wrongfully make a recording of the private area of ER while
she was using the shower and while undressing, and wrongfully and knowingly mak-
ing a recording of the private area of ER while she was using the shower.
3 Chaplain RD was an active duty chaplain at the time of the February 2015 meeting.

4 The court notes the initial date of this motion states it was filed on 6 June 2020;

however, the motion was served on 6 July 2020. We believe the 6 June 2020 is in error
and that the motion was actually filed with the court on 6 July 2020.
5 Appellee and his wife, BB, were divorced at the time of the hearing.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

The military judge received additional evidence and argument by counsel
during an Article 39(a), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 839
(a), session on 2 September
2020, in which the Appellee was arraigned and where Appellee, Chaplain RD,
BB, MR, GR, and ER testified about the February 2015 meeting. The testimony
revealed that the February 2015 meeting centered on incidents that allegedly
occurred in 2012 or 2013, while Appellee and BB were visiting BB’s family in
Georgia.
During these visits, Appellee allegedly recorded ER in her bedroom and
bathroom with his cell phone. ER was around 12 years old at the time. BB did
not learn about the filming until 2015, when GR told her about the allegation.
According to BB, she confronted Appellee, and although he initially denied re-
cording ER, he later admitted to doing so. In March 2018, after an investigation
was opened on Appellee’s conduct regarding other allegations, BB reported the
incidents in question to authorities.
In his initial written ruling, dated 27 October 2020, the military judge de-
nied the Government’s motion. The military judge concluded:
The language of [Mil. R. Evid.] 503(a) is clear that a person “has
a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent another from dis-
closing a confidential communication by the person to a clergy-
man. . . .” (emphasis added.) . . . [T]he purpose of the communi-
cation required that the family members be present. To then al-
low the family members to divulge what was only communicated
under the auspices of a formal act or as a matter of conscience
would gut the protections that the privilege seeks to protect. As
such, the family members who were present at the meeting can-
not disclose what protected communications [Appellee] made at
the meeting.
On 30 October 2020, the Government requested a reconsideration of the mili-
tary judge’s 27 October 2020 ruling. On 8 November 2020, the military judge,
in writing, denied the Government’s motion for reconsideration. On 10 Novem-
ber 2020, the Government gave the military judge notice of its Article 62,
UCMJ, appeal. In his written rulings, the military judge made findings of fact
that are largely supported by the record. Unless otherwise noted in this opin-
ion, we adopt those findings of fact.
The communications at issue before this court are from the February 2015
meeting. At the time of this meeting, Appellee and BB were having marital
problems. BB believed Appellee had surreptitiously recorded her younger sis-
ter, ER, without her sister’s knowledge. GR asked BB if there was a possibility
that they could get a third party involved and mediate so the family could “get
it out in the open and move on.” GR, MR, BB, and ER all believed Appellee had

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

made recordings of ER using his cell phone. GR suggested “the meeting in the
hope that the family members could resolve their internal conflict, heal, and
move on with their lives.”
BB was receptive to the idea of a family meeting and contacted Chaplain
RD. 6 BB had met with Chaplain RD individually on multiple occasions, and
Chaplain RD had also met Appellee and BB as a couple for counseling. BB told
Chaplain RD about the allegations before the family meeting. BB considered
other forms of counseling, but decided to go see Chaplain RD because she had
met Chaplain RD on multiple occasions and because BB “wanted a religious
perspective.” BB testified that Appellee would only talk to a clergy member
because he did not trust therapists or counselors. Appellee was willing to meet
with the familial group and a chaplain, which was for spiritual reasons, as well
as trust in the chaplain.
When Chaplain RD began the February 2015 family session, she explained
their purpose in being there—something she knew from a discussion with BB
prior to the session. During the meeting, ER confronted Appellee about allega-
tions that he had recorded ER with his cell phone. Appellee allegedly re-
sponded to the allegations, making admissions when he did so. Although his
communications were directed towards everyone, he looked primarily at ER
and the chaplain when he spoke. At some point, Chaplain RD said a prayer
and passed out religious material to the family.
Chaplain RD believed sessions like this one were confidential and privi-
leged whether or not multiple people were present. Chaplain RD also believed
that Appellee, his wife, his wife’s parents, and ER considered the meeting priv-
ileged and confidential because they met in her official capacity as a chaplain.
However, at no point during the meeting did Chaplain RD relate to the others
that she considered communications to be confidential.
Appellee testified for the limited purpose of the motion, explaining he was
raised in a Christian household, attended a Christian high school, went to
church regularly, and prayed on a daily basis. Appellee testified he believed

6 The military judge’s finding of fact that GR suggested the entire family specifically

meet with the base chaplain is not supported by the record. GR asked BB if there was
a possibility that they could get a third party involved and mediate so the family could
discuss what happened and “move on.”

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

the meeting was confidential because it was at the chapel and with the chap-
lain. He went to the meeting with Chaplain RD for “religious purposes.” 7 Ap-
pellee stated he and his wife had a lot of problems and his goal was for the
family to get past the issues, to get his relationship with BB back on track, and
to save his marriage.

II. DISCUSSION
A. Law
1. Article 62, UCMJ, Jurisdiction
We have jurisdiction to hear an appeal under Article 62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ,
10
U.S.C. § 862
(a)(1)(B), which authorizes the Government to appeal “[a]n order
or ruling which excludes evidence that is substantial proof of a fact material in
[a court-martial] proceeding” where a punitive discharge may be adjudged. Ap-
pellee has not contested this court’s jurisdiction, and the pleading and the rec-
ord convince us that Appellee’s statements during the February 2015 meeting
with the chaplain are case dispositive as they are substantial proof of a fact
material in the proceeding. See United States v. Pacheco,
36 M.J. 530, 533
(C.M.R. 1992). 8
2. Standard of Review
We review a military judge’s decision to exclude evidence for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. McCollum¸
58 M.J. 323, 335
(C.A.A.F. 2003) (citing
United States v. McElhaney,
54 M.J. 120, 132
(C.A.A.F. 2000)). “A military
judge abuses his discretion when his findings of fact are clearly erroneous, the
court’s decision is influenced by an erroneous view of the law, or the military
judge’s decision on the issue at hand is outside the range of choices reasonably
arising from the applicable facts and the law.” United States v. Miller,
66 M.J.
306, 307
(C.A.A.F. 2008) (citations omitted).

7 Clarifying this finding of fact by the military judge, when asked, “[W]hy was it im-

portant to you to make statements only to the Chaplain in February of 2015?” Appellee
responded, “For religious purposes.” Also, Appellee agreed to go to the meeting, set up
by BB. Finally, Appellee stated he went to the meeting to discuss some of his marital
problems with BB, along with “entanglement[s]” between his in-laws.
8 In the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Congress added a

liberal construction clause to Article 62, UCMJ, identical to
18 U.S.C. § 3731
.
Pub. L.
No. 114-328, § 5326
,
130 Stat. 2000
, 2929 (2016), and effective 1 Jan 2019, in which
Article 62 was amended to read: “(e) The provisions of this article shall be liberally
construed to effect its purposes.” Because this amendment was in effect before Appel-
lee’s case was referred, the amendment applies to this appeal. See United States v.
Jacobsen,
77 M.J. 81
, 87 n.5 (C.A.A.F. 2017).

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

“We review de novo matters of law in an Article 62, UCMJ, appeal.” United
States v. Knell, Misc. Dkt. No. 2010-08,
2010 CCA LEXIS 301
, *4 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 30 Jun. 2010) (order) (citing United States v. Terry,
66 M.J. 514,
517
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2008)). Because this issue is before us pursuant to a
government appeal, we may act only with respect to matters of law. Article
62(b), UCMJ. We may not make findings of fact; on questions of fact, we are
limited to determining whether the military judge’s factual findings are clearly
erroneous or unsupported by the record. United States v. Lincoln,
42 M.J. 315,
320
(C.A.A.F. 1995). “When a court is limited to reviewing matters of law, the
question is not whether a reviewing court might disagree with the trial court’s
findings, but whether those findings are ‘fairly supported by the record.’”
United States v. Gore,
60 M.J. 178, 185
(C.A.A.F. 2004) (quoting United States
v. Burris,
21 M.J. 140, 144
(C.M.A. 1985)). “On questions of fact, [we ask]
whether the decision is reasonable; on questions of law, [we ask] whether the
decision is correct.” United States v. Baldwin,
54 M.J. 551, 553
(A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2000) (alterations in original) (quoting 2 Steven A. Childress & Martha
S. Davis, Federal Standards of Review § 7.05 (3d ed. 1999)), aff'd,
54 M.J. 464
(C.A.A.F. 2001).
“In an Article 62, UCMJ, appeal, this court reviews the military judge’s
decision directly and reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the
party which prevailed at trial,” which in this case is Appellee. United States v.
Lewis,
78 M.J. 447
, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citing United States v. Pugh,
77 M.J.
1
, 3 (C.A.A.F. 2017)).
3. Mil. R. Evid. 503, Communications to clergy
The question of whether a communication is privileged is a mixed question
of fact and law. United States v. Harpole,
77 M.J. 231
, 235 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (cit-
ing United States v. Shelton,
64 M.J. 32, 37
(C.A.A.F. 2006)); see also
McCollum,
58 M.J. at 340
. “Recognizing that the distinction between a ques-
tion of law and a question of fact is not always clearly defined, we must never-
theless avoid resolving questions of fact which are separable from a question
of law.” United States v. Piolunek,
74 M.J. 107, 110
(C.A.A.F. 2015) (citations
omitted). “[Q]uestions of credibility, or assertions that the factual basis for a
ruling should be reinterpreted are not reviewable by the Court.”
Id.
(citations
omitted).
“Military law is not insensitive to the needs of servicemembers for chap-
lains and spiritual guidance, and it has long recognized the ‘penitent and cler-
gyman’ privilege.” United States v. Coleman,
26 M.J. 407, 409
(C.M.A. 1988)
(citations omitted). “The Supreme Court has said the ‘privilege recognizes the
human need to disclose to a spiritual counselor, in total and absolute confi-
dence, what are believed to be flawed acts or thoughts and to receive priestly

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

consolation and guidance in return.’”
Id.
at 410 (citing Trammel v. United
States,
445 U.S. 40, 51
(1980)).
Mil. R. Evid. 503(a) expressly recognizes a clergy privilege and provides: “A
person has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent another from disclos-
ing a confidential communication by the person to a clergyman or to a clergy-
man’s assistant, if such communication is made either as a formal act of reli-
gion or as a matter of conscience.”
A “‘clergyman’ means a minister, priest, rabbi, chaplain, or other similar
functionary of a religious organization, or an individual reasonably believed to
be so by the person consulting the clergyman.” Mil. R. Evid. 503(b). “A commu-
nication is ‘confidential’ if made to a clergyman in the clergyman’s capacity as
a spiritual adviser . . . and is not intended to be disclosed to third persons other
than those to whom disclosure is in furtherance of the purpose of the commu-
nication or to those reasonably necessary for the transmission of the commu-
nication.” Mil. R. Evid. 503(b)(3). Mil. R. Evid. 503(c) broadly extends the priv-
ilege to allow either the communicant or the clergy member “on behalf of the
person” to claim the privilege. 9
“Testimonial exclusionary rules and privileges contravene the fundamental
principle that ‘the public . . . has a right to every man’s evidence.’” Trammel,
445 U.S. at 50
(alteration in original) (citation omitted). “As such, they must
be strictly construed and accepted ‘only to the very limited extent that permit-
ting a refusal to testify or excluding relevant evidence has a public good trans-
cending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for
ascertaining truth.’”
Id.
(citation omitted). “[I]t is legal error when the privilege
is misconstrued.” Shelton,
64 M.J. at 37
.
Since Appellee is claiming the clergy privilege, he has the burden of estab-
lishing that his conversation was privileged under Mil. R. Evid. 503.
Id. at 36
.
“[Mil. R. Evid.] 503 has three components pertinent to the present case: (1) the
communication must be made either as a formal act of religion or as a matter
of conscience; (2) it must be made to a clergyman in his capacity as a spiritual

9 Air Force Instruction (AFI) 52-101, Planning and Organizing, 15 July 2019, is the

current AFI for the Chaplain Corps. Chapter 5 of AFI 52-101 covers confidential and
privileged communications. Paragraph 5.2 states, “Confidential communication is any
communication made to a chaplain or Religious Affairs Airman by a military member,
his/her authorized dependents, or other authorized personnel by military necessity, to
include enemy prisoners of war, if the communication is made either as a formal act of
religion or as a matter of conscience. A communication is also ‘confidential’ if made to
a chaplain in the chaplain’s official capacity as a spiritual advisor or to a Religious
Affairs Airman in his or her official capacity.” Paragraphs 5.3 and 5.4 cover the general
rule of privilege and who may assert the privilege. Paragraph 5.5 discusses the param-
eters of privileged communications and confidential communications.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

advisor or to his assistant in his official capacity; and (3) the communication
must be intended to be confidential.”
Id. at 37
.
“An ‘act of religion’ must comply with the particular tenets of a faith, but a
‘matter of conscience’ is privately held within a person.”
Id. at 38
. “A commu-
nication is not privileged, even if made to a clergyman, if it is made for emo-
tional support and consolation rather than as a formal act of religion or as a
matter of conscience.” United States v. Napoleon,
46 M.J. 279, 285
(C.A.A.F.
1997).
“[A]s is the case with the attorney-client privilege, the presence of third
parties, [which is] essential to and in furtherance of the communication, does
not vitiate the clergy-communicant privilege.” Shelton
64 M.J. at 39
(second
alteration in original) (citing In re Grand Jury Investigation,
918 F.2d 374, 377
(3d Cir. 1990)). 10 “It is sufficient here to conclude that this privilege is pre-
served where there is a ‘relationship by blood or marriage’ as well as a ‘com-
monality of interest’ between the accused and the third party present during
the privileged communications.”
Id.
(citing In re Grand Jury Investigation, 918
F.2d at 385–88).
B. Analysis
The military judge’s essential findings of fact and conclusions of law are
supported by the record, Gore,
60 M.J. at 185
, either directly, or through rea-
sonable inferences that the military judge could reach from testimony and
other evidence that was presented on the motion. Thus, the military judge did
not abuse his discretion in concluding that Appellee’s communications were
protected in accordance with Mil. R. Evid. 503. This opinion considers in turn
the three prongs of Mil. R. Evid. 503 as articulated in Shelton.
1. Appellee’s Communication Made as a Matter of Conscience
In order to claim privilege under Mil. R. Evid. 503, Appellee must first show
that his communication was made either as a “formal act of religion,” or as “a
matter of conscience.” In evaluating this requirement, the military judge found
as fact that (1) Appellee refused to meet with a therapist or counselor, but was
willing to meet with the family members in the presence of a chaplain; (2) a
prayer was said at the meeting; (3) the purpose of the meeting was to help the

10 As also noted in the dissent in Shelton, “the existence and applicability of the clergy

privilege may be undermined by the presumption ‘that communications that take place
in the presence of third parties are not confidential.’” Shelton,
64 M.J. at 45
(Crawford,
J., dissenting) (emphasis added) (citing In re Grand Jury Investigation,
918 F.2d at
385
n.15); cf. Pereira v. United States,
347 U.S. 1
, 6–7 (1953) (“The presence of a third
party negatives the presumption of privacy.” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)).

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

family resolve the dispute and “move on;” 11 (4) Appellee was seeking to heal
the family; (5) Appellee “was not seeking emotional support, but rather for-
giveness or at least understanding from the family and guidance or counseling
from the Chaplain;” and (6) Appellee wanted “to admit what he may have done
and to resolve the matter with the family.” The military judge concluded that
Appellee’s communications were both a “formal act of religion” and a “matter
of conscience.”
The Government argues that our superior court, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF), has interpreted the language “act of
religion” to be an act that “must comply with the particular tenets of a faith,”
Shelton, 64 M.J. at 37–38, and that there are no findings of fact that “the family
was engaging in a formalized religious ritual, proceeding, or act.” In this case,
the only tie the military judge made between the ‘family session’ and an act of
religion was in finding that Appellee attended ‘the family session’ ‘for religious
purposes.’” The Government also argues the military judge did not make a
finding of fact as to what the “religious purposes” were but stated that Appel-
lee’s “goal was for the entire family to get past the issues” and he “wanted to
get his relationship with his wife back on track and save his marriage.” Further
the Government asserts that “[t]he military judge made no finding of fact tying
Appellee’s marriage to religion or spirituality,” and therefore abused his dis-
cretion.
The evidence presented before the military judge does not support a finding
that Appellee’s communications were a formal act of religion. Appellee did not
testify, nor did the military judge find as fact, that the family meeting with
Chaplain RD was a religious encounter associated with a particular faith, and
as such, there were not enough facts to reasonably conclude this point as a
matter of law. Although the military judge erred on this part of the first prong,
it is important to note that this opinion is not making a credibility determina-
tion, or questioning the truthfulness of any religious beliefs Appellee may have,
nor is it interpreting what religion may mean to Appellee. There is insufficient
evidence in the record to support the finding on this particular issue.
Although the military judge found Appellee’s communications were both a
formal act of religion and a matter of conscience, the focus is whether Appel-
lee’s communications were a “matter of conscience”—the second part of the
first prong in Shelton. A “matter of conscience,” which is “privately held within

11 The court notes that neither the parties, nor the military judge specifically describe

what “the dispute” was, or what the family members meant by “move on.” However,
the record is clear that the purpose of the meeting was to discuss Appellee’s alleged
acts of using his cell phone to make recordings of his sister-in-law, ER, which was a
source of marital and familial discord.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

a person,” is necessarily subjective. What constitutes a “matter of conscience”
is not defined in the Manual for Courts-Martial, nor is there military case law
that defines what constitutes a “matter of conscience.” Further, there are lim-
ited examples in case law of what constitutes a “matter of conscience.” One
such case is United States v. Isham,
48 M.J. 603
(N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).
In Isham, while the court did not define “matter of conscience,” it did list ex-
amples of how the appellant in that case met the criteria of making a commu-
nication that was considered a matter of conscience. The appellant in Isham
was suffering from depression and had suicidal ideations and revealed plans
to shoot others and kill himself. The government argued that the chaplain was
acting more like a social worker than chaplain, and the appellant was looking
for a “mere referral” service. The court noted,
While the testimony at trial did not establish that the two
prayed together, [that] the appellant sought or received absolu-
tion, or [that] there was any other particular religious formality
or content, absent strong evidence to the contrary, a service-
member who meets with the chaplain under these circumstances
makes the communication as an apparent act of conscience or
contrition while the chaplain is in his role as a spiritual adviser.”
Id.
at 605–06 (citation omitted).
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “conscience” as
[t]he moral sense; the faculty of judging the moral qualities of
actions, or of discriminating between right and wrong; particu-
larly applied to one’s perception and judgment of the moral qual-
ities of his own conduct, but in a wider sense, denoting a similar
application of the standards of morality to the acts of others. The
sense of right and wrong inherent in every person by virtue of
his existence as a social entity; good conscience being a synonym
of equity.
Conscience, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, 303 (6th ed. 1990).
Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a matter of (individual) conscience as
“something that people must decide about according to what they believe is
morally right.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER, Matter of Conscience, https://www.mer-
riam-webster.com/dictionary (last visited 19 Feb. 2021). Both of these diction-
ary definitions provide insight that a “matter of conscience” could be read to
encompass disclosures which seek to address or correct a wrong that a person
may have committed, as in the case under review. Contrary to the Govern-
ment’s narrow approach, which would require an individual expressing a “mat-
ter of conscience” to be seeking spiritual absolution, there is no requirement in

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

the text of the privilege that a “matter of conscience” be religiously or spiritu-
ally based. The Government would have this court interpret “matter of con-
science” to closely reflect practices similar to the Catholic church’s rite of pen-
ance (confession) and not merely an “emotional unburdening.” However, inter-
preting matter of conscience is not this stringent or restrictive. In fact, the
Government’s interpretation would result in “matter of conscience” being sub-
sumed by “formal act of religion,” thus reading the alternative structure out of
the rule and rendering “matter of conscience” surplus. Further, the first prong
in Shelton allows a communication to be a “formal act of religion” or “a matter
of conscience;” it does not require both. Arguably, every Airman and Guardian
has a right to consult with a chaplain, but not every Airman and Guardian may
have a formal religion, or believe in a higher power. 12
The record supports the military judge’s findings of fact. According to GR,
there was no family discussion about the alleged incidents as a family prior to
the group session. GR asked BB if there was a possibility they could get a third
party involved and mediate a discussion about what happened so that, in her
words, the family could “move on.” For GR, the purpose of this meeting was
“family healing.” GR wanted to let Appellee know that the family loved him
and she wanted to be able to forgive him. BB and Appellee had previously met
Chaplain RD for individual counseling; they had also met with her together on
one occasion. BB stated Chaplain RD “was the only one who knew everything
that had happened. She talked a lot about it in our other sessions.” BB asked
Appellee if he would be interested in meeting with the chaplain; he agreed,
but, “made it pretty clear that he only wanted to speak to [Chaplain RD].” Ac-
cording to BB, Appellee, in general, “did not trust therapists or counselors very
much” and she supposed he “had more faith in the process that [Chaplain RD]
used.” During the meeting, Appellee admitted to the group he recorded ER on
multiple occasions and, according to GR, Appellee asked ER for forgiveness.
Finally, it does not appear Appellee, who voluntarily went to this meeting, was
seeking emotional support, but was expressing a matter of conscience.
In his conclusions of law when ruling on the Government’s motion to recon-
sider, the military judge found that Appellee

12 See U.S. CONST. amend. I. The Government’s position leans heavily on Catholic doc-

trine and practice, which is fairly objective in nature. This argument poses the danger
of improperly invoking the court’s consideration and determination of one religion’s
parameters, against not only other religions, but the moral compasses of individuals.
It is not appropriate to make this comparison and choose to avoid resolving controver-
sies about a religion’s or a church’s doctrinal or governing procedures and making a
credibility determination as to whether Appellee sought spiritual absolution.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

was seeking to heal the family rift so they could move on and not
seeking emotional support, but rather forgiveness or at least un-
derstanding from the family and guidance or counseling from
the Chaplain . . . [Appellee] viewed this meeting as being for re-
ligious purposes . . . [and] thought his communication was made
for religious purposes. [Appellee] refused to meet with a thera-
pist, but was willing to meet with the family members in the
presence of a chaplain . . . [Appellee’s] statement was a matter
of conscience to admit what he may have done and to resolve the
matter with the family. As such, the communication is both a
formal act of religion and a matter of conscience.
One need not decide whether these findings are of fact, or both fact and
law. It suffices that the evidence from the record and the law supports the mil-
itary judge’s determination that Appellee’s communications were made as a
matter of conscience. Thus, the military judge did not abuse his discretion in
his application of this part of the Mil. R. Evid. 503 prong.
2. Appellee’s Communication Made to a Clergyman as a Spiritual
Advisor
The military judge found that Chaplain RD “clearly believed she was acting
in this meeting in her capacity as a spiritual advisor.” The military judge also
found that Chaplain RD previously met BB and Appellee for counseling. As for
the family gathering in February 2015, the military judge found that Chaplain
RD initiated the discussion at the chapel. He found Appellee was “looking back
and forth between ER and Chaplain RD when he made the statements” that
the Government seeks to introduce against Appellee in its case. He found the
chaplain said a prayer, and offered religious literature. In the military judge’s
conclusion of his second ruling, he stated,

[T]he reason for the statements was to help the family heal and
move on. As such, the statements were really to all of those pre-
sent at the meeting—the family members and the Chaplain. The
statements [Appellee made] were to the family members to ad-
mit what he had done and to the Chaplain to seek any guidance
or counselling.

The Government argues the military judge abused his discretion by failing
to analyze whether Chaplain RD was acting as an advisor in a secular role,
instead of a spiritual role, explaining that Chaplain RD was “at best a media-
tor,” and that Appellee’s statements were not made to obtain spiritual advice
or guidance, nor was the family meeting “overtly religious.” The Government
analogizes two examples where courts found that a clergyperson received com-

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

munications, but was not acting as a spiritual advisor. In Napoleon, the appel-
lant made statements to an active duty friend, an enlisted member, acting in
the capacity as a “lay minister.” 44 M.J. at 542. The CAAF found the term “lay
minister” was “ambiguous and could cover a broad range of persons, including
musicians, ushers, and various attendants to the person presiding at a reli-
gious service.” Id. at 544. In Coleman, the appellant made statements to his
father-in-law who happened to be a minister, but who was not acting in a spir-
itual capacity at the time of the communication.
26 M.J. at 410
. However, there
is little similarity between Napoleon and Coleman and this case. The testimony
established that Chaplain RD was neither a lay minister, nor was she related
to Appellee or a friend of anyone at the meeting; instead, she was an active
duty Air Force chaplain acting in the scope of her official duties, who was
sought after because she was a chaplain.
Additionally, the military judge did not abuse his discretion by failing to
analyze whether Chaplain RD was acting more as a secular advisor to the fam-
ily than as a spiritual one. Members of the chaplaincy corps may engage in
other roles, such as administrative and organizational work, as well as provide
supervision for other clergymen or clergywomen, or lay workers. As such, the
clergy privilege would not extend to nonconfidential communications during
administrative, supervisory, or other counseling not provided as an act of reli-
gion or matter of conscience. However, as noted in Scott v Hammock,
870 P.2d
947, 956
(Utah 1994), clerics, serving in their religious role pursuant to the
practice and discipline of the church, must engage in many communications
that would not necessarily be deemed a “confession,” but should nevertheless
fall within the privilege. “In counseling parishioners in religious and moral
matters, clergy frequently must deal with intensely private concerns, and pa-
rishioners may be encouraged, and even feel compelled, to discuss their moral
faults.”
Id. at 952
. 13 In People v. Bragg, citing to Scott, P.2d at 952, the court
stated, “Even in a ‘counseling’ session with a cleric, the congregant might make
many ‘confidential’ disclosures amounting to the confession of sin or other priv-
ileged communications. The informality of the meeting should not define the
scope of the privilege.”
824 N.W.2d 170, 187
(Mich. Ct. App. 2012).

13 In its brief to this court, the Government cited Air Force Policy Directive 52-1, Chap-

lain Corps, ¶ 3.2 (5 Nov. 2018), acknowledging that a chaplain’s role is understood to
accommodate
religious needs, provide religious and pastoral care, and advise com-
manders on the complexities of religion with regard to its personal and
mission, as appropriate. As military members, chaplains are uniquely
positioned to assist Service members, their families, and other author-
ized personnel with the challenges of military service as advocates of
religious, moral, ethical, and spiritual well-being and resiliency.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

The military judge’s findings of facts show this was not exclusively a secu-
lar conversation. The facts show the group spoke of the accusations levied
against Appellee, that according to BB, Appellee wanted to meet with the chap-
lain for spiritual reasons, and as GR testified, GR wanted to be able to forgive
Appellee. The location where the meeting took place, what the chaplain was
wearing, whether the family was or was not overtly religious, and what reli-
gious accoutrements and icons adorned the walls, things which suggest a more
secular connotation to this family meeting, are simply not determinative to this
particular case. The military judge did not abuse his discretion in finding Ap-
pellee’s communications were made to Chaplain RD, a clergywoman, acting in
her official capacity as a spiritual advisor.
3. Appellee Intended Communication to be Confidential
In his first conclusions of law, the military judge ruled,

The third part of the test is that the communication must be in-
tended to be confidential. Having additional parties present
would normally breach a privilege; however, case law is clear
that the privilege is preserved when the third party is a “rela-
tionship by blood or marriage” and there is a “commonality of
interest” between the accused and the third party present dur-
ing the privileged communications. Here the other members of
the family have the proper relationship and there was a com-
monality of interest as described above in the spiritual reasons
for the meeting. Moreover, the rule provides that the communi-
cations are still confidential if the additional persons are those
to whom disclosure is in furtherance of the purpose of the com-
munication or to those reasonably necessary for the transmis-
sion of the communication. Here, the purpose of the communica-
tion was to repair the family relationship so the other family
members did further the purpose of the communication and
their presence was necessary. The other family members needed
to be there so that [ER] and the [Appellee] could clear the air
and so that all of the family members could move on as a family.
As such, the third part of the test is met.

The record again lends support for the military judge’s findings and conclu-
sions of law. In terms of confidentiality, BB believed the discussion was a “pri-
vate meeting.” BB believed the meetings she had one-on-one with the chaplain
were confidential, as well as the meeting she had with the chaplain and Appel-
lee. MR thought the meeting was meant to be “private between family and the
chaplain.” Chaplain RD stated she “very vaguely recall[ed] this family meet-
ing.” It was the chaplain’s understanding that this was a confidential meeting,

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

and that based on her training and the Air Force Instructions, “group counsel-
ing sessions are confidential.” Chaplain RD further stated it was her under-
standing that when a person comes to speak with the chaplain “that all com-
munication is privileged, unless we are given written permission by the indi-
vidual or individuals to divulge, [and] that also has to be notarized.” Appellee
testified that he “one hundred percent” believed the meeting was confidential,
as he had been advised during his career that “going to a chaplain was confi-
dential.” Even with others in the room, Appellee still believed the meeting was
confidential.

In Shelton, the CAAF concluded that the clergy privilege is “preserved
where there is a ‘relationship by blood or marriage’ as well as a ‘commonality
of interest’ between the accused and the third party present during the privi-
leged communications.”
64 M.J. at 39
. With this holding as a guide, the confi-
dentiality prong can be addressed in the following three parts: (1) relationship
by blood or marriage between Appellee and the parties present, (2) commonal-
ity of interest between Appellee and the parties present during the privileged
communication, and (3) presence of the parties “in furtherance of the purpose
of the communication” made to a clergywoman.
a. Relationship of the parties
The military judge properly concluded that the family members had the
proper relationship. Additionally, the Government’s assertion that a “relation-
ship by blood or marriage” does not include in-laws, is not persuasive. Our su-
perior court’s holding in Shelton clearly supports a finding that the presence of
certain persons other than the declarant does not vitiate the clergy privilege
and that the military judge’s conclusion of law on this point was not an abuse
of discretion.
64 M.J. at 39
. 14

14 In In re Grand Jury Investigation, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals explained,

We discern nothing in modern clergy-communicant privilege doctrine,
as it finds expression in either proposed [Fed. R. Evid.] 506 or the cases
recognizing the privilege that would limit the privilege’s application
solely to group discussions involving family members related by blood
or marriage. . . . As is the case with consultations between attorneys
and clients, the presence of multiple parties, unrelated by blood or mar-
riage, during discussions with a member of the clergy may, but will not
necessarily, defeat the condition that communications be made with a
reasonable expectation of confidentiality in order for the privilege to
attach.
918 F.2d at 386
.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

b. Commonality of Interest
The military judge found the presence of the third parties was necessary,
disclosure was in furtherance of the purpose of the communication, and that
there was commonality of interest in having the meeting “for the entire family
to get past the issues” and for “spiritual reasons.” In analyzing Shelton, it is
important to note the commonality of interest involving the appellant’s wife as
a third party and how she played a “pivotal role [in] sending” her husband to
their pastor. 62 M.J. at 39. This simple analysis indicates that the notion of
what constitutes a commonality of interest—language that does not appear in
a plain reading of Mil. R. Evid. 503, and scantily appears in case law (in the
clergy context)—is a low burden for Appellee to prove. In arguing that Appellee
clearly intended multiple third parties to know of his communication, the Gov-
ernment concedes at least one commonality of interest between the parties in
this family meeting, in that they all knew that the purpose of gathering in the
presence of the chaplain was for Appellee to disclose his actions in allegedly
recording ER. This concession goes to the heart of the military judge’s ruling,
where the purpose of Appellee’s communication was “to repair the family rela-
tionship.” The military judge found Appellee’s “other family members needed
to be there so that ER and [Appellee] could clear the air and so that all of the
family members could move on as a family.”
With this said, while there may not be a per se limit on how many people
could be privy to a communication, the more people who are exposed to a com-
munication, one could reasonably assume a greater expectation of scrutiny,
with a lesser likelihood of a commonality of interest amongst those parties.
The military judge did not abuse his discretion in finding there was a com-
monality of interest between the family members present.
c. Presence of the parties was “in furtherance of the purpose of
the communication” made to a clergywoman
The Government argues the military judge abused his discretion in finding
that Appellee’s statements were “confidential” communications, because of the
presence of these family members, and that Mil. R. Evid. 503 should be read
“plainly,” which requires that a communication must be made “to a clergyman.”
According to the Government, once Appellee directed his communications to-
wards all parties at the meeting, the privilege did not apply. Distinguishing
the facts of Shelton, the Government takes a restrictive position on the mean-
ing of confidentiality.
The appellant in Shelton confessed to sexual abuse of his stepdaughter to
his civilian pastor. After the confession, the pastor told the appellant to bring
his wife to the chapel to join the discussion, which the appellant did. Although
the appellant did not expressly confess to the sexual abuse, he did tell his wife,

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

“I did it. I did it. I’m wrong. I did it.” After the conclusion of the consultation,
the pastor told the appellant that state law required him to report the abuse.
The appellant’s wife ended up reporting the sexual abuse after the pastor told
her if she did not report her husband, he would. 64 M.J. at 34–35. The distinc-
tion the Government makes is that in Shelton, the appellant did not want his
wife to know what he revealed to the chaplain, whereas in Appellee’s case, he
“explicitly wanted” the family to hear his communication, and in fact, “he di-
rected it toward them.” The Government argues that Appellee’s communica-
tions can only be considered confidential if they are made to a clergyman, and
not anyone else, and by finding that the statements were made “towards the
family,” the military judge expanded the privilege beyond its plain language.
Yet, the law does not say the communications are confidential if only made
to a clergyman; it just says to a clergyman. To read the rule so plainly and so
restrictively is to ignore that the law accepts the possibility of having a third
party present, who has a commonality of interest, when the communications
are made, as discussed. For instance, if a husband and wife are meeting with
a chaplain and the husband confesses to his wife that he has committed adul-
tery and asks for forgiveness, it is unreasonable to think he would have a one-
way discussion with the chaplain. The military judge found that Appellee was
looking back and forth when he made statements to both Chaplain RD and ER,
supported by the fact that ER testified that Appellee primarily looked at Chap-
lain RD when he spoke. The military judge did not abuse his discretion in con-
cluding Appellee’s statements were made to the chaplain.
The military judge also did not abuse his discretion in finding that the fam-
ily members present were in furtherance of Appellee’s communications. On
this point, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in In re Grand Jury Investigation
noted,
Modern clergy-communicant privilege doctrine focuses, rather,
on whether the presence of a third party is essential to or in fur-
therance of a communication to a member of the clergy. We
think, consistent with the general constructional rule that evi-
dentiary privileges should be narrowly construed, that recogni-
tion of the clergy-communicant privilege in this circumstance de-
pends upon whether the third party’s presence is essential to
and in furtherance of a communication to a member of the
clergy.
918 F.2d at 386
. Without the family present, the chaplain present, and the
parameters of how the Appellee would disclose what he allegedly did to ER,
the family would not have been able to “clear the air and so the entire group
could get past it and move on as a family,” as found by the military judge.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

Finally, the Government made an argument that there is no evidence in
the record that Chaplain RD believed the presence of the family members
would further Appellee’s communication of a matter of conscience to her, nor
did the military judge make a conclusion as to why the family members needed
to be present, or needed to hear, Appellee’s statements to the chaplain. The
Government’s position is that Appellee’s communication to the third parties
had to be for the purpose of facilitating Chaplain RD in providing advice or
assistance to Appellee, yet it was the third parties who believed Chaplain RD’s
presence was necessary in furtherance of Appellee to communicate what he
allegedly did to ER to them.
To support its argument, the Government states this is what happened in
Shelton, where it was the pastor who decided that in order for the appellant to
obtain absolution, he had to confess to his wife. The Government also points us
to Harpole, 77 M.J. at 235, in which the CAAF looked at whether the third
party’s presence was in furtherance of the purpose of a communication in the
context of the victim-advocate privilege under Mil. R. Evid. 514. The appellant
in Harpole was accused of sexual assault. After the accusation was made, the
appellant reported to the victim advocate that the victim had sexually as-
saulted him, and in the presence of a third party, told the victim advocate what
happened. The CAAF found that the presence of the third party was not needed
for appellant to disclose his communications to the victim advocate, and there-
fore the victim-advocate privilege did not apply to the appellant’s communica-
tion. The CAAF stated, “The plain meaning of this phrase requires the com-
munication to the third person to be for the purpose of facilitating the victim
advocate in providing advice or assistance to the victim.” Harpole, 77 M.J. at
236.
However, the Government’s reliance on Harpole does not support its posi-
tion. In her testimony, BB stated that she chose Chaplain RD to assist the
family because “[Chaplain RD] was the only one who knew everything that had
happened. [Chaplain RD] talked a lot about it in [her] other sessions,” and that
Appellee “made it clear that he only wanted to speak to [Chaplain RD]. He in
general didn’t trust therapists or counselors very much.” It can be reasonably
inferred that Chaplain RD, as a spiritual advisor, knew exactly why she was
meeting with the family, and as a gatekeeper to the privilege, allowed the pres-
ence of the family members for the purpose of facilitating spiritual advice and
family healing, with the purpose relating back to Appellee’s disclosure of a
matter of conscience regarding wrongs he allegedly committed against ER. If
nothing else, Harpole actually strengthens Appellee’s position.
The military judge did not abuse his discretion in finding Appellee’s com-
munications were made confidentially, and together with his other findings

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

and conclusions, his rulings to exclude evidence of Appellee’s communications
under Mil. R. Evid. 503 were not an abuse of discretion.

III. CONCLUSION
The appeal of the United States under Article 62, UCMJ, is DENIED.

POSCH, Senior Judge (concurring in part and in the result):
I agree with Judge Meginley that this court has jurisdiction. I also agree
with his conclusion on the applicability of the privilege to exclude evidence be-
cause the military judge’s essential findings are neither arbitrary, fanciful,
clearly unreasonable, nor clearly erroneous. See United States v. Peterson,
48
M.J. 81, 83
(C.A.A.F. 1998). I write separately to articulate the findings that
are necessary to resolve the appeal and because the language of Mil. R. Evid.
503 and the decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces (CAAF) are adequate to reach a result.
Military Rule of Evidence 503 casts a veil of privilege over communications
to a spiritual advisor that are made “as a matter of conscience” and that are
“not intended to be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom disclo-
sure is in furtherance of the purpose of the communication.” The military judge
did not abuse his discretion when he excluded evidence of communications Ap-
pellee made in the presence of his wife and his wife’s family when they met
with a military chaplain.
A. Military Judge’s Factfinding
Appellee agreed to meet with the chaplain because he sought to mend the
relationship with his wife and save their marriage. Their relationship was
strained because Appellee had given his wife reason to believe he made visual
recordings of her sister, a minor, with his cell phone. Appellee was not willing
to discuss his actions with a counselor or therapist, but he was agreeable to a
family meeting with the same chaplain from whom Appellee and his wife had
previously sought guidance. Although not necessary to resolve the appeal, Ap-
pellee had previously met with the chaplain on his own, which may have fac-
tored into the military judge’s assessment of Appellee’s sincerity and candor
about why he was agreeable to the meeting and its purpose.
On direct examination, Appellee gave an oblique answer to a question
posed by his counsel who asked him, “[W]hy was it important to you to make
statements only to the [c]haplain . . . ?” Appellee replied in simple terms, “For
religious purposes.” Then, in response to the very next question about the “goal
of that meeting,” Appellee explained that he wanted to “eventually to be on
track and allow [their] family to move forward and keep [their] marriage.”

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

Later, and in response to a question posed to him by the military judge, asking
“what was the religious aspect” to the meeting, Appellee replied, “[i]t was a
spiritual issue,” which included “having guidance from a [c]haplain” to put the
relationship with his wife “back on track” and “save [their] marriage.”
Consistent with Appellee’s testimony, the military judge found Appellee’s
purpose was “to admit what he may have done and to resolve the matter with
the family.” In his first written ruling, the military judge found “spiritual rea-
sons for the meeting,” in line with Appellee’s testimony. In his written ruling
denying the Government’s motion for reconsideration, the military judge found
Appellee “was seeking to heal the family rift so they could move on.” The mili-
tary judge determined Appellee “was not seeking emotional support,” which
the CAAF found disqualifying in United States v. Napoleon,
46 M.J. 279, 285
(C.A.A.F. 1997), “but rather [Appellee sought] forgiveness 1 or at least under-
standing from the family and guidance or counseling from the [c]haplain.”
“Credibility is an important component of factfinding.” Peterson,
48 M.J. at
83
. Appellate courts “defer to the military judge’s assessment of the credibility
of the witnesses” when determining if a military privilege applies to exclude
evidence.
Id.
Considering Appellee’s testimony along with evidence about the
circumstances of the meeting at the base chapel, the military judge did not err
when he credited Appellee’s testimony and assigned a religious purpose to the
family meeting.
B. Matter of Conscience
In United States v. Shelton,
64 M.J. 32
(C.A.A.F. 2006), the CAAF described
the clergy privilege as “[o]ne of the most sacred.”
Id.
at 33 (quoting United
States v. Benner,
57 M.J. 210, 212
(C.A.A.F. 2002)). Observing that “a ‘matter
of conscience’ is privately held within a person,” id. at 38, our superior court
explained that Mil. R. Evid. 503 “‘recognizes the human need to disclose to a
spiritual counselor, in total and absolute confidence, what are believed to be
flawed acts or thoughts and to receive priestly consolation and guidance in re-
turn.’” Id. (quoting Trammel v. United States,
445 U.S. 40, 51
(1980)). Before
Shelton, our superior court consistently acknowledged this language in Tram-
mel when it applied Mil. R. Evid. 503 to the facts of a particular case. 2 In Na-
poleon, the CAAF looked to Trammel to evaluate if an appellant’s admissions
were a “formal act of religion” or made “as a matter of conscience,” ultimately

1 Appellee’s mother-in-law testified that Appellee asked “for forgiveness” from his sis-

ter-in-law.
2 See United States v. Napoleon,
46 M.J. 279, 285
(C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v.

Benner,
57 M.J. 210, 212
(C.A.A.F. 2002); United States v. Coleman,
26 M.J. 407, 410
(C.M.A. 1988).

20
United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

concluding “that appellant was seeking emotional support and consolation, not
guidance and forgiveness.”
46 M.J. at 285
.
The military judge found Appellee’s communication to his wife and her fam-
ily were made as a matter of conscience. In this regard, the finding is in accord
with the explanation of the privilege by our superior courts in Trammel and
Shelton and is entitled to some deference. 3 To reach this conclusion, the mili-
tary judge again relied on Appellee’s testimony. He also relied on evidence that
the chaplain started the meeting, said a prayer, and gave guidance in the form
of religious literature. The military judge also found convincing that Appellee
was willing to meet with his wife and her family in the presence of a chaplain,
but refused to meet with a therapist or counselor. The military judge found
that Appellee’s wife related to special agents of the Air Force Office of Special
Investigations that she remembered Appellee “mentioning wanting to only talk
to a clergy member due to spiritual reasons.” 4
In keeping with Trammel and Shelton, the military judge’s factfinding sup-
ports the conclusion that Appellee divulged “flawed acts” involving his minor
sister-in-law in a setting that was conducive to Appellee receiving guidance
from a chaplain in return. To be sure, there is no indication Appellee sought
absolution as a Catholic priest might be asked to grant forgiveness of sins.
However, the term, “matter of conscience,” where it appears in the rule would
be superfluous if it did not transcend formal acts of religion premised on Judeo-
Christian ideas of forgiveness and redemption. Because matters of conscience
are “privately held within a person,” Shelton,
64 M.J. at 38
, the term is at once
intrinsically subjective and comprehensive. A fair reading is that it spans be-
liefs and values as might be drawn externally from religion or ethics, or that
are spiritual or moral from within.
The military judge found spiritual reasons for the gathering, and that Ap-
pellee ascribed a religious purpose to the meeting. In line with Appellee’s un-
derstanding, Appellee wanted to reconcile with his wife and her family and he
hoped to save his marriage by divulging that he made recordings of his sister-
in-law. The military judge also found the chaplain believed her role in the
meeting was that of a spiritual advisor, and the record supports the conclusion

3 See United States v. Shelton,
64 M.J. 32, 37
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (“Whether a communica-

tion is privileged is a mixed question of fact and law. We will give the military judge’s
findings of fact deference, reversing such findings only if they are clearly erroneous,
while we review the legal conclusions de novo.” (footnotes and citations omitted)).
4 Appellee’s wife testified differently. When questioned whether Appellee wanted to

meet with a chaplain “for spiritual reasons,” she replied, “I think so, but I can’t say for
sure.” Nonetheless, the record supports the military judge’s factfinding that Appellee
met with the chaplain to reconcile with his wife and her family and save his marriage.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

that she acted in that capacity and no other. Likewise, the military judge found
Appellee sought guidance or counseling from the chaplain. Considering the
chaplain’s role, the religious setting and purpose, and Appellee’s goals, the mil-
itary judge did not abuse his discretion in finding that Appellee’s communica-
tions were made as a matter of conscience.
C. Confidentiality
The chaplain believed her session with the family was confidential. Appel-
lee shared this understanding, and the military judge credited both testimo-
nies to reach the conclusion that Appellee’s communication at the meeting was
meant to be confidential.

When third persons are present during a communication made to a chap-
lain, the communication is nonetheless confidential so long as disclosure to
third parties “is in furtherance of the purpose of the communication.” Mil. R.
Evid. 503(b)(3). This is so because the presence of third parties “essential to
and in furtherance of the communication, does not vitiate the clergy-commu-
nicant privilege.” Shelton
64 M.J. at 39
(citing In re Grand Jury Investigation,
918 F.2d 374, 377
(3d Cir. 1990)). Although our superior court in Shelton did
not find it necessary to “define the precise parameters of preserving [a] privi-
leged communication made in the presence of third parties,” the Court found
that under the circumstances in that case, which involved a husband and wife,
the “privilege is preserved where there is a ‘relationship by blood or marriage’
as well as a ‘commonality of interest’ between the accused and the third party
present during the privileged communications.”
Id.
(citing In re Grand Jury
Investigation, 918 F.2d at 385–88).

Appellee testified generally about the intrusion of his in-laws in his mar-
riage, and that the family meeting was meant to address an “entanglement
between in-laws and also [his] wife.” In accord with his testimony, the military
judge found the presence of Appellee’s wife and her family at the meeting was
necessary because the purpose of Appellee speaking at the meeting was to re-
pair the family relationship. Considering that Appellee’s goal was to save his
marriage after his wife and her family believed he had made furtive recordings
of his sister-in-law, the military judge did not abuse his discretion in finding a
commonality of interest between Appellee, his wife, and her family. The record
supports the conclusion that the presence of Appellee’s wife and in-laws was
essential to and “in furtherance of the purpose of the communication.” Mil. R.
Evid. 503(b)(3). Consequently, Appellee’s communications disclosed to his wife
and her family are afforded confidentiality to the same extent as Appellee’s
confidential communications to the chaplain in her capacity as a spiritual ad-
viser.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

For these reasons, the military judge did not abuse his discretion in his
application of Mil. R. Evid. 503 to exclude evidence of Appellee’s communica-
tions, and I concur in the result.

RICHARDSON, Judge (dissenting):
I disagree with the opinion of my colleagues that Appellee’s communica-
tions were a matter of conscience and confidential under Military Rule of Evi-
dence (Mil. R. Evid.) 503. I would grant the United States’ appeal, and reverse
the military judge’s ruling that allows Appellee to assert the clergy-penitent
privilege to exclude evidence of communications he made to his then-wife’s
family. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Appellee, as the
prevailing party on the motion at trial, I find the military judge misconstrued
the privilege and abused his discretion. See United States v. Shelton,
64 M.J.
32, 37
(C.A.A.F. 2006).
“Because privileges ‘run contrary to a court’s truth-seeking function,’ they
are narrowly construed.” United States v. Jasper,
72 M.J. 276, 280
(C.A.A.F.
2013) (quoting United States v. Custis,
65 M.J. 366, 369
(C.A.A.F. 2007) (con-
sidering waiver of the clergy-penitent privilege under Mil. R. Evid. 510).
At the outset, I highlight two findings of fact that are not supported by the
record and significantly impact analysis of the issues. The military judge found
“BB stated that it was [GR’s] idea to have the family meeting with the chap-
lain” and “[GR] suggested the entire family meet with the base chaplain.” In
fact, the record shows it was GR’s idea to have a meeting, but not necessarily
with a chaplain. GR testified:
So I asked [BB] if there was a possibility that we could have a
third party involved and mediate for us so that we could get it
out in the open and move on. . . . So she had been seeing a coun-
selor and she had seen the Chaplain before and I suggested ei-
ther one of those and then [BB] set it up.
In BB’s statement to agents from the Air Force Office of Special Investigations
(AFOSI) and her testimony at trial, BB stated it was GR’s suggestion to have
the meeting; BB considered whether to meet with a therapist or the chaplain;
and when she approached Appellee about attending a meeting, he was only
willing to meet with the family with a chaplain and not a therapist. BB also
wanted to meet with Chaplain RD because she “was the only one who knew
about everything that had happened” from their prior meetings. BB did not
testify about how she arranged the family meeting with Chaplain RD or what
she told Chaplain RD about the intent for the meeting.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

Contrary to the conclusion reached in the lead opinion, the record does not
support a finding that Chaplain RD explained the purpose of the meeting at
the outset. The military judge found as fact in his first and second rulings,
respectively, that “Chaplain [RD] started the meeting by explaining why they
were there” and “Chaplain [RD] began the family session; she explained their
purpose in being there—something she knew from a discussion with [BB] prior
to the session.” The military judge did not further make a finding about what
that “purpose in being there” was. The evidence supports only a conclusion that
Chaplain RD began the meeting, which fact alone has little relevance to the
issue at hand. GR testified: “The Chaplain opened the discussion about, you
know, just kind of like a—she was trying to understand why we were there and
what we wanted from our meeting.” ER did not recall what Chaplain RD said
at the beginning of the meeting, but at some point she said “the goal was for
everybody to be together when we leave.” BB remembered Chaplain RD opened
the meeting by introducing herself to the family. Chaplain RD testified, but
she had a “very vague[ ] recall” of the meeting and could not testify about
whether she said anything in particular at this meeting. Even Appellee did not
testify that Chaplain RD started the meeting with an explanation of its pur-
pose. When answering the military judge’s question about the “religious as-
pect” of the meeting, Appellee testified: “When we were in the room, I remem-
ber her introducing yourself [sic] as a Chaplain, her speaking about her roles,
and just—yeah, that’s about it I guess.”
A. Formal Act of Religion or Matter of Conscience
I agree with the lead opinion on this first point: the military judge’s conclu-
sion that Appellee’s communication was part of a formal act of religion is error.
Moreover, I would find it not only is unsupported by fact but demonstrates an
incorrect application of the law. An “‘act of religion’ must comply with the par-
ticular tenets of a faith.” See Shelton,
64 M.J. at 37
. The military judge made
no findings about Appellee’s faith or any tenets of that faith. His discussion
includes no facts or analysis that would indicate he differentiated a formal act
of religion from a matter of conscience.
I diverge from the views of my colleagues on the second point. I would find
the military judge abused his discretion when he accepted Appellee’s conclu-
sions that his communications were religious and spiritual in nature without
any reasonable explanation of how they were a matter of conscience. Moreover,
I find “matter of conscience” must relate to the role of the clergy for Mil. R.
Evid. 503 to apply, and cannot be wholly secular in nature. 1

1 “Secular” as used here is distinguished from religious, moral, ethical, or spiritual.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

“Matter of conscience” has not been well defined in our jurisprudence. The
clergy-communication privilege originated in the Army as a privilege between
an Army chaplain and a communicant, and covered communications made “ei-
ther as a formal act of religion or as a matter of conscience to a chaplain.” Rule
of Evidence 137b (Communications between Husband and Wife, Attorney and
Client, and Chaplain and Communicant), Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States Army (1949 ed.). The privilege was broadened in the first uniform Man-
ual for Courts-Martial, to include not only chaplains but “priests and clergy-
men of any denomination.” Rule of Evidence 151b(2), Manual for Courts-Mar-
tial, United States (1951 ed.). The nature of the covered communications did
not significantly change; the privilege protected those made “either as a formal
act of religion or concerning a matter of conscience.”
Id.
As a result of amend-
ments to the Military Rules of Evidence in 1980, the clergy privilege became a
stand-alone privilege, designated Mil. R. Evid. 503. See Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States, App. 22, at A22-36 (1984 ed.). In the iterations of the
privilege to the present day, the phrase “matter of conscious” has been unde-
fined.
Given the history of this military privilege covering both religion and mat-
ters of conscience, and residing in communications to chaplains, it is useful to
look to the scope of the practice of military chaplains to determine what nature
of communications to clergy should be covered by Mil. R. Evid. 503. Here, Air
Force Policy Directive 52-1, Chaplain Corps, ¶ 3.2 (5 Nov. 2018), cited by the
Government and noted in the lead opinion, provides some assistance in under-
standing how clergy assist with matters of religion and conscience: “chaplains
are uniquely positioned to assist Service members, their families, and other
authorized personnel with the challenges of military service as advocates of
religious, moral, ethical, and spiritual well-being and resiliency.” (Emphasis
added). Thus, the prerequisite in Mil. R. Evid. 503 that communications are
protected if made either as a formal act of religion or as a matter of conscience
generally is met when the communication relates to formal or informal reli-
gious, moral, ethical, or spiritual purposes. This conclusion is not novel; my
colleagues find a similar breadth of “matters of conscience,” albeit via different
avenues.
Before this court, Appellee’s counsel argued Appellee’s communications
were for “forgiveness” and “unburdening,” however no such goals are present
in the record. In this regard, the end of Appellee’s direct examination is most
telling:
[DC:] [Appellee], why was it important to you to make state-
ments only to the Chaplain in February 2016?
[Appellee:] For religious purposes.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

[DC:] What was the goal of that meeting?
[Appellee:] Well, at the time, me, my in-laws, [BB], we had a very
shaky relationship. We had a lot of problems. There was a lot of
intrusion with in-laws so I was hoping at the time that when this
was first scheduled by them it was something that was going to
encompass all the issues in our relationship. So I was hoping we
would actually get—my goal was eventually to be on track and
allow our family to move forward and keep our marriage.
The military judge probed Appellee to explain “the religious aspect of the
meeting.” At first, Appellee did not appear to understand the question, as his
answer was about the chapel and the chaplain’s actions at the start of the
meeting, discussed above. The military judge then narrowed his questions:
[MJ:] What exactly were you looking to get out religiously from
the meeting?
[Appellee:] Oh.
[MJ:] I understand you were trying to work out issues with your
in-laws and your wife, but what was the religious aspect of that?
[Appellee:] It was a spiritual issue, just one that I was hoping to
get things that—like I said with our entire relationship back on
track, having guidance from a Chaplain, being able to reiterate
any issues or any—any entanglement as I think what—it was
told before that we’ve had and just set our—basically save our
marriage and set our path straight toward.
The military judge, in his second ruling, stated “In this case, the court has
concluded that [Appellee] was seeking to heal the family rift so they could move
on. He was not seeking emotional support, but rather forgiveness or at least
understanding from the family and guidance or counseling from the Chap-
lain.” 2 Yet the military judge did not make a finding of fact that Appellee
sought forgiveness or understanding. And such a finding would have scant sup-
port from the record. Notably, Appellee did not testify that he attended the
meeting in search of forgiveness or understanding—from anyone. Appellee
gave no indication his communications were to admit or seek guidance for his
“flawed act.” See Trammel v. United States,
445 U.S. 40, 51
(1980).

2 The military judge apparently tried to distinguish this case from United States v.

Napoleon,
46 M.J. 279, 285
(C.A.A.F. 1997), which found a “communication is not priv-
ileged, even if made to a clergyman, if it is made for emotional support and consolation
rather than as a formal act of religion or as a matter of conscience.”

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

The record does not show how any communication Appellee made in this
meeting to fix his relationship with his in-laws was a matter of conscience.
While GR testified Appellee asked only the alleged victim to forgive him, the
record does not show Appellee did this for a religious or spiritual purpose, but
instead to achieve his stated goal of addressing the “entanglement between in-
laws and also [his] wife.” Nor does the record support a conclusion that Appel-
lee made communications out of a sense of his own ethics or morals. The two
purposes—that is, matter of conscience (whether religious, spiritual, ethical,
or moral) and family healing—can overlap, but the record does not support a
conclusion that they do in this case.
In his first ruling, the military judge made an inference from Appellee’s
stated goal. The military judge found: “The purpose of the meeting was to help
the family resolve the dispute and move on. If that was the purpose of the
meeting, then the Accused’s statement was a matter of conscience to admit
what he may have done and to resolve the matter with the family.” (Emphasis
added). The military judge does not explain in either ruling how Appellee ad-
mitting only that he “may have done” something is a confession or a communi-
cation made as a matter of conscience. 3 Moreover, one can only make an infer-
ence here, as Appellee did not testify that his intent was to confess—to anyone.
Appellee had the burden of proof and persuasion on this motion. He presented
evidence and called witnesses. He testified on his own behalf, and was exam-
ined by the Government and the military judge. Appellee failed to provide the
link between his goal of untangling his issues with his in-laws and his con-
science. The military judge supplied that link by making an inference, which
my colleagues accept but I find was unreasonable in this case.
Assuming the military judge was rightfully cautious not to question the
Appellee more about how his communications were a matter of conscience, lest
he appear to place a value on Appellee’s beliefs vice ascertaining what they
even were, and one accepts Appellee’s unsupported conclusion that his commu-
nications were a “spiritual” matter of conscience, the analysis does not end.
B. Communications Made to a Clergyman
The record supports the conclusions that Chaplain RD was serving as a
clergyman at the time of the meeting and also, albeit narrowly, that she was
serving in her capacity as a spiritual advisor. The issue here is whether Appel-
lee’s communications which the Government seeks to introduce were made to
Chaplain RD.

3 Or as a formal act of religion, as the military judge next concluded in both his rulings.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

At trial and in this appeal, Appellee focuses on whom Appellee was looking
at during the meeting. I do not envision an unwieldy application of Mil. R. Evid.
503 that would require a finding about where an accused was looking at the
time he made any given covered communication. 4 Instead, we can look to the
rule itself, which protects “confidential communication by the person to a cler-
gyman or to a clergyman’s assistant,” and to the intent of the privilege, includ-
ing “the human need to disclose to a spiritual counselor, in total and absolute
confidence, what are believed to be flawed acts or thoughts and to receive
priestly consolation and guidance in return.” United States v. Napoleon,
46
M.J. 279, 285
(C.A.A.F. 1997) (citing Trammel,
445 U.S. at 51
; United States
v. Coleman,
26 M.J. 407, 420
(C.M.A. 1988)).
The military judge made findings in his second ruling that “When [Appel-
lee] made the alleged admissions, he looked primarily at both [ER] and the
Chaplain.” In his analysis, which he captioned as “Conclusions of Law,” he
found as fact that:
[Appellee] was looking back and forth between [ER] and Chap-
lain [RD] when he made the statements. 5 This fact alone would
be enough to conclude that the statements were at least “to” both
of them. More importantly, the reason for the statements was to
help the family heal and move on. As such, the statements were
really to all of those present at the meeting—the family mem-
bers and the Chaplain. The statements were to the family mem-
bers to admit what he had done and to the Chaplain to seek any
guidance and counseling.
If Appellee intended Chaplain RD to hear his statements, 6 I am satisfied that
he made them “to” her, even if he made them to other persons at the same time.
The significance of the other parties present is germane to the last compo-
nent—confidentiality.

4 The military judge’s findings show the difficulty and futility of such an approach.

5 I note that while this finding is supported by the record, testimony from GR and BB

would support the opposite conclusion—that Appellee was looking at only ER or his
fingers while making the communications at issue.
6 Appellee described Chaplain RD’s actions during the meeting as “a few times minorly

she interrupted and she also handed out I remember a religious book at the end” and
“during the conversation, it was a very minor point, where she did interject and she
did use a little bit of biblical” as she addressed the group.

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

C. Confidentiality of Appellee’s Communication
The issue presented here is one the United States Court of Appeals for the
Armed Forces (CAAF) highlighted but did not squarely address in Shelton: the
effect of the presence of a third party. To be clear, while similar, this is not an
issue involving disclosure to “third persons” as that phrase is used in Mil. R.
Evid. 503(b)(3) (“A communication is ‘confidential’ if . . . [it] is not intended to
be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom disclosure is in further-
ance of the purpose of the communication. . . .”). In Shelton, the CAAF did not
invoke Mil. R. Evid. 503 to find the privilege was preserved. Instead, drawing
on In re Grand Jury Investigation, 7 the CAAF upheld the privilege because the
third party—the appellant’s wife—was related to the appellant by marriage
and shared a “commonality of interest” as she “played the pivotal role of send-
ing [the a]ppellant to [the clergyman] in the first instance.” Shelton,
64 M.J. at
39
(citing In re Grand Jury Investigation, 918 F.2d at 385−88). The CAAF con-
tinued:
We need not presently define the precise parameters of preserv-
ing this privileged communication made in the presence of third
parties. It is sufficient here to conclude that this privilege is pre-
served where there is a “relationship by blood or marriage” as
well as a “commonality of interest” between the accused and the
third party present during the privileged communication.
Id.
(citing In re Grand Jury Investigation, 918 F.2d at 385−88). The CAAF re-
peated this view in United States v. Harpole,
77 M.J. 231
, 235 (C.A.A.F. 2018),
when considering the victim-advocate privilege under Mil. R. Evid. 514: “In
other [Mil. R. Evid.] privilege contexts, we have declined to ‘define the precise
parameters of preserving . . . privileged communication made in the presence
of third parties,’ but we have recognized that a privilege still exists if ‘there is
a relationship by blood or marriage’ as well as a ‘commonality of interest’ be-
tween the accused and the third party.’”
Id.
(citing Shelton,
64 M.J. at 39
).
As demonstrated above, the military judge concluded Appellee’s communi-
cations had dual purposes: (1) to repair his family issues, and (2) to seek coun-
seling and guidance from a chaplain. In his initial ruling, he concluded that
the presence of the family (third parties), who were necessary to address pur-
pose (1), was in furtherance of purpose (2):
Here the other members of the family have the proper relation-
ship and there was a commonality of interest as described above

7 The court in In re Grand Jury Investigation acknowledged and analyzed a federal

common law privilege, not an evidentiary rule promulgated by the President.
918 F.2d
374
(3d Cir. 1990).

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

in the spiritual reasons for the meeting. Moreover, the rule pro-
vides that the communications are still confidential if the addi-
tional persons are those to whom disclosure is in furtherance of
the purpose of the communication or to those reasonably neces-
sary for the transmission of the communication. Here, the pur-
pose of the communication was to repair the family relationship
so the other family members did further the purpose of the com-
munication and their presence was necessary. The other family
members needed to be there so that [ER] and [Appellee] could
clear the air and so that all of the family members could move
on as a family. As such, the third part of the prong is met.
The military judge’s conclusions about purposes are not supported by the
record. He did not find as fact that all the family was there for “spiritual rea-
sons.” He found that “[Appellee] went to the family session with Chaplain [RD]
for religious purposes.” The record supports a conclusion that perhaps BB at-
tended the meeting because she wanted “a religious perspective,” but it does
not support a conclusion that any other family member had a desire for reli-
gious guidance. As discussed above, the military judge’s finding that GR sug-
gested a meeting with a chaplain—as opposed to any other mediator—is not
supported by the record.
If the phrase “disclosed to third persons” in Mil. R. Evid. 503(b)(3) never-
theless should be construed as meaning “communicated to third parties,” as
the military judge and the lead opinion interpret the rule, both Appellee and
Appellant agree that the “purpose” in the subsequent phrase “in furtherance
of the purpose” relates back to “formal act of religion or as a matter of con-
science” in Mil. R. Evid. 503(a) and not some other goal of the meeting (e.g., to
repair the family relationship). The record is devoid of evidence to support even
an inference that Appellee required the presence of the third parties in order
to receive spiritual guidance and counseling from a chaplain. If Appellee
agreed to attend a meeting with his in-laws only if a chaplain were present in
order to benefit from the confidentiality he believed would protect his commu-
nications, the privilege may well attach if he also intended his communications
as a matter of conscience. If he wanted to get his family’s “relationship back on
track” out of a sense of ethical duty or his own moral compass or for religious
or spiritual reasons, such intent is not supported by the record in this case. All
the reasons Appellee provided for attending the meeting with his extended
family were for his own secular benefit; none were for religious, spiritual, eth-
ical, or moral reasons, and thus none were a matter of conscience.
Appellee receiving spiritual guidance or counseling was not the “common
interest” of the third parties. While the family were related to Appellee, their
interests were not aligned. The family’s purpose was not for Appellee to confess

30
United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

to a chaplain or otherwise clear his conscience before a clergyman; they did not
encourage him to seek any religious or spiritual guidance, as did the third
party in Shelton,
64 M.J. at 39
. As GR stated, they wanted to talk about the
“elephant in the room” 8 with Appellee in the presence of a mediator. Again,
assuming the meeting served two purposes—family healing and spiritual guid-
ance—the third parties were present only for the former and, with the possible
exception of BB, not to facilitate the latter. Therefore, the military judge erred
when he found the statements met the rule’s definition of confidential.
Similarly, the record does not indicate Chaplain RD required the presence
of any third party to provide assistance to Appellee on a matter of conscience,
and the military judge made no such finding. See Harpole, at 236 (finding Mil.
R. Evid. 514(b)(3) by its express terms provides communications are confiden-
tial if not intended to be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom
disclosure is made in furtherance of the rendition of advice or assistance to the
alleged victim, i.e., “for the purpose of facilitating the victim advocate in provid-
ing advice or assistance to the victim.”) The lead opinion cites Harpole, supra,
to support its conclusion, and asserts Chaplain RD “knew exactly why she was
meeting with the family, and as a gatekeeper to the privilege, allowed the pres-
ence of the family members for the purpose of facilitating spiritual advice and
family healing.” However, the record does not support its factual findings that
Chaplain RD knew the purpose of the meeting beforehand or took any active
role in determining who should be present.
The requirement that some third party be present for clerical assistance to
be either received or given was evident in Shelton, but not here. In Shelton,
“[s]ince [the clergyman] believed that [the a]ppellant’s wife’s presence was nec-
essary for his redemption, [the a]ppellant brought his wife into the room where
she learned that [the a]ppellant had been sexually abusing his stepdaughter.”
Shelton,
64 M.J. at 39
. There, the appellant’s wife was necessary for both the
clergyman to give and the appellant to receive spiritual assistance; here, we
have no such evidence. Again, while statements in this group counseling ses-
sion could have been made as a matter of conscience, in this case the record
supports only one reasonable conclusion: they were not.

8 GR agreed with defense counsel that “the point of this meeting was family healing”

and she “wanted to be able to forgive [Appellant].” She added she “wanted it to not be
the white elephant in the room.” When defense counsel next asked whether she
“wanted [Appellant] to know that he had been forgiven,” GR replied, “I wanted him to
know that we loved him and that we still loved him.” She agreed her “goal was to move
on after this meeting,” explaining she “didn’t think [they] had a choice because they
were going to stay together and [they] were going to still be a family.”

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

While the witnesses all believed the meeting was “confidential” or “pri-
vate,” few elaborated on what that meant. Conspicuously absent is testimony
about whether they believed any of the family was free to repeat any commu-
nications made at the meeting, or whether they felt as constrained as the chap-
lain from disclosing any communications. 9 The evidence shows at least one of
the family spoke to AFOSI agents about what Appellee said at the meeting
regarding ER. The record supports a finding that the parties—including the
chaplain—assumed the meeting would have some level of privacy or confiden-
tiality, but none was discussed. It is not reasonable to conclude that Appellee
can claim a privilege that requires communications to a member of the clergy
for a matter of conscience when Appellee’s purpose was not for his “human
need to disclose to a spiritual counselor, in total and absolute confidence, what
are believed to be flawed acts or thoughts and to receive priestly consolation
and guidance in return” but to address his in-laws’ grievances in person with
a chaplain present. See Trammel,
445 U.S. at 51
.
This court does not have the authority to create a “group” clergy-penitent
privilege. It is the prerogative of the “policymaking branches of government”
to “add exceptions to the codified privileges within the military justice system,”
not the Courts of Criminal Appeals. Custis,
65 M.J. at 369
. If communications
made to both clergy and third parties should be protected, the President may
modify Mil. R. Evid. 503 accordingly. See United States v. Slape,
76 M.J. 501
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2016) (recognizing Mil. R. Evid. 504 was amended so the
word “child” would include someone for whom one of the spouses had physical
custody, which amendment superseded the holding in United States v.
McCollum,
58 M.J. 323
(C.A.A.F. 2003), rejecting this de facto interpretation
of “child.”)). 10 “[W]hereas privileges evolve in other federal courts based on case
law determinations, in the military system the privileges and their exceptions
are expressly delineated,” Custis, 65 M.J. at 370−71, “to provide the certainty

9 For example, in response to defense counsel’s question to BB, “And you believe the

[prior] meeting that you had with Chaplain [RD] and [Appellee] was confidential?” BB
testified, “I—um, yeah, I don’t believe that she was going to tell anybody, yes.” The
defense counsel then clarified, “So you believe that Chaplain [RD] would not talk with
anyone about the meetings?” to which BB responded, “Right, yes.”
10 Federal law may recognize a “group” clergy-penitent privilege, but the facts do not

support such a determination here. In Re Grand Jury Investigation is instructive, not-
ing “in a situation where numerous persons, each seeking individual spiritual guid-
ance, choose to meet as a group with a clergy member, a privilege does not exist unless,
upon independent scrutiny, the ‘essentiality and in furtherance’ test is met.” In Re
Grand Jury Investigation, 918 F.2d at n.19. Here, in addition to not being essential for
Appellee to receive spiritual guidance, the family members were not “each seeking in-
dividual spiritual guidance.”

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United States v. Harris, Misc. Dkt. No. 2020-07

and stability necessary for military justice,” United States v. Tipton,
23 M.J.
338, 343
(C.M.A. 1987).

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court

United States v. Harris

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