Zamora v. Costco Wholesale Corporation

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MARGARITA ZAMORA, Case No. 23-cv-04223-JST 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR 9 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT 10 COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION, Re: ECF No. 19 Defendant. 11 12 13 Before the Court is Defendant Costco Wholesale Corp.’s (“Costco”) motion for summary 14 judgment. The Court will grant the motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 Plaintiff Margarita Zamora brought this action against her former employer Costco 17 alleging that Costco both discriminated against her based on her disability and failed to 18 accommodate her disability in violation of California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act 19 (“FEHA”). Zamora began working at Costco in 1996 and has worked in various departments, 20 including management, during her time there. ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 7–8. On March 31, 2018, while 21 most recently working as a stocker for the electronics department at Costco’s Redwood City 22 Warehouse #1042, Zamora sustained a workplace injury when she fell off a ladder and injured her 23 right shoulder. Id. ¶ 9; ECF No. 19-1 at 8. Prior to her injury, Zamora’s job as a stocker required 24 her to perform several physically demanding functions, including stocking products, moving 25 pallets from the sales floor, and assisting customers to load large items into their carts. ECF No. 26 19-1at 81–82. Those functions required her to frequently lift items weighing 11 to 50 pounds and 27 occasionally lift items weighing between 51 and 75 pounds. Id. 1 shoulder to heal—placing her in sections of the warehouse that required her only to handle small 2 items. ECF No. 19-1 at 18. After several weeks of this modified arrangement, Costco informed 3 Zamora that it could no longer keep her on this modified work placement and that she would have 4 to file an incident report to continue working. Id. at 19. 5 On April 12, 2018, a workers’ compensation medical provider who examined Zamora 6 released her to work with restrictions to avoid lifting, carrying, pushing, or pulling more than ten 7 pounds. ECF No. 19-1 at 27–28. Trina Sanchez, the General Manager of the Redwood City 8 Warehouse #1042, advised Zamora that Costco would offer her temporary transitional duty as a 9 stocker in the clothing department as an accommodation. Id. at 119. This temporary transitional 10 duty excused Zamora from performing any job duties requiring that she lift more than ten 11 pounds—without any lost of pay—with the understanding that she would later be re-evaluated to 12 determine if she could return to her regular Stocker position. See id. By July 2018, Zamora’s 13 shoulder injury had not improved, and Zamora again accepted temporary transitional duty to allow 14 her to work with the same medical restrictions. Id. at 121. On September 25, 2018, Zamora’s 15 medical restrictions remained the same, and Zamora requested a workers’ compensation leave of 16 absence, which Costco granted. See id. at 125. 17 On January 31, 2019, Zamora had surgery on her right shoulder and remained on a medical 18 leave of absence. ECF No. 1-1 ¶ 10. On September 17, 2019, Costco’s workers’ compensation 19 claims administrator provided Zamora with a letter offering her a temporary opportunity to work 20 in its Interim Community Employment program organizing and filing documents. ECF No. 19-1 21 at 136–38. When this temporary position ended, Costco approved another medical leave of 22 absence. Id. at 140–46. By August 2020, Zamora’s primary treating physician deemed her to 23 have reached maximum medical improvement and prescribed permanent restrictions that she 24 could not lift, carry, push, or pull more than ten pounds using her right shoulder. ECF No. 19-1 at 25 44–45, 161, 165. 26 On September 23, 2020, Costco met with Zamora in a Job Assessment Meeting (“JAM”) 27 to determine whether Costco could provide reasonable accommodations that would allow her to 1 Costco’s Integrated Leave team discussed each essential function of the stocker position with 2 Zamora. ECF No. 19-1 at 178–82. Zamora acknowledged that she was unable to perform any 3 functions that required her to lift more than ten pounds but suggested that she could perform 4 modified functions, such as taking care of the setup tasks for clothing while other stockers did the 5 lifting. Id. at 179. 6 Sanchez informed Zamora that it appeared that no modifications or reasonable 7 accommodations existed that would allow her to perform all the essential functions of the stocker 8 position. Id. at 178–80. Sanchez also provided Zamora a list of four open positions for her to 9 consider: (1) general stocker for the a.m. shift, (2) general stocker for the p.m. shift, (3) front end 10 assistant, and (4) meat cutter. ECF No. 19-1 at 180. 11 Each of the first three positions would require Zamora to push, pull, and lift more than ten 12 pounds, and the meat cutter position would be a promotional position that would also require 13 Zamora to perform physically demanding functions. See id. at 180–82. Sanchez thus determined 14 that Zamora could not fill any of the available vacant positions with or without reasonable 15 accommodations. Id. After the JAM, Costco informed Zamora that it would continue to provide 16 her with job postings for the next 60 days, but that if she could not return to work, Costco could 17 terminate her employment at the conclusion of her leave of absence. Id. at 185–86. On December 18 1, 2020, Sanchez sent a letter to Zamora confirming that Zamora had exhausted her leave of 19 absence and was unable to return to work and thus had until December 12, 2020, to tender her 20 resignation. Id. at 188. On January 29, 2021, Costco terminated Zamora’s employment. ECF No. 21 19-1 at 190. 22 II. JURISDICTION 23 This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 24 III. LEGAL STANDARD 25 Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show that there 26 is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 27 law.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the case. 1 genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving 2 party. See id. 3 A court shall grant summary judgment “against a party who fails to make a showing 4 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that 5 party will bear the burden of proof at trial [,] . . . since a complete failure of proof concerning an 6 essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” 7 See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). The moving party bears the initial 8 burden of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue 9 of material fact. Id. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to “go beyond the 10 pleadings and by [his] own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 11 admissions on file,’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” See 12 id. at 324 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). 13 For purposes of summary judgment, the court must view the evidence in the light most 14 favorable to the non-moving party, drawing all justifiable inferences in that party’s favor. AXIS 15 Reinsurance Co. v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 975 F.3d 840, 844 (9th Cir. 2020). If, as to any 16 given material fact, evidence produced by the moving party conflicts with evidence produced by 17 the nonmoving party, the Court must assume the truth of the evidence set forth by the nonmoving 18 party with respect to that material fact. Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1026 (9th Cir. 2013). 19 However, facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party only if there is 20 a “genuine” dispute as to those facts. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). The court’s 21 function on a summary judgment motion is not to make credibility determinations or weigh 22 conflicting evidence. Manley v. Rowley, 847 F.3d 705, 711 (9th Cir. 2017). 23 IV. DISCUSSION 24 A. FEHA Disability Discrimination and Reasonable Accommodation 25 FEHA provides that it is an “unlawful employment practice” for any employer, “because 26 of the . . . physical disability . . . of any person . . . to discharge the person from employment . . . or 27 to discriminate against the person in compensation or in terms, conditions, or privileges of 1 discrimination, a plaintiff must establish that she (1) suffered from a disability; (2) could perform 2 the essential duties of the job with or without reasonable accommodations, meaning that she was a 3 “qualified individual”; and (3) was subjected to an adverse employment action because of the 4 disability. See Green v. California, 42 Cal. 4th 254, 262 (2007); Brundage v. Hahn, 57 Cal. App. 4th 228, 236 (1997). 5 If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, then “the burden shifts to the employer to 6 rebut the presumption by producing admissible evidence . . . that its action was taken for a 7 legitimate nondiscriminatory reason.” Guz v. Bechtel Nat’l, Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 355–56 (2000). 8 If the employer meets that burden, then “[t]he plaintiff must then have the opportunity to attack 9 the employer’s proffered reasons as pretexts for discrimination, or to offer any other evidence of 10 discriminatory motive . . . . The ultimate burden of persuasion on the issue of actual 11 discrimination remains with the plaintiff.” Id. at 356. To prevail, the plaintiff must show that his 12 or her disability or perceived disability “was a substantial factor motivating the adverse 13 employment action.” Harris v. City of Santa Monica, 56 Cal. 4th 203, 225 (2013). “If a rational 14 trier of fact could, on all the evidence, find that the employer’s action was taken for impermissibly 15 discriminatory reasons, summary judgment for the defense is inappropriate.” Wallis v. J.R. 16 Simplot Co., 26 F.3d 885, 889 (9th Cir. 1994). 17 Similarly, the elements of a failure to accommodate claim are: “‘(1) the plaintiff has a 18 disability under the FEHA, (2) the plaintiff is qualified to perform the essential functions of the 19 position, and (3) the employer failed to reasonably accommodate the plaintiff’s disability.’” 20 Nigro v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 784 F.3d 495, 498 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Scotch v. Art Inst. of 21 California-Orange Cty., Inc., 173 Cal. App. 4th 986, 93 (2009)). 22 “FEHA does not obligate an employer to choose the best accommodation or the specific 23 accommodation a disabled employee or applicant seeks,” only a “reasonable” one. Raine v. City 24 of Burbank, 135 Cal. App. 4th 1215, 1222 (2006). A reasonable accommodation is “a 25 modification or adjustment to the workplace that enables the employee to perform the essential 26 functions of the job held or desired.” Nadaf–Rahrov, 166 Cal. App. 4th at 974. Examples include 27 job restructuring, modified work schedules, and reassignment to a vacant position. “Although the 1 evidence leads to only one conclusion as to the reasonableness of the accommodation sought, 2 summary judgment is proper.” Raine, 135 Cal. App. 4th at 1227 n.11. 3 1. Whether Zamora was a “Qualified Individual” 4 Costco primarily argues that Zamora could not perform most of the essential functions of 5 her stocker position with or without reasonable accommodations, including “lifting, carrying, 6 pushing and pulling items in the warehouse to display or stock aisles and shelves with 7 merchandise.” ECF No. 19 at 17–19. Zamora does not appear to contest that those functions were 8 “essential” or that, following her injury, she was no longer able to perform those functions. 9 Instead, she argues that there “were a lot of tasks she could have performed, including greeting, 10 receipts, handling smaller items, making customer service phone calls and getting cross trained to 11 work in the bakery.” ECF No. 20 at 7. She further argues that she had “expressed interest in the 12 part time position in merchandising, but she was never accepted for that position” and that “her 13 immediate supervisor discouraged her from applying to that position.” ECF No. 20 at 7. 14 “California law is emphatic that an employer has no affirmative duty to create a new 15 position to accommodate a disabled employee.” Raine, 135 Cal. App. 4th at 1224. Specifically, 16 “an employer is not required to create light-duty positions for purposes of accommodating a 17 disabled employee unable to perform the essential functions of the position for which he or she 18 was hired,” and “an employer who has created such a temporary assignment has no duty to 19 transform that accommodation into a permanent position once it is informed the employee’s 20 disability has become permanent.” Id. at 1224; see also Watkins v. Ameripride Servs., 375 F.3d 21 821, 824 (9th Cir. 2004) (employer not required to create full-time special delivery position that 22 did not previously exist). Accordingly, Costco had no duty to create a modified position where 23 Zamora performed only the various tasks she proposed without performing any of the essential 24 functions that were beyond her medical limitations. 25 Furthermore, the “part time position in merchandising” that Zamora expressed interest in 26 was a position as a morning stocker. See ECF No. 20-1 at 16–17. As with her previous stocker 27 position, the morning stocker role would require Zamora to perform essential functions that 1 response during her JAM that she could clean and set up clothing for the rest of the stocker team, 2 but Costco informed her that such an arrangement would be excusing essential functions of the 3 job. See id. Because it is well established that “FEHA does not obligate the employer to 4 accommodate the employee by excusing him or her from the performance of essential functions,” 5 Zamora is unable to show that she is a “qualified individual” for her prima facie case. See Nealy 6 v. City of Santa Monica, 234 Cal. App. 4th 359, 375 (2015) (concluding that in a job where heavy 7 lifting constituted an essential function, restructuring that position to eliminate heavy lifting “is 8 not a reasonable accommodation”). 9 Finally, to the extent Zamora claims that Costco failed to engage in a timely, good faith, 10 interactive process to determine reasonable accommodations or that Costco failed to accommodate 11 Zamora by strictly enforcing its leave policy, the Court rejects those claims. Costco adequately 12 engaged with Zamora through the JAM to determine whether there were any suitable vacant 13 positions for which Zamora qualified—walking her through the different vacant positions and 14 seeking her input as to any accommodations that would allow her to perform those jobs. See ECF 15 No. 19-1 at 180–82. And as Costco allowed Zamora to take medical leave exceeding its official 16 one-year policy, Costco reasonably accommodated Zamora to try and find vacant positions that 17 would work with her medical restrictions. See Nealy, 234 Cal. App. 4th at 377–78 (“A finite leave 18 of absence may be a reasonable accommodation to allow an employee time to recover, but FEHA 19 does not require the employer to provide an indefinite leave of absence to await possible future 20 vacancies.”). 21 B. Wrongful Termination Claim 22 Zamora’s claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy overlaps entirely 23 with her FEHA claims. See ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 26–33. Because the Court grants summary judgment 24 for Costco on Zamora’s disability discrimination and reasonable accommodation claims, it will 25 also grant summary judgment on Zamora’s claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public 26 policy. 27 C. Rule 56(d) 1 motion, it should at least defer its decision and reopen discovery under Rule 56(d) so that Zamora 2 can depose Costco’s corporate witnesses. ECF No. 20 at 8–9. Rule 56(d) of the Federal Rules of 3 Civil Procedure provides: 4 If a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition [to a 5 motion for summary judgment], the court may: (1) defer considering the motion [for summary judgment] or deny it; (2) allow time to 6 obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order. 7 Generally, Rule 56(d) allows a court to deny or postpone a motion for summary judgment “if the 8 nonmoving party has not had an opportunity to make full discovery.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 9 477 U.S. 317, 326 (1986). To prevail on a Rule 56(d) motion, the “parties opposing a motion for 10 summary judgment must make (a) a timely application [that] (b) specifically identifies (c) relevant 11 information, (d) where there is some basis for believing that the information sought actually 12 exists.” Blough v. Holland Realty. Inc., 574 F.3d 1084, 1091 n.5 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks 13 and citations omitted). Courts generously grant Rule 56(d) motions, “unless the non-moving party 14 has not diligently pursued discovery of the evidence.” Burlington N. Santa Fe R. Co. v. 15 Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Reservation, 323 F.3d 767, 773–74 (9th Cir. 2003) 16 (citations omitted). 17 Here, Zamora fails to specifically identify any relevant information she seeks from the 18 depositions. She merely asserts that she has been deprived “from submitting critically important 19 factual information to oppose” Costco’s motion for summary judgment. ECF No. 20 at 8. For 20 that reason alone, her request for a continuance must be denied. 21 Zamora also was not diligent. Fact discovery was open from December 5, 2023 to 22 September 20, 2024, but it appears that Zamora did not notice the deposition of a single Costco 23 employee during that time. Instead, on June 24, 2024, she sent an email requesting the deposition 24 of a 30(b)(6) witness on a lengthy list of topics. ECF No. 20-2 at 4. After some initial back and 25 forth, Costco responded substantively on July 24, 2024 that the list of topics was overly broad and 26 that the topics in question were better suited either to written discovery or to the deposition of a 27 percipient witness. ECF No. 22-2 at 2-5. Costco specifically refused to produce a 30(b)(6) 1 witness on the requested terms and indicated it would litigate the matter if necessary. Id. at5. At 2 || that point, the discussion ended—rather than serve different discovery, bring the dispute to the 3 court’s attention, or request a continuance of the fact discovery deadline, Zamora did nothing. 4 || Zamora has thus also failed to demonstrate diligence. See Cross v. Cent. Contra Costa Transit 5 || Auth., No. 21-CV-01312-JST, 2024 WL 2868515, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2024) “If Cross 6 || believed additional time was necessary to complete discovery in order to effectively oppose 7 summary judgment, she could—and should—have sought to amend those dates prior to their 8 expiration. Instead, she waited until the day her response to CCCTA’s motion was due.”); 9 Innovative Fabrication Sch., Inc. v. Am. Fabrication Acad., Inc., No. CV 22-180-MWE (JEMX), 10 2023 WL 6787808, at *6 (C.D. Cal. June 7, 2023) (Plaintiff requested related information early 11 in the discovery period but did not pursue a single discovery motion when Defendants rebuffed 12 || Plaintiff’s request. Plaintiff's belated request for postponement under Rule 56(d) is therefore 5 13 unavailing.”). 14 The Court denies Zamora’s request to postpone adjudication of Costco’s motion for 3 15 summary judgment under Rule 56(d). 16 CONCLUSION 3 17 For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Costco’s motion for summary judgment. The 18 || clerk shall enter judgment for the Defendant Costco. 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20 Dated: January 3, 2025 . . 71 JON S. TIGAR 22 nited States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28